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Wikipedia

History of Python

March 14, 2024

The programming language Python was conceived in the late 1980s,[1] and its implementation was started in December 1989[2] by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the Netherlands as a successor to ABC capable of exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system.[3] Van Rossum is Python's principal author, and his continuing central role in deciding the direction of Python is reflected in the title given to him by the Python community, Benevolent Dictator for Life (BDFL).[4][5] (However, Van Rossum stepped down as leader on July 12, 2018.[6]). Python was named after the BBC TV show Monty Python's Flying Circus.[7]

Old Python logo, 1990s–2006
New Python logo, 2006–present
Guido van Rossum in 2014
Main article: Python (programming language)

Python 2.0 was released on October 16, 2000, with many major new features, including a cycle-detecting garbage collector (in addition to reference counting) for memory management and support for Unicode, along with a change to the development process itself, with a shift to a more transparent and community-backed process.[8]

Python 3.0, a major, backwards-incompatible release, was released on December 3, 2008[9] after a long period of testing. Many of its major features have also been backported to the backwards-compatible, though now-unsupported, Python 2.6 and 2.7.[10]

Early history edit

In February 1991, Van Rossum published the code (labeled version 0.9.0) to alt.sources.[11][12] Already present at this stage in development were classes with inheritance, exception handling, functions, and the core datatypes of list, dict, str and so on. Also in this initial release was a module system borrowed from Modula-3; Van Rossum describes the module as "one of Python's major programming units".[1] Python's exception model also resembles Modula-3's, with the addition of an else clause.[3] In 1994 comp.lang.python, the primary discussion forum for Python, was formed, marking a milestone in the growth of Python's userbase.[1]

Version 1 edit

Python reached version 1.0 in January 1994. The major new features included in this release were the functional programming tools lambda, map, filter and reduce. Van Rossum stated that "Python acquired lambda, reduce(), filter() and map(), courtesy of a Lisp hacker who missed them and submitted working patches".[13]

The last version released while Van Rossum was at CWI was Python 1.2. In 1995, Van Rossum continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) in Reston, Virginia from where he released several versions.

By version 1.4, Python had acquired several new features. Notable among these are the Modula-3 inspired keyword arguments (which are also similar to Common Lisp's keyword arguments) and built-in support for complex numbers. Also included is a basic form of data hiding by name mangling, though this is easily bypassed.[14]

During Van Rossum's stay at CNRI, he launched the Computer Programming for Everybody (CP4E) initiative, intending to make programming more accessible to more people, with a basic "literacy" in programming languages, similar to the basic English literacy and mathematics skills required by most employers. Python served a central role in this: because of its focus on clean syntax, it was already suitable, and CP4E's goals bore similarities to its predecessor, ABC. The project was funded by DARPA.[15] As of 2007, the CP4E project is inactive, and while Python attempts to be easily learnable and not too arcane in its syntax and semantics, outreach to non-programmers is not an active concern.[16]

BeOpen edit

In 2000, the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com[17] to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team, under the direction of early Google alum Domenic Merenda.[18][19] CNRI requested that a version 1.6 be released, summarizing Python's development up to the point at which the development team left CNRI. Consequently, the release schedules for 1.6 and 2.0 had a significant amount of overlap.[8] Python 2.0 was the only release from BeOpen.com. After Python 2.0 was released by BeOpen.com, Guido van Rossum and the other PythonLabs developers joined Digital Creations.

The Python 1.6 release included a new CNRI license that was substantially longer than the CWI license that had been used for earlier releases. The new license included a clause stating that the license was governed by the laws of the State of Virginia. The Free Software Foundation argued that the choice-of-law clause was incompatible with the GNU General Public License. BeOpen, CNRI and the FSF negotiated a change to Python's free software license that would make it GPL-compatible. Python 1.6.1 is essentially the same as Python 1.6, with a few minor bug fixes, and with the new GPL-compatible license.[20]

Version 2 edit

Python 2.0, released October 2000,[8] introduced list comprehensions, a feature borrowed from the functional programming languages SETL and Haskell. Python's syntax for this construct is very similar to Haskell's, apart from Haskell's preference for punctuation characters and Python's preference for alphabetic keywords. Python 2.0 also introduced a garbage collector capable of collecting reference cycles.[8]

Python 2.1 was close to Python 1.6.1, as well as Python 2.0. Its license was renamed Python Software Foundation License. All code, documentation and specifications added, from the time of Python 2.1's alpha release on, is owned by the Python Software Foundation (PSF), a non-profit organization formed in 2001, modeled after the Apache Software Foundation.[20] The release included a change to the language specification to support nested scopes, like other statically scoped languages.[21] (The feature was turned off by default, and not required, until Python 2.2.)

Python 2.2 was released in December 2001;[22] a major innovation was the unification of Python's types (types written in C) and classes (types written in Python) into one hierarchy. This single unification made Python's object model purely and consistently object oriented.[23] Also added were generators which were inspired by Icon.[24]

 
 
 
Historic Python logos used on Windows (left) and the Macintosh (centre), and the logo used since version 2.5 (right).

