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History of New Hampshire

New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. During the American Revolution, it was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule. One of the smallest U.S. states in area and population, it was part of New England's textile economy between the American Civil War and World War II. Since the 20th century, the state has been known for its presidential primary, outdoor recreation, its educational boarding schools, and being part of the biotech industry.

Founding: 17th century–1775 edit

 
New Hampshire was named after the English county of Hampshire.
 
Fort William and Mary, 1705

Precolonial to colonial period edit

Various Algonquian-speaking Abenaki tribes, largely divided between the Androscoggin, Ko'asek and Pennacook nations, lived in the area as long as 12,000 years before European settlement.[1][2] Despite the similar language, they had a very different culture and religion from other Algonquian peoples. English and French explorers visited New Hampshire in 1600–1605, and David Thompson settled at Odiorne's Point in present-day Rye in 1623.

Colonial period edit

The first permanent settlement was at Hilton's Point (present-day Dover). By 1631, the Upper Plantation comprised modern-day Dover, Durham and Stratham; in 1679, it became the "Royal Province". Dummer's War was fought between the colonists and the Wabanaki Confederacy throughout New Hampshire.

The colony that became the state of New Hampshire was founded on the division in 1629 of a land grant given in 1622 by the Council for New England to Captain John Mason (former governor of Newfoundland) and Sir Ferdinando Gorges (who founded Maine). The colony was named New Hampshire by Mason after the English county of Hampshire, one of the first Saxon shires. Hampshire was itself named after the port of Southampton, which was known previously as simply "Hampton".

New Hampshire was first settled by Europeans at Odiorne's Point in Rye (near Portsmouth) by a group of fishermen from England, under David Thompson[3] in 1623, three years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. Early historians believed the first native-born New Hampshirite, John Thompson, was born there.

Fisherman David Thompson had been sent by Mason, to be followed a few years later by Edward and William Hilton. They led an expedition to the vicinity of Dover, which they called Northam. Mason died in 1635 without ever seeing the colony he founded. Settlers from Pannaway, moving to the Portsmouth region later and combining with an expedition of the new Laconia Company (formed 1629) under Captain Neal, called their new settlement Strawbery Banke. In 1638 Exeter was founded by John Wheelwright.

In 1631, Captain Thomas Wiggin served as the first governor of the Upper Plantation (comprising modern-day Dover, Durham and Stratham). All the towns agreed to unite in 1639, but meanwhile, Massachusetts had claimed the territory. In 1641, an agreement was reached with Massachusetts to come under its jurisdiction. Home rule of the towns was allowed. In 1653, Strawbery Banke petitioned the General Court of Massachusetts to change its name to Portsmouth, which was granted.

 
Map showing several claims and disputed borders, 1691–1775

The relationship between Massachusetts and the independent New Hampshirites was controversial and tenuous and complicated by land claims maintained by the heirs of John Mason. In 1679 King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts, issuing a charter for the royal Province of New Hampshire, with John Cutt as governor. New Hampshire was absorbed into the Dominion of New England in 1686, which collapsed in 1689. After a brief period without formal government (the settlements were de facto ruled by Massachusetts) William III and Mary II issued a new provincial charter in 1691. From 1699 to 1741 the governors of Massachusetts were also commissioned as governors of New Hampshire.

The province's geography placed it on the frontier between British and French colonies in North America, and it was for many years subjected to native claims, especially in the central and northern portions of its territory. Because of these factors, it was on the front lines of many military conflicts, including King William's War, Queen Anne's War, Father Rale's War, and King George's War. By the 1740s most of the native population had either been killed or driven out of the province's territory.

Because New Hampshire's governorship was shared with that of Massachusetts, border issues between the two colonies were not properly adjudicated for many years. These issues principally revolved around territory west of the Merrimack River, which issuers of the Massachusetts and New Hampshire charters had incorrectly believed to flow primarily from west to east. In the 1730s New Hampshire political interest led by Lieutenant Governor John Wentworth were able to raise the profile of these issues to colonial officials and the crown in London, even while Governor and Massachusetts native Jonathan Belcher preferentially granted land to Massachusetts interests in the disputed area. In 1741 King George II ruled that the border with Massachusetts was approximately what it is today, and also separated the governorships of the two provinces. Benning Wentworth in 1741 became the first non-Massachusetts governor since Edward Cranfield succeeded John Cutt in the 1680s.

Wentworth promptly complicated New Hampshire's territorial claims by interpreting the provincial charter to include territory west of the Connecticut River and began issuing land grants in this territory, which was also claimed by the Province of New York. The so-called New Hampshire Grants area became a subject of contention from the 1740s until the 1790s when it was admitted to the United States as the state of Vermont.

Slavery in New Hampshire edit

As in the other Thirteen Colonies and elsewhere in the colonial Americas, racially conditioned slavery was a firmly established institution in New Hampshire. The New Hampshire Assembly in 1714 passed "An Act To Prevent Disorders In The Night":[4][5]

Whereas great disorders, insolencies and burglaries, are ofttimes raised and committed in the night time, by Indian, Negro, and Molatto servants and slaves, to the Disquiet and hurt of her Majesty's good subjects: No Indian, Negro, or Molatto servant or slave, may presume to absent from the families where they respectively belong, or be found abroad in the night time after nine o'clock; unless it is upon errand for their respective masters or owners.

