The War of Jenkins' Ear (named for a 1731 incident in which a Spanish commander sliced off the ear of British merchant captain Robert Jenkins and told him to take it to his king, George II) broke out in 1739 between Spain and Great Britain, but was restrained to the Caribbean Sea and conflict between Spanish Florida and the neighboring British Province of Georgia. The War of the Austrian Succession, nominally a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne, began in 1740, but at first did not involve either Britain or Spain militarily. Britain was drawn diplomatically into that conflict in 1742 as an ally of Austria and an opponent of France and Prussia, but open hostilities between them did not take place until 1743 at Dettingen.
War was not formally declared between Britain and France until March 1744. Massachusetts did not declare war against Quebec and France until June 2.[2]
Course of the war
Acadia in 1743, the year before King George's War had begun. Major battles of the war are marked on the map.
Annapolis had received news of the war declaration, and the British forces were somewhat prepared when the First Nations warriors began besieging Fort Anne. Lacking heavy weapons, the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet withdrew after a few days. Then, in mid-August, a larger French force arrived at Fort Anne, but it was also unable to mount an effective attack or siege against the garrison. The fort had received supplies and reinforcements from Massachusetts.
In 1745, British colonial forces captured Fortress Louisbourg after a siege of six weeks. In retaliation, the Wabanaki Confederacy of Acadia launched the Northeast Coast Campaign (1745) against the British settlements on the border of Acadia in northeast Maine. France launched a major expedition to recover Louisbourg in 1746. Beset by storms, disease, and finally the death of its commander, the Duc d'Anville, the expedition's survivors returned to France in tatters without reaching its objective.
The war was also fought on the frontiers between the northern British colonies and New France. Each side had allies among the Native Americans, and outlying villages were raided and captives taken for ransom, or sometimes adoption by Native American tribes who had suffered losses to disease or warfare. As a result of the frequent raiding on the northern frontier, Governor William Shirley ordered the construction of a chain of frontier outposts stretching west to its border with New York.
On November 28, 1745, the French with their Indian allies raided and destroyed the village of Saratoga, New York, killing or capturing more than one hundred of its inhabitants. After this, the British abandoned their settlements in New York north of Albany, a major trading city. In July 1746 an Iroquois and intercolonial force assembled in northern New York for a retaliatory attack against British forces.
When the expected British regulars never arrived, the attack was called off. A large (1,000+ man) French and First Nations force mustered to raid in the upper Hudson River valley in 1746 instead raided in the Hoosac River valley, including an attack on Fort Massachusetts (at present-day North Adams, Massachusetts). This was in retaliation for the slaying of an Indian leader in an earlier skirmish. Other raids included the 1747 French and Mi'kmaq raid on Grand Pré, Nova Scotia; and a raid in 1748 by Indian allies of the French against Schenectady, New York.
Aftermath
British soldiers guarding Halifax in 1749. Fighting in Nova Scotia between the British, and the Acadian and Mi'kmaq militias continued even after the signing of the peace treaty.
The war took a heavy toll, especially in the northern British colonies. The losses of Massachusetts men alone in 1745–46 have been estimated as 8% of that colony's adult male population.[citation needed]
According to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Louisbourg was returned to France three years later, in exchange for the city of Madras in India, which had been captured by the French from the British. This decision outraged New Englanders, particularly Massachusetts colonists who had contributed the most to the expedition (in terms of funding and personnel). The British government eventually acknowledged Massachusetts' effort with a payment of £180,000 after the war. The province used this money to retire its devalued paper currency.
The peace treaty, which restored all colonial borders to their pre-war status, did little to end the lingering enmity between France, Britain, and their respective colonies, nor did it resolve any territorial disputes. Tensions remained in both North America and Europe. They broke out again in 1754, with the start of the French and Indian War in North America, which spread to Europe two years later as the Seven Years' War. Between 1749 and 1755 in Acadia and Nova Scotia, the fighting continued in Father Le Loutre's War.
^Lacoursière, Jacques; Provencher, Jean; Vaugeois, Denis (9 May 2018). Canada-Québec 1534–2000. Les éditions du Septentrion. ISBN9782894481868. from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2018 – via Google Books.