Python 2.5 was released in September 2006 [25] and introduced the with statement, which encloses a code block within a context manager (for example, acquiring a lock before the block of code is run and releasing the lock afterwards, or opening a file and then closing it), allowing resource acquisition is initialization (RAII)-like behavior and replacing a common try/finally idiom.[26]

Python 2.6 was released to coincide with Python 3.0, and included some features from that release, as well as a "warnings" mode that highlighted the use of features that were removed in Python 3.0.[27][10] Similarly, Python 2.7 coincided with and included features from Python 3.1,[28] which was released on June 26, 2009. Parallel 2.x and 3.x releases then ceased, and Python 2.7 was the last release in the 2.x series.[29] In November 2014, it was announced that Python 2.7 would be supported until 2020, but users were encouraged to move to Python 3 as soon as possible.[30] Python 2.7 support ended on January 1, 2020, along with code freeze of 2.7 development branch. A final release, 2.7.18, occurred on April 20, 2020, and included fixes for critical bugs and release blockers.[31] This marked the end-of-life of Python 2.[32]

Version 3 edit

Python 3.0 (also called "Python 3000" or "Py3K") was released on December 3, 2008.[9] It was designed to rectify fundamental design flaws in the language – the changes required could not be implemented while retaining full backwards compatibility with the 2.x series, which necessitated a new major version number. The guiding principle of Python 3 was: "reduce feature duplication by removing old ways of doing things".[33]

Python 3.0 was developed with the same philosophy as in prior versions. However, as Python had accumulated new and redundant ways to program the same task, Python 3.0 had an emphasis on removing duplicative constructs and modules, in keeping with the Zen of Python: "There should be one— and preferably only one —obvious way to do it".

Nonetheless, Python 3.0 remained a multi-paradigm language. Coders could still follow object-oriented, structured, and functional programming paradigms, among others, but within such broad choices, the details were intended to be more obvious in Python 3.0 than they were in Python 2.x.

Compatibility edit

Python 3.0 broke backward compatibility, and much Python 2 code does not run unmodified on Python 3.[34] Python's dynamic typing combined with the plans to change the semantics of certain methods of dictionaries, for example, made perfect mechanical translation from Python 2.x to Python 3.0 very difficult. A tool called "2to3" does the parts of translation that can be done automatically. At this, 2to3 appeared to be fairly successful, though an early review noted that there were aspects of translation that such a tool would never be able to handle.[35] Prior to the roll-out of Python 3, projects requiring compatibility with both the 2.x and 3.x series were recommended to have one source (for the 2.x series), and produce releases for the Python 3.x platform using 2to3. Edits to the Python 3.x code were discouraged for so long as the code needed to run on Python 2.x.[10] This is no longer recommended; as of 2012 the preferred approach was to create a single code base that can run under both Python 2 and 3 using compatibility modules.[36]

Features edit

Some of the major changes included for Python 3.0 were:

  • Changing print so that it is a built-in function, not a statement. This made it easier to change a module to use a different print function, as well as making the syntax more regular. In Python 2.6 and 2.7 print() is available as a builtin but is masked by the print statement syntax, which can be disabled by entering from __future__ import print_function at the top of the file[37]
  • Removal of the Python 2 input function, and the renaming of the raw_input function to input. Python 3's input function behaves like Python 2's raw_input function, in that the input is always returned as a string rather than being evaluated as an expression
  • Moving reduce (but not map or filter) out of the built-in namespace and into functools (the rationale being code that uses reduce is less readable than code that uses a for loop and accumulator variable)[38][39]
  • Adding support for optional function annotations that can be used for informal type declarations or other purposes[40]
  • Unifying the str/unicode types, representing text, and introducing a separate immutable bytes type; and a mostly corresponding mutable bytearray type, both of which represent arrays of bytes[41]
  • Removing backward-compatibility features, including old-style classes, string exceptions, and implicit relative imports
  • A change in integer division functionality: in Python 2, integer division always returns an integer. For example 5 / 2 is 2; whereas in Python 3, 5 / 2 is 2.5. (In both Python 2 – 2.2 onwards – and Python 3, a separate operator exists to provide the old behavior: 5 // 2 is 2)

Subsequent releases in the Python 3.x series have included additional, substantial new features; all ongoing development of the language is done in the 3.x series.

Table of versions edit

Releases before numbered versions:

Version Latest micro version Release date End of full support End of security fixes
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.9 0.9.9[2] 1991-02-20[2] 1993-07-29[a][2]
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.0 1.0.4[2] 1994-01-26[2] 1994-02-15[a][2]
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.1 1.1.1[2] 1994-10-11[2] 1994-11-10[a][2]
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.2 1995-04-13[2] Unsupported
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.3 1995-10-13[2] Unsupported
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.4 1996-10-25[2] Unsupported
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.5 1.5.2[42] 1998-01-03[2] 1999-04-13[a][2]
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.6 1.6.1[42] 2000-09-05[43] 2000-09[a][42]
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0 2.0.1[44] 2000-10-16[45] 2001-06-22[a][44]
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.1 2.1.3[44] 2001-04-15[46] 2002-04-09[a][44]
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.2 2.2.3[44] 2001-12-21[47] 2003-05-30[a][44]
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.3 2.3.7[44] 2003-06-29[48] 2008-03-11[a][44]
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.4 2.4.6[44] 2004-11-30[49] 2008-12-19[a][44]
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.5 2.5.6[44] 2006-09-19[50] 2011-05-26[a][44]
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6 2.6.9[27] 2008-10-01[27] 2010-08-24[b][27] 2013-10-29[27]
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.7 2.7.18[32] 2010-07-03[32] 2020-01-01[c][32]
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0 3.0.1[44] 2008-12-03[27] 2009-06-27[51]
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.1 3.1.5[52] 2009-06-27[52] 2011-06-12[53] 2012-04-06[52]
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.2 3.2.6[54] 2011-02-20[54] 2013-05-13[b][54] 2016-02-20[54]
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.3 3.3.7[55] 2012-09-29[55] 2014-03-08[b][55] 2017-09-29[55]
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.4 3.4.10[56] 2014-03-16[56] 2017-08-09[57] 2019-03-18[a][56]
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.5 3.5.10[58] 2015-09-13[58] 2017-08-08[59] 2020-09-30[58]
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.6 3.6.15[60] 2016-12-23[60] 2018-12-24[b][60] 2021-12-23[60]
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.7 3.7.17[61] 2018-06-27[61] 2020-06-27[b][61] 2023-06-06[61]
Older version, yet still maintained: 3.8 3.8.18[62] 2019-10-14[62] 2021-05-03[b][62] 2024-10[62]
Older version, yet still maintained: 3.9 3.9.18[63] 2020-10-05[63] 2022-05-17[b][63] 2025-10[63][64]
Older version, yet still maintained: 3.10 3.10.13[65] 2021-10-04[65] 2023-04-05[b][65] 2026-10[65]
Older version, yet still maintained: 3.11 3.11.8[66] 2022-10-24[66] 2024-04-01[66] 2027-10[66]
Current stable version: 3.12 3.12.2[67] 2023-10-02[67] 2025-05[67] 2028-10[67]
Latest preview version of a future release: 3.13 3.13.0a5[68] 2024-10-01[68] 2026-05[68] 2029-10[68]
Legend:
Legend:
Old version
Older version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release
Italics indicates the latest micro version of currently supported versions as of 2024-03-13.

Table notes:

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Date of last micro release.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Date of last non security only release.
  3. ^ Official support ended on 2020-01-01, but a final release of the code as it appeared on 2020-01-01 was released on 2020-04-20 as version 2.7.18.[32]