Notices emphasizing and re-affirming the curfew were published in The New Hampshire Gazette in 1764 and 1771.[4]

"Furthermore, as one of the few colonies that did not impose a tariff on slaves, New Hampshire became a base for slaves to be imported into America and then smuggled into other colonies. Every census up to the Revolution showed an increase in the black population, though they remained proportionally fewer than in most other New England colonies."[6]

Following the Revolution, a powerfully-written petition of 1779 sent by 20 slaves in Portsmouth—members of what historian Ira Berlin identified as the revolutionary generations [de] of enslaved people in his pivotal work Many Thousands Gone[7]—unsuccessfully requested freedom for the enslaved. The New Hampshire legislature would not officially eliminate slavery in the state until 1857, long after the death of many of the signatories. The 1840 United States Census was the last to enumerate any slaves in the households of the state.[4]

While the number of slaves resident in New Hampshire itself dwindled during the 19th century, the state's economy remained closely interlinked with, and dependent upon, the economies of the slave states. Slave-produced raw materials, such as cotton for textiles, and slave-manufactured goods were imported. The ship Nightingale of Boston, built in Eliot, Maine in 1851 and outfitted in Portsmouth, would serve as a slave ship before its capture by the African Slave Trade Patrol in 1861, indicating the region's further economic connection to the ongoing Atlantic slave trade.[4][8]

Revolution: 1774–1815 edit

 
Broadside statement of Congress of the Colony of New Hampshire, referencing "sudden & abrupt departure" of Royal Governor John Wentworth, January 1776

The only battle fought in New Hampshire was the raid on Fort William and Mary, December 14, 1774, in Portsmouth Harbor, which netted the rebellion sizable quantities of gunpowder, small arms, and cannon over the course of two nights. (General Sullivan, leader of the raid, described it as "remainder of the powder, the small arms, bayonets, and cartouche-boxes, together with the cannon and ordnance stores".) This raid was preceded by a warning to local patriots the previous day, by Paul Revere on December 13, 1774, that the fort was to be reinforced by troops sailing from Boston. According to unverified accounts, the gunpowder was later used at the Battle of Bunker Hill, transported there by Major Demerit, who was one of several New Hampshire patriots who stored the powder in their homes until it was transported elsewhere for use in revolutionary activities. During the raid, the British soldiers fired upon the rebels with cannon and muskets. Although there were apparently no casualties, these were among the first shots in the American Revolutionary period, occurring approximately five months before the Battles of Lexington and Concord. On January 5, 1776, New Hampshire became the first colony to declare independence from Great Britain, almost six months before the Declaration of Independence was signed by the Continental Congress.[9]

New Hampshire was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule during the American Revolution. The Massachusetts Provincial Congress called upon the other New England colonies for assistance in raising an army. In response, on May 22, 1775, the New Hampshire Provincial Congress voted to raise a volunteer force to join the patriot army at Boston. In January 1776, it became the first colony to set up an independent government and the first to establish a constitution,[10] but the latter explicitly stated "we never sought to throw off our dependence on Great Britain", meaning that it was not the first to actually declare its independence (that distinction instead belongs to Rhode Island).[11] The historic attack on Fort William and Mary (now Fort Constitution) helped supply the cannon and ammunition for the Continental Army that was needed for the Battle of Bunker Hill that took place north of Boston a few months later. New Hampshire raised three regiments for the Continental Army, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd New Hampshire regiments. New Hampshire Militia units were called up to fight at the Battle of Bunker Hill, Battle of Bennington, Saratoga Campaign and the Battle of Rhode Island. John Paul Jones' ship the sloop-of-war USS Ranger and the frigate USS Raleigh were built in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, along with other naval ships for the Continental Navy and privateers to hunt down British merchant shipping.

Concord was named the state capital in 1808.[12]

 
Order by John Taylor Gilman, State Treasurer and later Governor, 1784

Industrialization, abolitionism and nativism politics: 1815–1860 edit

 
Map of the Republic of Indian Stream

In 1832, New Hampshire saw a curious development: the founding of the Republic of Indian Stream on its northern border with Canada over the unresolved post-revolutionary war border issue. In 1835 the so-called "republic" was annexed by New Hampshire, with the dispute finally resolved in 1842 by the Webster–Ashburton Treaty.[13]

Abolitionists from Dartmouth College founded the experimental, interracial Noyes Academy in Canaan, New Hampshire, in 1835, at a point in history when slaves still appeared in the households of New Hampshire in the census. Rural opponents of the school eventually dragged the school away with oxen before lighting it ablaze to protest integrated education, within months of the school's founding.

Abolitionist sentiment was a strong undercurrent in the state, with significant support given the Free Soil Party of John P. Hale. However the conservative Jacksonian Democrats usually maintained control, under the leadership of editor Isaac Hill.[14]

Nativism aimed at the rapid influx of Irish Catholics characterized the short-lived secret Know Nothing movement, and its instrument the "American Party." Appearing out of nowhere, they scored a landslide in 1855. They won 51% of the vote against a divided opposition. They won over 94% of the men who voted Free Soil the year before. They won 79% of the Whigs, plus 15% of Democrats and 24% of those who abstained in the 1854 election for governor.[15] In full control of the legislature, the Know Nothings enacted their entire agenda. According to Lex Renda, they battled traditionalism and promoted rapid modernization. They extended the waiting period for citizenship to slow down the growth of Irish power; they reformed the state courts. They expanded the number and power of banks; they strengthened corporations; they defeated a proposed 10-hour law that would help workers. They reformed the tax system; increased state spending on public schools; set up a system to build high schools; prohibited the sale of liquor; and they denounced the expansion of slavery in the western territories.[16]

The Whigs and Free Soil parties both collapsed in New Hampshire in 1854–55. In the 1855 fall elections the Know Nothings again swept the state against the Democrats and the small new Republican party. When the Know Nothing ("American" Party) collapsed in 1856 and merged with the Republicans, New Hampshire now had a two party system with the Republican Party headed by Amos Tuck edging out the Democrats.[17]

