Hiram Abiff (also Hiram Abif or the Widow's son) is the central character of an allegory presented to all candidates during the third degree in Freemasonry.
Hiram is presented as the chief architect of King Solomon's Temple. He is murdered inside this Temple by three ruffians, after they failed to obtain from him the Master Masons' secrets. The themes of the allegory are the importance of fidelity, and the certainty of death.
Bronze statue by Nickolaus-Otto Kruch, Berlin, Germany (2013).
The tale of Hiram Abiff as passed down in Masonic Lodges underpins the third degree. It starts with his arrival in Jerusalem, and his appointment by Solomon as chief architect and master of works at the construction of his temple. As the temple is nearing completion, three fellowcraft masons from the workforce ambush him as he leaves the building, demanding the secrets of a master mason. Hiram is challenged by each in turn and, at each refusal to divulge the information, his assailant strikes him with a mason's tool (differing between jurisdictions). He is injured by the first two assailants, and struck dead by the last.[1]
His murderers hide his body under a pile of rubble, returning at night to move the body outside the city, where they bury it in a shallow grave marked with a sprig of acacia. As the Master is missed the next day, Solomon sends out a group of fellowcraft masons to search for him. The loose acacia is accidentally discovered, and the body exhumed to be given a decent burial. The hiding place of the "three ruffians" is also discovered, and they are brought to justice. Solomon informs his workforce that the secret word of a master mason is now lost. He replaces it with a substitute word. This word is considered a secret by Masons, but for hundreds of years various "revelations" of the word have been made, usually all differing from each other. One such "revelation" is "Mach-benak" or "decay-apparently" based on gestures given and words spoken upon the discovery of Hiram's body.[2] Such is the general legend as related in the Anglo-American jurisdictions.
In Continental Freemasonry, the tale is slightly different: a large number of master masons (not just Hiram) are working on the Temple, and the three ruffians are seeking the passwords and signs that will give them a higher wage. The result is the same, but this time, it is master masons who find the body. The secrets are not lost, but Solomon orders them buried under the Temple, inscribed on Hiram's grave, and the same substitution is made as a mark of respect. The secrets "lost" in the other tradition are here given to new master masons as part of their ritual. In this version, Hiram is often renamed Adoniram.[3]
Hirams in the Bible
In the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament, there are three separate instances of people named Hiram that were involved in the construction of the temple of Solomon:
Hiram, King of the realm of Tyre (today, in the modern nation of Lebanon), is credited in 2 Samuel 5:11 and 1 Kings 5:1-10 for having sent building materials and men for the original construction of the Temple in Jerusalem. In the Masonic drama, "Hiram, King of Tyre" is clearly distinguished from "Hiram Abiff". The former is clearly a king and the latter clearly a master craftsman. They can be confused in other contexts.[4]
In 1 Kings 7:13–14, Hiram is described as the son of a widow from the tribe of Naphtali who was the son of a Tyrian bronze worker, sent for by Solomon to cast the bronze furnishings and ornate decorations for the new temple. From this reference, Freemasons often refer to Hiram (with the added Abiff) as "the widow's son." Hiram cast these bronzes in clay ground in the plain of the Jordan between Succoth and Zarethan/Zeredathah (1 Kings 7:46-47).