Support edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c "The Making of Python". Artima Developer. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q van Rossum, Guido (January 20, 2009). "A Brief Timeline of Python". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  3. ^ a b "Why was Python created in the first place?". Python FAQ. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
  4. ^ van Rossum, Guido (July 31, 2008). "Origin of BDFL". Retrieved August 1, 2008.
  5. ^ "Python Creator Scripts Inside Google". www.eweek.com. March 7, 2006. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
  6. ^ Fairchild, Carlie (July 12, 2018). "Guido van Rossum Stepping Down from Role as Python's Benevolent Dictator For Life". Linux Journal. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  7. ^ "General Python FAQ — Python 3.8.3 documentation". docs.python.org.
  8. ^ a b c d Kuchling, Andrew M.; Zadka, Moshe. . Archived from the original on December 14, 2009. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
  9. ^ a b "Welcome to Python.org". python.org. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  10. ^ a b c van Rossum, Guido (April 5, 2006). "PEP 3000 -- Python 3000". Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  11. ^ "Python 0.9.1 part 01/21". alt.sources archives. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
  12. ^ "HISTORY". Python source distribution. Python Foundation. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  13. ^ van Rossum, Guido. "The fate of reduce() in Python 3000". Artima Developer. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
  14. ^ . Archived from the original on May 1, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  15. ^ van Rossum, Guido. "Computer Programming for Everybody". Retrieved March 22, 2007.
  16. ^ . Python Software Foundation. Archived from the original on March 29, 2007. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
  17. ^ "Python Development Team Moves to BeOpen.Com - Slashdot". slashdot.org.
  18. ^ . Archived from the original on August 15, 2000.
  19. ^ "Content Management Provider PyBiz Announces Strategic Partnership With BeOpen in Utilizing Python Programming Language" (PDF).
  20. ^ a b "History and License". Python 3 Documentation. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
  21. ^ Hylton, Jeremy (November 1, 2000). "PEP 227 -- Statically Nested Scopes". Retrieved March 22, 2007.
  22. ^ "Python 2.2". Python.org.
  23. ^ Kuchling, Andrew M. (December 21, 2001). . What's New in Python 2.2. Python Foundation. Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
  24. ^ Schemenauer, Neil; Peters, Tim; Hetland, Magnus (December 21, 2001). "PEP 255 -- Simple Generators". Retrieved September 5, 2008.
  25. ^ "Python 2.5 Release". Python.org.
  26. ^ "Highlights: Python 2.5". Python.org.
  27. ^ a b c d e f Norwitz, Neal; Warsaw, Barry (June 29, 2006). "PEP 361 -- Python 2.6 and 3.0 Release Schedule". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  28. ^ Kuchling, Andrew M. (July 3, 2010). "What's New in Python 2.7". Retrieved October 7, 2012. Much as Python 2.6 incorporated features from Python 3.0, version 2.7 incorporates some of the new features in Python 3.1. The 2.x series continues to provide tools for migrating to the 3.x series.
  29. ^ Warsaw, Barry (November 9, 2011). "PEP 404 -- Python 2.8 Un-release Schedule". Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  30. ^ Gee, Sue (April 14, 2014). "Python 2.7 To Be Maintained Until 2020". i-programmer.info. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  31. ^ "Commits · python/cpython at 2.7". GitHub.
  32. ^ a b c d e Peterson, Benjamin (November 3, 2008). "PEP 373 -- Python 2.7 Release Schedule". Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  33. ^ "PEP 3100 – Miscellaneous Python 3.0 Plans | peps.python.org". peps.python.org. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  34. ^ "PEP 3000 – Python 3000 | peps.python.org". peps.python.org. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  35. ^ Ruby, Sam; 2to3, September 1, 2007
  36. ^ Coghlan, Nick; Python 3 Q & A, June 29, 2012
  37. ^ Brandl, Georg (November 19, 2007). "PEP 3105 -- Make print a function". Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  38. ^ van Rossum, Guido. "Python 3000 FAQ". artima.com. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  39. ^ "The fate of reduce() in Python 3000". www.artima.com. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  40. ^ Winter, Collin; Lownds, Tony (December 2, 2006). "PEP 3107 -- Function Annotations". Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  41. ^ van Rossum, Guido (September 26, 2007). "PEP 3137 -- Immutable Bytes and Mutable Buffer".
  42. ^ a b c "Releases | Python.org". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  43. ^ Drake, Fred L. Jr. (July 25, 2000). "PEP 160 -- Python 1.6 Release Schedule". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Download Python | Python.org". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  45. ^ Hylton, Jeremy. "PEP 200 -- Python 2.0 Release Schedule". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  46. ^ Hylton, Jeremy (October 16, 2000). "PEP 226 -- Python 2.1 Release Schedule". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  47. ^ Warsaw, Barry; van Rossum, Guido (April 17, 2001). "PEP 251 -- Python 2.2 Release Schedule". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  48. ^ van Rossum, Guido (February 27, 2002). "PEP 283 -- Python 2.3 Release Schedule". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  49. ^ Warsaw, Barry; Hettinger, Raymond; Baxter, Anthony (July 29, 2003). "PEP 320 -- Python 2.4 Release Schedule". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  50. ^ Norwitz, Neal; van Rossum, Guido; Baxter, Anthony (February 7, 2006). "PEP 356 -- Python 2.5 Release Schedule". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  51. ^ "17. Development Cycle — Python Developer's Guide". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  52. ^ a b c Peterson, Benjamin (February 8, 2009). "PEP 375 -- Python 3.1 Release Schedule". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  53. ^ Peterson, Benjamin (June 12, 2011). "[RELEASED] Python 3.1.4". python-announce (Mailing list). Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  54. ^ a b c d Brandl, Georg (December 30, 2009). "PEP 392 -- Python 3.2 Release Schedule". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  55. ^ a b c d Brandl, Georg (March 23, 2011). "PEP 398 -- Python 3.3 Release Schedule". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  56. ^ a b c Hastings, Larry (October 17, 2012). "PEP 429 -- Python 3.4 Release Schedule". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  57. ^ Hastings, Larry (August 9, 2017). "[RELEASED] Python 3.4.7 is now available". python-announce (Mailing list). Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  58. ^ a b c Hastings, Larry (September 22, 2014). "PEP 478 -- Python 3.5 Release Schedule". Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  59. ^ Hastings, Larry (August 8, 2017). "[RELEASED] Python 3.5.4 is now available". python-announce (Mailing list). Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  60. ^ a b c d Deily, Ned (May 30, 2015). "PEP 494 -- Python 3.6 Release Schedule". Retrieved May 23, 2022.
  61. ^ a b c d Deily, Ned (December 23, 2016). "PEP 537 -- Python 3.7 Release Schedule". Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  62. ^ a b c d Langa, Łukasz (January 27, 2018). "PEP 569 -- Python 3.8 Release Schedule". Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  63. ^ a b c d Langa, Łukasz (October 13, 2020). "PEP 596 -- Python 3.9 Release Schedule". Retrieved December 7, 2022.
  64. ^ Langa, Łukasz (June 4, 2019). "PEP 602 -- Annual Release Cycle for Python". Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  65. ^ a b c d Salgado, Pablo (May 25, 2020). "PEP 619 -- Python 3.10 Release Schedule". Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  66. ^ a b c d Salgado, Pablo (July 12, 2021). "PEP 664 -- Python 3.11 Release Schedule". Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  67. ^ a b c d Wouters, Thomas (May 24, 2022). "PEP 693 -- Python 3.12 Release Schedule". Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  68. ^ a b c d Wouters, Thomas (May 26, 2023). "PEP 719 -- Python 3.13 Release Schedule". Retrieved July 16, 2023.