Civil War: 1861–1865 edit

After Abraham Lincoln gave speeches in March 1860, he was well regarded. However, the radical wing of the Republican Party increasingly took control.[citation needed] As early as January 1861, top officials were secretly meeting with Governor John A. Andrew of Massachusetts to coordinate plans in case the war came. Plans were made to rush militia units to Washington in an emergency.[18]

New Hampshire fielded 31,650 soldiers and 836 officers during the American Civil War; of these, about 20% died of disease, accident or combat wounds.[19] The state provided eighteen volunteer infantry regiments (thirteen of which were raised in 1861 in response to Lincoln's call to arms), three rifle regiments (who served in the 1st United States Sharpshooters and 2nd United States Sharpshooters), one cavalry battalion (the 1st New Hampshire Volunteer Cavalry, which was attached to the 1st New England Volunteer Cavalry), and two artillery units (the 1st New Hampshire Light Battery and 1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery), as well as additional troops for the Navy and Marine Corps.[19]

Among the most celebrated of New Hampshire's units was the 5th New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry, commanded by Colonel Edward Ephraim Cross.[20] Called the "Fighting Fifth" in newspaper accounts, the regiment was considered among the Union's best both during the war (Major General Winfield Scott called the regiment "refined gold" in 1863) and by historians afterward.[20] The Civil War veteran and early Civil War historian William F. Fox determined that this regiment had the highest number of battle-related deaths of any Union regiment.[20] The 20th-century historian Bruce Catton said that the Fifth New Hampshire was "one of the best combat units in the army" and that Cross was "an uncommonly talented regimental commander."[20]

The critical post of state Adjutant General was held in 1861–1864 by elderly politician Anthony C. Colby (1792–1873) and his son Daniel E. Colby (1816–1891). They were patriotic, but were overwhelmed with the complexity of their duties. The state had no track of soldiers who enlisted after 1861; no personnel records or information on volunteers, substitutes, or draftees. There was no inventory of weaponry and supplies. Nathaniel Head (1828–1883) took over in 1864, obtained an adequate budget and office staff, and reconstructed the missing paperwork. As a result, widows, orphans, and veterans who served, received the postwar payments they had earned.[21]

Prosperity, depression and war: 1865–1950 edit

 
1922 map of New Hampshire published in the bulletin of the Brown Company in Berlin

Between 1884 and 1903, New Hampshire attracted many immigrants. French Canadian migration to the state was significant, and at the turn of the century, French Canadians represented 16 percent of the state's population, and one-fourth the population of Manchester.[22] Polish immigration to the state was also significant; there were about 850 Polish Americans in Manchester in 1902.[22] Joseph Laurent, a 19th/early 20th century Abenaki chief, immigrated from Quebec, wrote an Abenaki English language dictionary,[23] set up an Indian trading post and served as its postmaster. Today the Intervale site has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[24]

The textile industry was hit hard by the depression and growing competition from southern mills. The closing of the Amoskeag Mills in 1935 was a major blow to Manchester, as was the closing of the former Nashua Manufacturing Company mill in Nashua in 1949 and the bankruptcy of the Brown Company paper mill in Berlin in the 1940s, which led to new ownership.

Modern New Hampshire: 1950–present edit

The post-World War II decades have seen New Hampshire increase its economic and cultural links with the greater Boston, Massachusetts, region. This reflects a national trend, in which improved highway networks have helped metropolitan areas expand into formerly rural areas or small nearby cities.

The replacement of the Nashua textile mill with defense electronics contractor Sanders Associates in 1952 and the arrival of minicomputer giant Digital Equipment Corporation in the early 1970s helped lead the way toward southern New Hampshire's role as a high-tech adjunct of the Route 128 corridor.

The postwar years also saw the rise of New Hampshire's political primary for President of the United States, which as the first primary in the quadrennial campaign season draws enormous attention.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "12,000 Years Ago in the Granite State". New Hampshire Humanities. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
  2. ^ Harris, Michael (2021). "N'dakinna: Our Homeland...Still – Additional Examples of Abenaki Presence in New Hampshire". Spectrum. 10 (1): 1. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
  3. ^ . SeacoastNH.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-12. Retrieved 2013-12-12. The largely unsung founder of New Hampshire is David Thompson (spelt "Thomson" by some accounts). Thompson's father worked for Sir Ferdinando Gorges of Plymouth, a most powerful English noble who had received the rights from King James I to set up the first two American "plantations" at Jamestown and Plymouth.
  4. ^ a b c d Sammons, Mark J.; Cunningham, Valerie (2004). Black Portsmouth: Three Centuries of African-American Heritage. Durham, New Hampshire: University of New Hampshire Press. ISBN 9781584652892. LCCN 2004007172. OCLC 845682328. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
  5. ^ Acts and laws of His Majesty's province of New-Hampshire, in New England: With sundry acts of Parliament. Laws, etc. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Daniel Fowle. 1759. p. 40.
  6. ^ Harper, Douglas. "Slavery in New Hampshire". Slavery in the North. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
  7. ^ Berlin, Ira (1998). "Slave and Free: The Revolutionary Generations". Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 217. hdl:2027/heb.00069. ISBN 9780674810921. LCCN 98019336. OCLC 55720074.
  8. ^ Edward H. Vetter. . Town of Eliot, Maine. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09.
  9. ^ "Constitution of New Hampshire - 1776". December 18, 1998.
  10. ^ "NH Firsts and Bests". State of New Hampshire official website. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
  11. ^ Mara Vorhees; Glenda Bendure; Ned Friary; Richard Koss; John Spelman (1 May 2008). New England. Lonely Planet. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-74104-674-8. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  12. ^ Lyford, James; Amos Hadley; Howard F. Hill; Benjamin A. Kimball; Lyman D. Stevens; John M. Mitchell (1903). (PDF). Concord, N.H.: The Rumford Press. pp. 324–326. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-03-15.
  13. ^ Daniel Doan, Indian Stream Republic: Settling a New England Frontier, 1785-1842 (UPNE, 1997).
  14. ^ Donald B. Cole, Jacksonian Democracy in New Hampshire: 1800-1851 (Harvard UP, 1970) p. 246.
  15. ^ Lex Renda, Running on the Record: Civil War-Era Politics in New Hampshire (University Press of Virginia, 1997) pp 54. 211 table 15.
  16. ^ Renda, pp 33-57.
  17. ^ Renda, pp. 55, 58, 212.
  18. ^ Richard F. Miller, ed., States at war: a reference guide for Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont in the Civil War (2013) 1: 368-69
  19. ^ a b Bruce D. Heald, New Hampshire and the Civil War: Voices from the Granite State (History Press, 2012).
  20. ^ a b c d Mike Pride & Mark Travis, My Brave Boys: To War with Colonel Cross and the Fighting Fifth, University Press of New England, 2001.
  21. ^ Miller, ed., States at war (2013) 1: 366-7
  22. ^ a b Wilfrid H. Paradis, Upon This Granite: Catholicism in New Hampshire, 1647-1997 (1998), pp. 111-12.
  23. ^ Belman, Felice (2001). The New Hampshire Century: Concord Monitor Profiles of One Hundred People Who Shaped It. UPNE. pp. 101. ISBN 9781584650874.
  24. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form". nps.gov. National Park Service. 1991. Retrieved 16 April 2015.