^WILLIAM DOUGLASS, M. D. (9 May 2018). "A SUMMARY, HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL, OF THE FIRST PLANTING, PROGRESSIVE IMPROVEMENTS, AND ..." Retrieved 9 May 2018 – via Internet Archive.
Further reading
Boyer, Clark, Kett, Salisbury, Sitkoff and Woloch. The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People
Drake, Samuel Gardner. A Particular History of the Five Years French and Indian War in New England
Kingsford, William. The history of Canada, Volume 3
Murdoch, Beamish (1866). A History of Nova-Scotia, Or Acadie. Vol. II. Halifax: J. Barnes.
Peckham, Harry H. The Colonial Wars, 1689–1762
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to King George's War.
Journal of Captain William Pote captive 1745–1747 published 1896
February 02, 2023
king, george, 1744, 1748, name, given, military, operations, north, america, that, formed, part, austrian, succession, 1740, 1748, third, four, french, indian, wars, took, place, primarily, british, provinces, york, massachusetts, which, included, maine, well,. King George s War 1744 1748 is the name given to the military operations in North America that formed part of the War of the Austrian Succession 1740 1748 It was the third of the four French and Indian Wars It took place primarily in the British provinces of New York Massachusetts Bay which included Maine as well as Massachusetts at the time New Hampshire which included Vermont at the time and Nova Scotia Its most significant action was an expedition organized by Massachusetts Governor William Shirley that besieged and ultimately captured the French fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia in 1745 In French it is known as the Troisieme Guerre Intercoloniale or Third Intercolonial War 1 King George s WarPart of the War of Austrian Succession and the American Indian WarsFrench and Mi kmaq raid on Grand Pre February 1747Date1744 1748LocationNorth AmericaResultTreaty of Aix la ChapelleStatus quo ante bellumBelligerents France New France Wabanaki Confederacy Great Britain British America Iroquois ConfederacyCommanders and leadersFather Jean Louis Le Loutre Father Pierre Maillard Louis Du Pont Duchambon Pierre Morpain Daniel Lienard de BeaujeuWilliam Pepperrell Peter Warren The Treaty of Aix la Chapelle ended the war in 1748 and restored Louisbourg to France but failed to resolve any outstanding territorial issues Contents 1 Causes 2 Course of the war 3 Aftermath 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksCauses EditFor more information on the underlying European causes of the war see War of Jenkins Ear and War of the Austrian Succession The War of Jenkins Ear named for a 1731 incident in which a Spanish commander sliced off the ear of British merchant captain Robert Jenkins and told him to take it to his king George II broke out in 1739 between Spain and Great Britain but was restrained to the Caribbean Sea and conflict between Spanish Florida and the neighboring British Province of Georgia The War of the Austrian Succession nominally a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne began in 1740 but at first did not involve either Britain or Spain militarily Britain was drawn diplomatically into that conflict in 1742 as an ally of Austria and an opponent of France and Prussia but open hostilities between them did not take place until 1743 at Dettingen War was not formally declared between Britain and France until March 1744 Massachusetts did not declare war against Quebec and France until June 2 2 Course of the war Edit Acadia in 1743 the year before King George s War had begun Major battles of the war are marked on the map News of war declarations reached the French fortress at Louisbourg first on May 3 1744 and the forces there wasted little time in beginning hostilities Concerned about their overland supply lines to Quebec they raided the British fishing port of Canso on May 23 and then organized an attack on Annapolis Royal the capital of Nova Scotia But French forces were delayed in departing Louisbourg and their Mi kmaq and Maliseet First Nations allies together with Father Jean Louis Le Loutre decided to attack on their own at Fort Anne in early July Annapolis had received news of the war declaration and the British forces were somewhat prepared when the First Nations warriors began besieging Fort Anne Lacking heavy weapons the Mi kmaq and Maliseet withdrew after a few days Then in mid August a larger French force arrived at Fort Anne but it was also unable to mount an effective attack or siege against the garrison The fort had received supplies and reinforcements from Massachusetts In 1745 British colonial forces captured Fortress Louisbourg after a siege of six weeks In retaliation the Wabanaki Confederacy of Acadia launched the Northeast Coast