External links edit

  • Guido Van Rossum blog on Python's History

March 14, 2024
history, python, this, article, missing, information, about, prominent, features, versions, after, please, expand, article, include, this, information, further, details, exist, talk, page, march, 2024, programming, language, python, conceived, late, 1980s, imp. This article is missing information about prominent features of versions after 3 0 Please expand the article to include this information Further details may exist on the talk page March 2024 The programming language Python was conceived in the late 1980s 1 and its implementation was started in December 1989 2 by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the Netherlands as a successor to ABC capable of exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system 3 Van Rossum is Python s principal author and his continuing central role in deciding the direction of Python is reflected in the title given to him by the Python community Benevolent Dictator for Life BDFL 4 5 However Van Rossum stepped down as leader on July 12 2018 6 Python was named after the BBC TV show Monty Python s Flying Circus 7 Old Python logo 1990s 2006New Python logo 2006 presentGuido van Rossum in 2014Main article Python programming language Python 2 0 was released on October 16 2000 with many major new features including a cycle detecting garbage collector in addition to reference counting for memory management and support for Unicode along with a change to the development process itself with a shift to a more transparent and community backed process 8 Python 3 0 a major backwards incompatible release was released on December 3 2008 9 after a long period of testing Many of its major features have also been backported to the backwards compatible though now unsupported Python 2 6 and 2 7 10 Contents 1 Early history 2 Version 1 2 1 BeOpen 3 Version 2 4 Version 3 4 1 Compatibility 4 2 Features 5 Table of versions 5 1 Support 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksEarly history editIn February 1991 Van Rossum published the code labeled version 0 9 0 to alt sources 11 12 Already present at this stage in development were classes with inheritance exception handling functions and the core datatypes of list dict str and so on Also in this initial release was a module system borrowed from Modula 3 Van Rossum describes the module as one of Python s major programming units 1 Python s exception model also resembles Modula 3 s with the addition of an else clause 3 In 1994 comp lang python the primary discussion forum for Python was formed marking a milestone in the growth of Python s userbase 1 Version 1 editPython reached version 1 0 in January 1994 The major new features included in this release were the functional programming tools a href Anonymous function html Python title Anonymous function lambda a a href Map higher order function html title Map higher order function map a a href Filter higher order function html title Filter higher order function filter a and a href Fold higher order function html title Fold higher order function reduce a Van Rossum stated that Python acquired lambda reduce filter and map courtesy of a Lisp hacker who missed them and submitted working patches 13 The last version released while Van Rossum was at CWI was Python 1 2 In 1995 Van Rossum continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives CNRI in Reston Virginia from where he released several versions By version 1 4 Python had acquired several new features Notable among these are the Modula 3 inspired keyword arguments which are also similar to Common Lisp s keyword arguments and built in support for complex numbers Also included is a basic form of data hiding by name mangling though this is easily bypassed 14 During Van Rossum s stay at CNRI he launched the Computer Programming for Everybody CP4E initiative intending to make programming more accessible to more people with a basic literacy in programming languages similar to the basic English literacy and mathematics skills required by most employers Python served a central role in this because of its focus on clean syntax it was already suitable and CP4E s goals bore similarities to its predecessor ABC The project was funded by DARPA 15 As of 2007 update the CP4E project is inactive and while Python attempts to be easily learnable and not too arcane in its syntax and semantics outreach to non programmers is not an active concern 16 BeOpen edit In 2000 the Python core development team moved to BeOpen com 17 to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team under the direction of early Google alum Domenic Merenda 18 19 CNRI requested that a version 1 6 be released summarizing Python s development up to the point at which the development team left CNRI Consequently the release schedules for 1 6 and 2 0 had a significant amount of overlap 8 Python 2 0 was the only release from BeOpen com After Python 2 0 was released by BeOpen com Guido van Rossum and the other PythonLabs developers joined Digital Creations The Python 1 6 release included a new CNRI license that was substantially longer than the CWI license that had been used for earlier releases The new license included a clause stating that the license was governed by the laws of the State of Virginia The Free Software Foundation argued that the choice of law clause was incompatible with the GNU General Public License BeOpen CNRI and the