Resources edit

Further reading edit

  • Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...1863 (1864), detailed coverage of events in all countries; online; for online copies see Annual Cyclopaedia. Each year includes several pages on each U.S. state.
  • Anderson, Leon W. To this day: the 300 years of the New Hampshire Legislature (Phoenix Pub., 1981).
  • Belknap, Jeremy. The History of New Hampshire (1791–1792) 3 vol classic Volume 1, or the 1862 edition with corrections. at books. Google.
  • Cole, Donald B. Jacksonian Democracy in New Hampshire (Harvard UP, 1970) online
  • Daniell, Jere. Experiment in Republicanism: New Hampshire politics and the American Revolution, 1741–1794 (1970)online
  • Daniell, Jere. Colonial New Hampshire: A History (1982), scholarly history. online
  • Dwight, Timothy. Travels Through New England and New York (circa 1800) 4 vol. (1969) online
  • French, Laurence Armand. Frog Town: Portrait of a French Canadian Parish in New England (University Press of America, 2014) online.
  • Guyol, Philip Nelson. Democracy Fights: A History of New Hampshire in World War II (Dartmouth, 1951).
  • Hareven, Tamara K., and Randolph Langenbach. Amoskeag: Life and work in an American factory-city (UPNE, 1995) The Amoskeag textile factory in Manchester was the largest in the world; this is the story of its workers. online
  • Heffernan, Nancy Coffey, and Ann Page Stecker. New Hampshire: crosscurrents in its development (1986) short popular history. online
  • Jager, Ronald and Grace Jager. The Granite State New Hampshire: An Illustrated History (2000) popular.
  • Kilbourne, Frederick Wilkinson. Chronicles of the White Mountains (1916) online.
  • Kinney, Charles B. Church & state: the struggle for separation in New Hampshire 1630–1900 (1955).
  • Lafferty, Ben Paul. American Intelligence: Small-Town News and Political Culture in Federalist New Hampshire (U of Massachusetts Press, 2020) JSTOR j.ctvwh8cbz
  • Lafferty, Ben Paul. "Joseph Dennie and The Farmer's Weekly Museum: Readership and Pseudonymous Celebrity in Early National Journalism," American Nineteenth Century History, 15:1, 67–87, DOI: 10.1080/14664658.2014.892302
  • McClintock, John N. Colony, Province, State, 1623–1888: History of New Hampshire Published 1889.
  • Morison, Elizabeth Forbes and Elting E. Morison. New Hampshire: A Bicentennial History (1976); popular
  • Nichols, Roy F. Franklin Pierce: Young Hickory of the Granite Hills (1931). online
  • Palfrey, John Gorham. History of New England (5 vol 1859–90)
  • Renda, Lex. Running on the Record: Civil War-Era Politics in New Hampshire (University of Virginia Press, 1997) [1]
    • Renda, Lex. "Credit and Culpability: New Hampshire State Politics During the Civil War," Historical New Hampshire 48 (Spring, 1993), 3–84. reprinted in his book.
  • Sanborn, Edwin David. History of New Hampshire, from Its First Discovery to the Year 1830 (1875, 422 pages)
  • Sewell, Richard H. John P. Hale and the politics of abolition (1965) online
  • Smith, Norman W. A mature frontier: the New Hampshire economy 1790–1850 Historical New Hampshire 24#1 (1969) 3–19.
  • Squires, J. Duane. The Granite State of the United States: A History of New Hampshire from 1623 to the Present (1956) vol 1
  • Stackpole, Everett S. History of New Hampshire (4 vol 1916–1922) vol 4 online covers Civil War and late 19th century
  • Thompson, Woodrow. "History of research on glaciation in the White Mountains, New Hampshire (USA)." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 53.1 (1999): 7–24. online
  • Turner, Lynn Warren. The Ninth State: New Hampshire's Formative Years (1983) [2]
  • Upton, Richard Francis. Revolutionary New Hampshire: An Account of the Social and Political Forces Underlying the Transition from Royal Province to American Commonwealth (1936)
  • Whiton, John Milton . Sketches of the History of New-Hampshire, from Its Settlement in 1623, to 1833. Published 1834, 222 pages.
  • Wilson, H. F. The Hill Country of Northern New England: Its Social and Economic History, 1790–1930 (1936)
  • Federal Writers' Project (1938). New Hampshire: a Guide to the Granite State. American Guide Series. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