Campaign 1745 against the British settlements on the border of Acadia in northeast Maine France launched a major expedition to recover Louisbourg in 1746 Beset by storms disease and finally the death of its commander the Duc d Anville the expedition s survivors returned to France in tatters without reaching its objective Colored engraving depicting the Siege of Louisbourg Following a 47 day siege British forces captured the Fortress of Louisbourg in July 1745 The war was also fought on the frontiers between the northern British colonies and New France Each side had allies among the Native Americans and outlying villages were raided and captives taken for ransom or sometimes adoption by Native American tribes who had suffered losses to disease or warfare As a result of the frequent raiding on the northern frontier Governor William Shirley ordered the construction of a chain of frontier outposts stretching west to its border with New York On November 28 1745 the French with their Indian allies raided and destroyed the village of Saratoga New York killing or capturing more than one hundred of its inhabitants After this the British abandoned their settlements in New York north of Albany a major trading city In July 1746 an Iroquois and intercolonial force assembled in northern New York for a retaliatory attack against British forces When the expected British regulars never arrived the attack was called off A large 1 000 man French and First Nations force mustered to raid in the upper Hudson River valley in 1746 instead raided in the Hoosac River valley including an attack on Fort Massachusetts at present day North Adams Massachusetts This was in retaliation for the slaying of an Indian leader in an earlier skirmish Other raids included the 1747 French and Mi kmaq raid on Grand Pre Nova Scotia and a raid in 1748 by Indian allies of the French against Schenectady New York Aftermath Edit British soldiers guarding Halifax in 1749 Fighting in Nova Scotia between the British and the Acadian and Mi kmaq militias continued even after the signing of the peace treaty The war took a heavy toll especially in the northern British colonies The losses of Massachusetts men alone in 1745 46 have been estimated as 8 of that colony s adult male population citation needed According to the Treaty of Aix la Chapelle Louisbourg was returned to France three years later in exchange for the city of Madras in India which had been captured by the French from the British This decision outraged New Englanders particularly Massachusetts colonists who had contributed the most to the expedition in terms of funding and personnel The British government eventually acknowledged Massachusetts effort with a payment of 180 000 after the war The province used this money to retire its devalued paper currency The peace treaty which restored all colonial borders to their pre war status did little to end the lingering enmity between France Britain and their respective colonies nor did it resolve any territorial disputes Tensions remained in both North America and Europe They broke out again in 1754 with the start of the French and Indian War in North America which spread to Europe two years later as the Seven Years War Between 1749 and 1755 in Acadia and Nova Scotia the fighting continued in Father Le Loutre s War See also EditAmerican Indian Wars Colonial American military history Military history of Canada Military history of the Mi kmaq people Military history of Nova Scotia Military history of the Acadians Military of New FranceReferences Edit Lacoursiere Jacques Provencher Jean Vaugeois Denis 9 May 2018 Canada Quebec 1534 2000 Les editions du Septentrion ISBN 9782894481868 Archived from the original on 24 August 2017 Retrieved 9 May 2018 via Google Books WILLIAM DOUGLASS M D 9 May 2018 A SUMMARY HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL OF THE FIRST PLANTING PROGRESSIVE IMPROVEMENTS AND Retrieved 9 May 2018 via Internet Archive Further reading EditBoyer Clark Kett Salisbury Sitkoff and Woloch The Enduring Vision A History of the American People Drake Samuel Gardner A Particular History of the Five Years French and Indian War in New England Kingsford William The history of Canada Volume 3 Murdoch Beamish 1866 A History of Nova Scotia Or Acadie Vol II Halifax J Barnes Peckham Harry H The Colonial Wars 1689 1762External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to King George s War King George s War on U S History com Select Bibliography of King George s War compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History Journal of Captain William Pote captive 1745 1747 published 1896 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title King George 27s War amp oldid 1129356122, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