FSF negotiated a change to Python s free software license that would make it GPL compatible Python 1 6 1 is essentially the same as Python 1 6 with a few minor bug fixes and with the new GPL compatible license 20 Version 2 editPython 2 0 released October 2000 8 introduced list comprehensions a feature borrowed from the functional programming languages SETL and Haskell Python s syntax for this construct is very similar to Haskell s apart from Haskell s preference for punctuation characters and Python s preference for alphabetic keywords Python 2 0 also introduced a garbage collector capable of collecting reference cycles 8 Python 2 1 was close to Python 1 6 1 as well as Python 2 0 Its license was renamed Python Software Foundation License All code documentation and specifications added from the time of Python 2 1 s alpha release on is owned by the Python Software Foundation PSF a non profit organization formed in 2001 modeled after the Apache Software Foundation 20 The release included a change to the language specification to support nested scopes like other statically scoped languages 21 The feature was turned off by default and not required until Python 2 2 Python 2 2 was released in December 2001 22 a major innovation was the unification of Python s types types written in C and classes types written in Python into one hierarchy This single unification made Python s object model purely and consistently object oriented 23 Also added were generators which were inspired by Icon 24 nbsp nbsp nbsp Historic Python logos used on Windows left and the Macintosh centre and the logo used since version 2 5 right Python 2 5 was released in September 2006 25 and introduced the with statement which encloses a code block within a context manager for example acquiring a lock before the block of code is run and releasing the lock afterwards or opening a file and then closing it allowing resource acquisition is initialization RAII like behavior and replacing a common try finally idiom 26 Python 2 6 was released to coincide with Python 3 0 and included some features from that release as well as a warnings mode that highlighted the use of features that were removed in Python 3 0 27 10 Similarly Python 2 7 coincided with and included features from Python 3 1 28 which was released on June 26 2009 Parallel 2 x and 3 x releases then ceased and Python 2 7 was the last release in the 2 x series 29 In November 2014 it was announced that Python 2 7 would be supported until 2020 but users were encouraged to move to Python 3 as soon as possible 30 Python 2 7 support ended on January 1 2020 along with code freeze of 2 7 development branch A final release 2 7 18 occurred on April 20 2020 and included fixes for critical bugs and release blockers 31 This marked the end of life of Python 2 32 Version 3 editPython 3 0 also called Python 3000 or Py3K was released on December 3 2008 9 It was designed to rectify fundamental design flaws in the language the changes required could not be implemented while retaining full backwards compatibility with the 2 x series which necessitated a new major version number The guiding principle of Python 3 was reduce feature duplication by removing old ways of doing things 33 Python 3 0 was developed with the same philosophy as in prior versions However as Python had accumulated new and redundant ways to program the same task Python 3 0 had an emphasis on removing duplicative constructs and modules in keeping with the Zen of Python There should be one and preferably only one obvious way to do it Nonetheless Python 3 0 remained a multi paradigm language Coders could still follow object oriented structured and functional programming paradigms among others but within such broad choices the details were intended to be more obvious in Python 3 0 than they were in Python 2 x Compatibility edit Python 3 0 broke backward compatibility and much Python 2 code does not run unmodified on Python 3 34 Python s dynamic typing combined with the plans to change the semantics of certain methods of dictionaries for example made perfect mechanical translation from Python 2 x to Python 3 0 very difficult A tool called 2to3 does the parts of translation that can be done automatically At this 2to3 appeared to be fairly successful though an early review noted that there were aspects of translation that such a tool would never be able to handle 35 Prior to the roll out of Python 3 projects requiring compatibility with both the 2 x and 3 x series were recommended to have one source for the 2 x series and produce releases for the Python 3 x platform using 2to3 Edits to the Python 3 x code were discouraged for so long as the code needed to run on Python 2 x 10 This is no longer recommended as of 2012 the preferred approach was to create a single code base that can run under both Python 2 and 3 using compatibility modules 36 Features edit Some of the major changes included for Python 3 0 were Changing print so that it is a built in function not a statement This made it easier to change a module to use a different print function as well as making the syntax more regular In Python 2 6 and 2 7 print is available as a builtin but is masked by the print statement syntax which can be disabled by entering from future import print function at the top of the file 37 Removal of the Python 2 input function and the renaming of the raw input function to input Python 3 s input function behaves like Python 2 s raw