history, hampshire, hampshire, state, england, region, northeastern, united, states, during, american, revolution, thirteen, colonies, that, revolted, against, british, rule, smallest, states, area, population, part, england, textile, economy, between, america. New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States During the American Revolution it was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule One of the smallest U S states in area and population it was part of New England s textile economy between the American Civil War and World War II Since the 20th century the state has been known for its presidential primary outdoor recreation its educational boarding schools and being part of the biotech industry Contents 1 Founding 17th century 1775 2 Precolonial to colonial period 3 Colonial period 3 1 Slavery in New Hampshire 4 Revolution 1774 1815 5 Industrialization abolitionism and nativism politics 1815 1860 6 Civil War 1861 1865 7 Prosperity depression and war 1865 1950 8 Modern New Hampshire 1950 present 9 See also 10 References 11 Resources 12 Further readingFounding 17th century 1775 editMain articles Province of New Hampshire and Dominion of New England nbsp New Hampshire was named after the English county of Hampshire nbsp Fort William and Mary 1705Precolonial to colonial period editVarious Algonquian speaking Abenaki tribes largely divided between the Androscoggin Ko asek and Pennacook nations lived in the area as long as 12 000 years before European settlement 1 2 Despite the similar language they had a very different culture and religion from other Algonquian peoples English and French explorers visited New Hampshire in 1600 1605 and David Thompson settled at Odiorne s Point in present day Rye in 1623 Colonial period editThe first permanent settlement was at Hilton s Point present day Dover By 1631 the Upper Plantation comprised modern day Dover Durham and Stratham in 1679 it became the Royal Province Dummer s War was fought between the colonists and the Wabanaki Confederacy throughout New Hampshire The colony that became the state of New Hampshire was founded on the division in 1629 of a land grant given in 1622 by the Council for New England to Captain John Mason former governor of Newfoundland and Sir Ferdinando Gorges who founded Maine The colony was named New Hampshire by Mason after the English county of Hampshire one of the first Saxon shires Hampshire was itself named after the port of Southampton which was known previously as simply Hampton New Hampshire was first settled by Europeans at Odiorne s Point in Rye near Portsmouth by a group of fishermen from England under David Thompson 3 in 1623 three years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Early historians believed the first native born New Hampshirite John Thompson was born there Fisherman David Thompson had been sent by Mason to be followed a few years later by Edward and William Hilton They led an expedition to the vicinity of Dover which they called Northam Mason died in 1635 without ever seeing the colony he founded Settlers from Pannaway moving to the Portsmouth region later and combining with an expedition of the new Laconia Company formed 1629 under Captain Neal called their new settlement Strawbery Banke In 1638 Exeter was founded by John Wheelwright In 1631 Captain Thomas Wiggin served as the first governor of the Upper Plantation comprising modern day Dover Durham and Stratham All the towns agreed to unite in 1639 but meanwhile Massachusetts had claimed the territory In 1641 an agreement was reached with Massachusetts to come under its jurisdiction Home rule of the towns was allowed In 1653 Strawbery Banke petitioned the General Court of Massachusetts to change its name to Portsmouth which was granted nbsp Map showing several claims and disputed borders 1691 1775The relationship between Massachusetts and the independent New Hampshirites was controversial and tenuous and complicated by land claims maintained by the heirs of John Mason In 1679 King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts issuing a charter for the royal Province of New Hampshire with John Cutt as governor New Hampshire was absorbed into the Dominion of New England in 1686 which collapsed in 1689 After a brief period without formal government the settlements were de facto ruled by Massachusetts William III and Mary II issued a new provincial charter in 1691 From 1699 to 1741 the governors of Massachusetts were also commissioned as governors of New Hampshire The province s geography placed it on the frontier between British and French colonies in North America and it was for many years subjected to native claims especially in the central and northern portions of its territory Because of these factors it was on the front lines of many military conflicts including King William s War Queen Anne s War Father Rale s War and King George s War By the 1740s most of the native population had either been killed or driven out of the province s territory Because New Hampshire s governorship was shared with that of Massachusetts border issues between the two colonies were not properly adjudicated for many years These issues principally revolved around territory west of the Merrimack River which issuers of the Massachusetts and New Hampshire charters had incorrectly believed to flow primarily from west to east In the 1730s New Hampshire political interest led by Lieutenant Governor John Wentworth were able to raise the profile of these issues to colonial officials and the crown in London even while Governor and Massachusetts native Jonathan Belcher preferentially granted land to Massachusetts interests in the disputed area In 1741 King George II ruled that the border with Massachusetts was approximately what it is today and also separated the governorships of the two provinces Benning Wentworth in 1741 became the first non Massachusetts governor since Edward Cranfield succeeded John Cutt in the 1680s Wentworth promptly complicated New Hampshire s territorial claims by interpreting the provincial charter to include territory west of the Connecticut River and began issuing land grants in this territory which was also claimed by the Province of New York The so called New Hampshire Grants area became a subject of contention from the 1740s until the 1790s when it was admitted to the United States as the state of Vermont Slavery in New Hampshire editAs in the other Thirteen Colonies and elsewhere in the colonial Americas racially conditioned slavery was a firmly established institution in New Hampshire The New Hampshire Assembly in 1714 passed An Act To Prevent Disorders In The Night 4 5 Whereas great disorders insolencies and burglaries are ofttimes raised and committed in the night time by Indian Negro and Molatto servants and slaves to the Disquiet and hurt of her Majesty s good subjects No Indian Negro or Molatto servant or slave may presume to absent from the families where they respectively belong or be found abroad in the night time after nine o clock unless it is upon errand for their respective masters or owners Notices emphasizing and re affirming the curfew were published in The New Hampshire Gazette in 1764 and 1771 4 Furthermore as one of the few colonies that did not impose a tariff on slaves New Hampshire became a base for slaves to be imported into America and then smuggled into other colonies Every census up to the Revolution showed an increase in the black population though they remained proportionally fewer than in most other New England colonies 6 Following the Revolution a powerfully written petition of 1779 sent by 20 slaves in Portsmouth members of what historian Ira Berlin identified as the revolutionary generations de of enslaved people in his pivotal work Many Thousands Gone 7 unsuccessfully requested freedom for the enslaved The New Hampshire legislature would not officially eliminate slavery in the state until 1857 long after the death of many of the signatories The 1840 United States Census was the last to enumerate any slaves in the households of the state 4 While the number of slaves resident in New Hampshire itself dwindled during the 19th century the state s economy remained closely interlinked with and dependent upon the economies of the slave states Slave produced raw materials such as cotton for textiles and slave manufactured goods were imported The shipNightingale of Boston built in Eliot Maine in 1851 and outfitted in Portsmouth would serve as a slave ship before its capture by the African Slave Trade Patrol in 1861 indicating the region s further economic connection to the ongoing Atlantic slave trade 4 8 Revolution 1774 1815 editMain articles American Revolutionary War Lee Resolution United States Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Ratification Treaty of Paris 1783 Constitutional Convention United States Admission to the Union and List of U S states by date of admission to the Union nbsp Broadside statement of Congress of the Colony of New Hampshire referencing sudden amp abrupt departure of Royal Governor John Wentworth January 1776The only battle fought in New Hampshire was the raid on Fort William and Mary December 14 1774 in Portsmouth Harbor which netted the rebellion sizable quantities of gunpowder small arms and cannon over the course of two nights General Sullivan leader of the raid described it as remainder of the powder the small arms bayonets and cartouche boxes together with the cannon and ordnance stores This raid was preceded by a warning to local patriots the previous day by Paul Revere on December 13 1774 that the fort was to be reinforced by troops sailing from Boston According to unverified accounts the gunpowder was later used at the Battle of Bunker Hill transported there by Major Demerit who was one of several New Hampshire patriots who stored the powder in their homes until it was transported elsewhere for use in revolutionary activities During the raid the British soldiers fired upon the rebels with cannon and muskets Although there were apparently no casualties these were among the first shots in the American Revolutionary period occurring approximately five months before the Battles of Lexington and Concord On January 5 1776 New Hampshire became the first colony to declare independence from Great Britain almost six months before the Declaration of Independence was signed by the Continental Congress 9 New Hampshire was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule during the American Revolution The Massachusetts Provincial Congress called upon the other New England colonies for assistance in raising an army In response on May 22 1775 the New Hampshire Provincial Congress voted to raise a volunteer force to join the patriot army at Boston In January 1776 it became the first colony to set up an independent government and the first to establish a constitution 10 but the latter explicitly stated we never sought to throw off our dependence on Great Britain meaning that it was not the first to actually declare its independence that distinction instead belongs to Rhode Island 11 The historic attack on Fort William and Mary now Fort Constitution helped supply the cannon and ammunition for the Continental Army that was needed for the Battle of Bunker Hill that took place north of Boston a few months later New Hampshire raised three regiments for the Continental Army the 1st 2nd and 3rd New Hampshire regiments New Hampshire Militia units were called up to fight at the Battle of Bunker Hill Battle of Bennington Saratoga Campaign and the Battle of Rhode Island John Paul Jones ship the sloop of war USS Ranger and the frigate USS Raleigh were built in Portsmouth New Hampshire along with other naval ships for the Continental Navy and privateers to hunt down British merchant shipping Concord was named the state capital in 1808 12 nbsp Order by John Taylor Gilman State Treasurer and later Governor 1784Industrialization abolitionism and nativism politics 1815 1860 edit nbsp Map of the Republic of Indian StreamIn 1832 New Hampshire saw a curious development the founding of the Republic of Indian Stream on its northern border with Canada over the unresolved post revolutionary war border issue In 1835 the so called republic was annexed by New Hampshire with the dispute finally resolved in 1842 by the Webster Ashburton Treaty 13 Abolitionists from Dartmouth College founded the experimental interracial Noyes Academy in Canaan New Hampshire in 1835 at a point in history when slaves still appeared in the households of New Hampshire in the census Rural opponents of the school eventually dragged the school away with oxen before lighting it ablaze to protest integrated education within months of the school s founding Abolitionist sentiment was a strong undercurrent in the state with significant support given the Free Soil Party of John P Hale However the conservative Jacksonian Democrats usually maintained control under the leadership of editor Isaac Hill 14 Nativism aimed at the rapid influx of Irish Catholics characterized the short lived secret Know Nothing movement and its instrument the American Party Appearing out of nowhere they scored a landslide in 1855 They won 51 of the vote against a divided opposition They won over 94 of the men who voted Free Soil the