input function in that the input is always returned as a string rather than being evaluated as an expression Moving reduce but not map or filter out of the built in namespace and into functools the rationale being code that uses reduce is less readable than code that uses a for loop and accumulator variable 38 39 Adding support for optional function annotations that can be used for informal type declarations or other purposes 40 Unifying the str unicode types representing text and introducing a separate immutable bytes type and a mostly corresponding mutable bytearray type both of which represent arrays of bytes 41 Removing backward compatibility features including old style classes string exceptions and implicit relative imports A change in integer division functionality in Python 2 integer division always returns an integer For example 5 2 is 2 whereas in Python 3 5 2 is 2 5 In both Python 2 2 2 onwards and Python 3 a separate operator exists to provide the old behavior 5 2 is 2 Subsequent releases in the Python 3 x series have included additional substantial new features all ongoing development of the language is done in the 3 x series Table of versions editReleases before numbered versions Implementation started December 1989 2 Internal releases at Centrum Wiskunde amp Informatica 1990 2 Version Latest micro version Release date End of full support End of security fixesOld version no longer maintained 0 9 0 9 9 2 1991 02 20 2 1993 07 29 a 2 Old version no longer maintained 1 0 1 0 4 2 1994 01 26 2 1994 02 15 a 2 Old version no longer maintained 1 1 1 1 1 2 1994 10 11 2 1994 11 10 a 2 Old version no longer maintained 1 2 1995 04 13 2 UnsupportedOld version no longer maintained 1 3 1995 10 13 2 UnsupportedOld version no longer maintained 1 4 1996 10 25 2 UnsupportedOld version no longer maintained 1 5 1 5 2 42 1998 01 03 2 1999 04 13 a 2 Old version no longer maintained 1 6 1 6 1 42 2000 09 05 43 2000 09 a 42 Old version no longer maintained 2 0 2 0 1 44 2000 10 16 45 2001 06 22 a 44 Old version no longer maintained 2 1 2 1 3 44 2001 04 15 46 2002 04 09 a 44 Old version no longer maintained 2 2 2 2 3 44 2001 12 21 47 2003 05 30 a 44 Old version no longer maintained 2 3 2 3 7 44 2003 06 29 48 2008 03 11 a 44 Old version no longer maintained 2 4 2 4 6 44 2004 11 30 49 2008 12 19 a 44 Old version no longer maintained 2 5 2 5 6 44 2006 09 19 50 2011 05 26 a 44 Old version no longer maintained 2 6 2 6 9 27 2008 10 01 27 2010 08 24 b 27 2013 10 29 27 Old version no longer maintained 2 7 2 7 18 32 2010 07 03 32 2020 01 01 c 32 Old version no longer maintained 3 0 3 0 1 44 2008 12 03 27 2009 06 27 51 Old version no longer maintained 3 1 3 1 5 52 2009 06 27 52 2011 06 12 53 2012 04 06 52 Old version no longer maintained 3 2 3 2 6 54 2011 02 20 54 2013 05 13 b 54 2016 02 20 54 Old version no longer maintained 3 3 3 3 7 55 2012 09 29 55 2014 03 08 b 55 2017 09 29 55 Old version no longer maintained 3 4 3 4 10 56 2014 03 16 56 2017 08 09 57 2019 03 18 a 56 Old version no longer maintained 3 5 3 5 10 58 2015 09 13 58 2017 08 08 59 2020 09 30 58 Old version no longer maintained 3 6 3 6 15 60 2016 12 23 60 2018 12 24 b 60 2021 12 23 60 Old version no longer maintained 3 7 3 7 17 61 2018 06 27 61 2020 06 27 b 61 2023 06 06 61 Older version yet still maintained 3 8 3 8 18 62 2019 10 14 62 2021 05 03 b 62 2024 10 62 Older version yet still maintained 3 9 3 9 18 63 2020 10 05 63 2022 05 17 b 63 2025 10 63 64 Older version yet still maintained 3 10 3 10 13 65 2021 10 04 65 2023 04 05 b 65 2026 10 65 Older version yet still maintained 3 11 3 11 8 66 2022 10 24 66 2024 04 01 66 2027 10 66 Current stable version 3 12 3 12 2 67 2023 10 02 67 2025 05 67 2028 10 67 Latest preview version of a future release 3 13 3 13 0a5 68 2024 10 01 68 2026 05 68 2029 10 68 Legend Legend Old versionOlder version still maintainedLatest versionLatest preview versionFuture releaseItalics indicates the latest micro version of currently supported versions as of 2024 03 13 Table notes a b c d e f g h i j k l Date of last micro release a b c d e f g h Date of last non security only release Official support ended on 2020 01 01 but a final release of the code as it appeared on 2020 01 01 was released on 2020 04 20 as version 2 7 18 32 Support editSee also editHistory of software engineeringReferences edit a b c The Making of Python Artima Developer Retrieved March 22 2007 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q van Rossum Guido January 20 2009 A Brief Timeline of Python Retrieved November 29 2019 a b Why was Python created in the first place Python FAQ Retrieved March 22 2007 van Rossum Guido July 31 2008 Origin of BDFL Retrieved August 1 2008 Python Creator Scripts Inside Google www eweek com March 7 2006 Retrieved May 13 2008 Fairchild Carlie July 12 2018 Guido van Rossum Stepping Down from Role as Python s Benevolent Dictator For Life Linux Journal Retrieved July 12 2018 General Python FAQ Python 3 8 3 documentation docs python org a b c d Kuchling Andrew M Zadka Moshe What s New in Python 2 0 Archived from the original on December 14 2009 Retrieved March 22 2007 a b Welcome to Python org python org Retrieved December 27 2016 a b c van Rossum Guido April 5 2006 PEP 3000 Python 3000 Retrieved December 27 2016 Python 0 9 1 part 01 21 alt sources archives Retrieved August 11 2021 HISTORY Python source distribution Python Foundation Retrieved November 23 2017 van Rossum Guido The fate of reduce in