year before They won 79 of the Whigs plus 15 of Democrats and 24 of those who abstained in the 1854 election for governor 15 In full control of the legislature the Know Nothings enacted their entire agenda According to Lex Renda they battled traditionalism and promoted rapid modernization They extended the waiting period for citizenship to slow down the growth of Irish power they reformed the state courts They expanded the number and power of banks they strengthened corporations they defeated a proposed 10 hour law that would help workers They reformed the tax system increased state spending on public schools set up a system to build high schools prohibited the sale of liquor and they denounced the expansion of slavery in the western territories 16 The Whigs and Free Soil parties both collapsed in New Hampshire in 1854 55 In the 1855 fall elections the Know Nothings again swept the state against the Democrats and the small new Republican party When the Know Nothing American Party collapsed in 1856 and merged with the Republicans New Hampshire now had a two party system with the Republican Party headed by Amos Tuck edging out the Democrats 17 Civil War 1861 1865 editMain article New Hampshire in the American Civil WarFurther information Union American Civil War After Abraham Lincoln gave speeches in March 1860 he was well regarded However the radical wing of the Republican Party increasingly took control citation needed As early as January 1861 top officials were secretly meeting with Governor John A Andrew of Massachusetts to coordinate plans in case the war came Plans were made to rush militia units to Washington in an emergency 18 New Hampshire fielded 31 650 soldiers and 836 officers during the American Civil War of these about 20 died of disease accident or combat wounds 19 The state provided eighteen volunteer infantry regiments thirteen of which were raised in 1861 in response to Lincoln s call to arms three rifle regiments who served in the 1st United States Sharpshooters and 2nd United States Sharpshooters one cavalry battalion the 1st New Hampshire Volunteer Cavalry which was attached to the 1st New England Volunteer Cavalry and two artillery units the 1st New Hampshire Light Battery and 1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery as well as additional troops for the Navy and Marine Corps 19 Among the most celebrated of New Hampshire s units was the 5th New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry commanded by Colonel Edward Ephraim Cross 20 Called the Fighting Fifth in newspaper accounts the regiment was considered among the Union s best both during the war Major General Winfield Scott called the regiment refined gold in 1863 and by historians afterward 20 The Civil War veteran and early Civil War historian William F Fox determined that this regiment had the highest number of battle related deaths of any Union regiment 20 The 20th century historian Bruce Catton said that the Fifth New Hampshire was one of the best combat units in the army and that Cross was an uncommonly talented regimental commander 20 The critical post of state Adjutant General was held in 1861 1864 by elderly politician Anthony C Colby 1792 1873 and his son Daniel E Colby 1816 1891 They were patriotic but were overwhelmed with the complexity of their duties The state had no track of soldiers who enlisted after 1861 no personnel records or information on volunteers substitutes or draftees There was no inventory of weaponry and supplies Nathaniel Head 1828 1883 took over in 1864 obtained an adequate budget and office staff and reconstructed the missing paperwork As a result widows orphans and veterans who served received the postwar payments they had earned 21 Main article List of New Hampshire Civil War unitsProsperity depression and war 1865 1950 edit nbsp 1922 map of New Hampshire published in the bulletin of the Brown Company in BerlinBetween 1884 and 1903 New Hampshire attracted many immigrants French Canadian migration to the state was significant and at the turn of the century French Canadians represented 16 percent of the state s population and one fourth the population of Manchester 22 Polish immigration to the state was also significant there were about 850 Polish Americans in Manchester in 1902 22 Joseph Laurent a 19th early 20th century Abenaki chief immigrated from Quebec wrote an Abenaki English language dictionary 23 set up an Indian trading post and served as its postmaster Today the Intervale site has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places 24 The textile industry was hit hard by the depression and growing competition from southern mills The closing of the Amoskeag Mills in 1935 was a major blow to Manchester as was the closing of the former Nashua Manufacturing Company mill in Nashua in 1949 and the bankruptcy of the Brown Company paper mill in Berlin in the 1940s which led to new ownership Modern New Hampshire 1950 present editThe post World War II decades have seen New Hampshire increase its economic and cultural links with the greater Boston Massachusetts region This reflects a national trend in which improved highway networks have helped metropolitan areas expand into formerly rural areas or small nearby cities The replacement of the Nashua textile mill with defense electronics contractor Sanders Associates in 1952 and the arrival of minicomputer giant Digital Equipment Corporation in the early 1970s helped lead the way toward southern New Hampshire s role as a high tech adjunct of the Route 128 corridor The postwar years also saw the rise of New Hampshire s political primary for President of the United States which as the first primary in the quadrennial campaign season draws enormous attention See also editMain article Historical outline of New Hampshire Abenaki History of New England List of newspapers in New Hampshire in the 18th century New Hampshire historical markers Timeline of Manchester New Hampshire Union American Civil War References edit 12 000 Years Ago in the Granite State New Hampshire Humanities Retrieved 2023 10 04 Harris Michael 2021 N dakinna Our Homeland Still Additional Examples of Abenaki Presence in New Hampshire Spectrum 10 1 1 Retrieved October 5 2023 The Contact Era SeacoastNH com Archived from the original on 2013 12 12 Retrieved 2013 12 12 The largely unsung founder of New Hampshire is David Thompson spelt Thomson by some accounts Thompson s father worked for Sir Ferdinando Gorges of Plymouth a most powerful English noble who had received the rights from King James I to set up the first two American plantations at Jamestown and Plymouth a b c d Sammons Mark J Cunningham Valerie 2004 Black Portsmouth Three Centuries of African American Heritage Durham New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Press ISBN 9781584652892 LCCN 2004007172 OCLC 845682328 Retrieved 2009 07 27 Acts and laws of His Majesty s province of New Hampshire in New England With sundry acts of Parliament Laws etc Portsmouth New Hampshire Daniel Fowle 1759 p 40 Harper Douglas Slavery in New Hampshire Slavery in the North Retrieved September 8 2020 Berlin Ira 1998 Slave and Free The Revolutionary Generations Many Thousands Gone The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America Cambridge Massachusetts and London The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press p 217 hdl 2027 heb 00069 ISBN 9780674810921 LCCN 98019336 OCLC 55720074 Edward H Vetter The Clipper Ship Nightingale Town of Eliot Maine Archived from the original on 2012 03 09 Constitution of New Hampshire 1776 December 18 1998 NH Firsts and Bests State of New Hampshire official website Retrieved January 15 2017 Mara Vorhees Glenda Bendure Ned Friary Richard Koss John Spelman 1 May 2008 New England Lonely Planet p 30 ISBN 978 1 74104 674 8 Retrieved 15 March 2011 Lyford James Amos Hadley Howard F Hill Benjamin A Kimball Lyman D Stevens John M Mitchell 1903 History of Concord N H PDF Concord N H The Rumford Press pp 324 326 Archived from the original PDF on 2006 03 15 Daniel Doan Indian Stream Republic Settling a New England Frontier 1785 1842 UPNE 1997 Donald B Cole Jacksonian Democracy in New Hampshire 1800 1851 Harvard UP 1970 p 246 Lex Renda Running on the Record Civil War Era Politics in New Hampshire University Press of Virginia 1997 pp 54 211 table 15 Renda pp 33 57 Renda pp 55 58 212 Richard F Miller ed States at war a reference guide for Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island and Vermont in the Civil War 2013 1 368 69 a b Bruce D Heald New Hampshire and the Civil War Voices from the Granite State History Press 2012 a b c d Mike Pride amp Mark Travis My Brave Boys To War with Colonel Cross and the Fighting Fifth University Press of New England 2001 Miller ed States at war 2013 1 366 7 a b Wilfrid H Paradis Upon This Granite Catholicism in New Hampshire 1647 1997 1998 pp 111 12 Belman Felice 2001 The New Hampshire Century Concord Monitor Profiles of One Hundred People Who Shaped It UPNE pp 101 ISBN 9781584650874 National Register of Historic Places Registration Form nps gov National Park Service 1991 Retrieved 16 April 2015 Resources editOnline books New Hampshire New Hampshire a Guide to the Granite State Chronology Boston Houghton Mifflin American Guide Series Federal Writers Project 1938 Further reading editAppleton s Annual Cyclopedia 1863 1864 detailed coverage of events in all countries online for online copies see Annual Cyclopaedia Each year includes several pages on each U S state Anderson Leon W To this day the 300 years of the New Hampshire Legislature Phoenix Pub 1981 Belknap Jeremy The History of New Hampshire 1791 1792 3 vol classic Volume 1 or the 1862 edition with corrections at books Google Cole Donald B Jacksonian Democracy in New Hampshire Harvard UP 1970 online Daniell Jere Experiment in Republicanism New Hampshire politics and the American Revolution 1741 1794 1970 online Daniell Jere Colonial New Hampshire A History 1982 scholarly history online Dwight Timothy Travels Through New England and New York circa 1800 4 vol 1969 online French Laurence Armand Frog Town Portrait of a French Canadian Parish in New England University Press of America 2014 online Guyol Philip Nelson Democracy Fights A History of New Hampshire in World War II Dartmouth 1951 Hareven Tamara K and Randolph Langenbach Amoskeag Life and work in an American factory city UPNE 1995 The Amoskeag textile factory in Manchester was the largest in the world this is the story of its workers online Heffernan Nancy Coffey and Ann Page Stecker New Hampshire crosscurrents in its development 1986 short popular history online Jager Ronald and Grace Jager The Granite State New Hampshire An Illustrated History 2000 popular Kilbourne Frederick Wilkinson Chronicles of the White Mountains 1916 online Kinney Charles B Church amp state the struggle for separation in New Hampshire 1630 1900 1955 Lafferty Ben Paul American Intelligence Small Town News and Political Culture in Federalist New Hampshire U of Massachusetts Press 2020 JSTOR j ctvwh8cbz Lafferty Ben Paul Joseph Dennie and The Farmer s Weekly Museum Readership and Pseudonymous Celebrity in Early National Journalism American Nineteenth Century History 15 1 67 87 DOI 10 1080 14664658 2014 892302 McClintock John N Colony Province State 1623 1888 History of New Hampshire Published 1889 Morison Elizabeth Forbes and Elting E Morison New Hampshire A Bicentennial History 1976 popular Nichols Roy F Franklin Pierce Young Hickory of the Granite Hills 1931 online Palfrey John Gorham History of New England 5 vol 1859 90 Renda Lex Running on the Record Civil War Era Politics in New Hampshire University of Virginia Press 1997 1 Renda Lex Credit and Culpability New Hampshire State Politics During the Civil War Historical New Hampshire 48 Spring 1993 3 84 reprinted in his book Sanborn Edwin David History of New Hampshire from Its First Discovery to the Year 1830 1875 422 pages Sewell Richard H John P Hale and the politics of abolition 1965 online Smith Norman W A mature frontier the New Hampshire economy 1790 1850 Historical New Hampshire 24 1 1969 3 19 Squires J Duane The Granite State of the United States A History of New Hampshire from 1623 to the Present 1956 vol 1 Stackpole Everett S History of New Hampshire 4 vol 1916 1922 vol 4 online covers Civil War and late 19th century Thompson Woodrow History of research on glaciation in the White Mountains New Hampshire USA Geographie physique et Quaternaire 53 1 1999 7 24 online Turner Lynn Warren The Ninth State New Hampshire s Formative Years 1983 2 Upton Richard Francis Revolutionary New Hampshire An Account of the Social and Political Forces Underlying the Transition from Royal Province to American Commonwealth 1936 Whiton John Milton Sketches of the History of New Hampshire from Its Settlement in 1623 to 1833 Published 1834 222 pages Wilson H F The Hill Country of Northern New England Its Social and Economic History 1790 1930 1936 Federal Writers Project 1938 New Hampshire a Guide to the Granite State American Guide Series Boston Houghton Mifflin Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title History of New Hampshire amp oldid 1185757303 Slavery in New Hampshire, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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