Python 3000 Artima Developer Retrieved March 22 2007 LJ 37 Python 1 4 Update Archived from the original on May 1 2007 Retrieved April 29 2007 van Rossum Guido Computer Programming for Everybody Retrieved March 22 2007 Computer Programming for Everybody Python Software Foundation Archived from the original on March 29 2007 Retrieved March 22 2007 Python Development Team Moves to BeOpen Com Slashdot slashdot org Open Your digital insurance partner Archived from the original on August 15 2000 Content Management Provider PyBiz Announces Strategic Partnership With BeOpen in Utilizing Python Programming Language PDF a b History and License Python 3 Documentation Retrieved December 7 2022 Hylton Jeremy November 1 2000 PEP 227 Statically Nested Scopes Retrieved March 22 2007 Python 2 2 Python org Kuchling Andrew M December 21 2001 PEPs 252 and 253 Type and Class Changes What s New in Python 2 2 Python Foundation Archived from the original on September 17 2008 Retrieved September 5 2008 Schemenauer Neil Peters Tim Hetland Magnus December 21 2001 PEP 255 Simple Generators Retrieved September 5 2008 Python 2 5 Release Python org Highlights Python 2 5 Python org a b c d e f Norwitz Neal Warsaw Barry June 29 2006 PEP 361 Python 2 6 and 3 0 Release Schedule Retrieved November 29 2019 Kuchling Andrew M July 3 2010 What s New in Python 2 7 Retrieved October 7 2012 Much as Python 2 6 incorporated features from Python 3 0 version 2 7 incorporates some of the new features in Python 3 1 The 2 x series continues to provide tools for migrating to the 3 x series Warsaw Barry November 9 2011 PEP 404 Python 2 8 Un release Schedule Retrieved October 7 2012 Gee Sue April 14 2014 Python 2 7 To Be Maintained Until 2020 i programmer info Retrieved December 27 2016 Commits python cpython at 2 7 GitHub a b c d e Peterson Benjamin November 3 2008 PEP 373 Python 2 7 Release Schedule Retrieved April 20 2020 PEP 3100 Miscellaneous Python 3 0 Plans peps python org peps python org Retrieved June 2 2022 PEP 3000 Python 3000 peps python org peps python org Retrieved June 2 2022 Ruby Sam 2to3 September 1 2007 Coghlan Nick Python 3 Q amp A June 29 2012 Brandl Georg November 19 2007 PEP 3105 Make print a function Retrieved December 27 2016 van Rossum Guido Python 3000 FAQ artima com Retrieved December 27 2016 The fate of reduce in Python 3000 www artima com Retrieved December 31 2019 Winter Collin Lownds Tony December 2 2006 PEP 3107 Function Annotations Retrieved December 27 2016 van Rossum Guido September 26 2007 PEP 3137 Immutable Bytes and Mutable Buffer a b c Releases Python org Retrieved November 29 2019 Drake Fred L Jr July 25 2000 PEP 160 Python 1 6 Release Schedule Retrieved November 29 2019 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Download Python Python org Retrieved November 29 2019 Hylton Jeremy PEP 200 Python 2 0 Release Schedule Retrieved November 29 2019 Hylton Jeremy October 16 2000 PEP 226 Python 2 1 Release Schedule Retrieved November 29 2019 Warsaw Barry van Rossum Guido April 17 2001 PEP 251 Python 2 2 Release Schedule Retrieved November 29 2019 van Rossum Guido February 27 2002 PEP 283 Python 2 3 Release Schedule Retrieved November 29 2019 Warsaw Barry Hettinger Raymond Baxter Anthony July 29 2003 PEP 320 Python 2 4 Release Schedule Retrieved November 29 2019 Norwitz Neal van Rossum Guido Baxter Anthony February 7 2006 PEP 356 Python 2 5 Release Schedule Retrieved November 29 2019 17 Development Cycle Python Developer s Guide Retrieved November 29 2019 a b c Peterson Benjamin February 8 2009 PEP 375 Python 3 1 Release Schedule Retrieved November 29 2019 Peterson Benjamin June 12 2011 RELEASED Python 3 1 4 python announce Mailing list Retrieved November 29 2019 a b c d Brandl Georg December 30 2009 PEP 392 Python 3 2 Release Schedule Retrieved November 29 2019 a b c d Brandl Georg March 23 2011 PEP 398 Python 3 3 Release Schedule Retrieved November 29 2019 a b c Hastings Larry October 17 2012 PEP 429 Python 3 4 Release Schedule Retrieved November 29 2019 Hastings Larry August 9 2017 RELEASED Python 3 4 7 is now available python announce Mailing list Retrieved November 29 2019 a b c Hastings Larry September 22 2014 PEP 478 Python 3 5 Release Schedule Retrieved March 17 2020 Hastings Larry August 8 2017 RELEASED Python 3 5 4 is now available python announce Mailing list Retrieved November 29 2019 a b c d Deily Ned May 30 2015 PEP 494 Python 3 6 Release Schedule Retrieved May 23 2022 a b c d Deily Ned December 23 2016 PEP 537 Python 3 7 Release Schedule Retrieved July 16 2023 a b c d Langa Lukasz January 27 2018 PEP 569 Python 3 8 Release Schedule Retrieved July 16 2023 a b c d Langa Lukasz October 13 2020 PEP 596 Python 3 9 Release Schedule Retrieved December 7 2022 Langa Lukasz June 4 2019 PEP 602 Annual Release Cycle for Python Retrieved July 16 2023 a b c d Salgado Pablo May 25 2020 PEP 619 Python 3 10 Release Schedule Retrieved July 16 2023 a b c d Salgado Pablo July 12 2021 PEP 664 Python 3 11 Release Schedule Retrieved July 16 2023 a b c d Wouters Thomas May 24 2022 PEP 693 Python 3 12 Release Schedule Retrieved July 16 2023 a b c d Wouters Thomas May 26 2023 PEP 719 Python 3 13 Release Schedule Retrieved July 16 2023 External links editGuido Van Rossum blog on Python s History Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title History of Python amp oldid 1213582153, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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