2 Chronicles 2:13-14 relates a formal request from King Solomon of Jerusalem to King Hiram I of Tyre, for workers and for materials to build a new temple. King Hiram (Huram in Chronicles) responds "And now I have sent a skillful man, endowed with understanding, Ḥuram 'abi.[5] (the son of a woman of the daughters of Dan, and his father was a man of Tyre), skilled to work in gold and silver, bronze and iron, stone and wood, purple and blue, fine linen and crimson, and to make any engraving and to accomplish any plan which may be given to him, with your skillful men and with the skillful men of my lord David your father."[6] The phrase italicised above is translated in the New King James Version as "Huram my master craftsman". Most translations of this passage take the "'ab-" in "'abi" as the construct state of 'abba, here translated as master. Older translations preferred to translate "'ab-" as father. The common translation of the -i suffix is "my", giving the problematic reading that Hiram was sending his own father, also called Hiram. This is found in the Vulgate, the Douay–Rheims Bible and in Wycliffe's Bible.[7] The other reading is as the old Hebrew genitive, and some variant of "of my father" is found in the Septuagint,[8] the Bishop's Bible and the Geneva Bible.[7] In his 1723 "Constitutions", James Anderson announced that many problems with this text would be solved by reading "'abi" as the second part of a proper name, which he rendered as "Hiram Abif",[9] agreeing with the translations of Martin Luther[10] and Miles Coverdale's reading of 2 Chronicles 4:16.[11]
Other accounts of a biblical Hiram
Flavius Josephus in his Antiquities of the Jews (Chapter 8:76) refers to Hiram as τεχνίτης, tekhnítēs, artificer, craftsman. "Now Solomon sent for an artificer out of Tyre, whose name was Hiram: he was by birth of the tribe of Naphtali, on his mother's side (for she was of that tribe); but his father was Ur, of the stock of the Israelites."[12]
The most elaborate version of the legend occurs in Gérard de Nerval's 1851 account, Voyage en Orient, where he relates the tale, inserting all the masonic passwords, as part of the story of Balkis, the "Queen of the Morning" and "Soliman", Prince of the Genii. This is an elaboration of the second version above, where the Master Craftsman is named Adoniram. Before his death, he undergoes mystical adventures as his tale is interwoven with that of Solomon and Balkis, the Queen of Sheba. The ruffians who kill him are under the instruction of Solomon himself. De Nerval relates the story as having been told in an Eastern coffee house over a two-week period.[14] A similar account is given in Charles William Heckethorn's The Secret Societies of all Ages and Countries, where Solomon plots to destroy Hiram because of the mutual love between Hiram and the Queen of Sheba.[15] Meanwhile, in 1862, the whole adventure of Adoniram's love for Balkis and his murder by three workmen in the pay of Solomon had been set to music in Charles Gounod's opera, La reine de Saba.[16]
Other theories
There have been many proposals for the origin of the Masonic Hiram Abiff story, which are dismissed by most Masonic scholars. However the leading theory supported by many scholars of historical Freemasonry is advanced in the recent work of Bro. Christopher Powell, who in 2021 published a paper in QCCC that the Reverend Dr. John Theophilus Desaguliers is the likely author of the Hiram Abiff story in the early 1720s and it was he who introduced it into the 3rd degree. In his research Bro. Powell notes how Desaguliers also introduced the "lost word" aspect of the Royal Arch degree which he likely read in a book he owned titled "The Temple of Solomon, portrayed by Scripture-light." If the word was to be found, it would need to be first lost, hence the Hiram Abiff story. According to Powell, Desaguliers as a Frenchman living in England, would have known the Chanson de Geste legend (explored below), and used it as a base for the legend of Hiram Abiff. However instead of being used as a ritual since the 12th century, Powell argues that Desaguliers used this existing myth to create a central story for the newly created 3rd degree, for which there is no evidence whatsoever before 1720.
Seqenenre Tao II
Lomas and Knight claim the wounds of Sequenre Tao II make him a match for Hiram Abiff
According to authors Robert Lomas and Christopher Knight, the prototype for Hiram Abiff was the Egyptian king Seqenenre Tao II, who (they claim) died in an almost identical manner.[17] This idea is dismissed by most Masonic scholars.
The French masonic historian Paul Naudon has highlighted the similarity between the death of Hiram and the murder of Renaud de Montauban in the late 12th Century chanson de geste, The Four Sons of Aymon. Renaud, like his prototype Saint Reinold, was killed by a hammer-blow to the head while working as a mason at Cologne Cathedral, and his body hidden by his murderers before being miraculously re-discovered.[19]
Notes
^Pietre Stones Kent Henderson, The Legend of Hiram Abif, retrieved 14 September 2012
^William Morgan, Illustrations of Freemasonry, 1827 Second section of Master Mason lecture, retrieved 14 September 2012
^Rituels French language collection of ritual, 18th-early 19th century, retrieved 14 September 2012
^"The Second Book of the Chronicles. Chapter 2". Hebrewoldtestament.com. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
^2 Chronicles 2:13-14, New King James Version - From BibleGateway.com
^ ab"Search results for '2 Chronicles 2' using the 'Jerome's Latin Vulgate (405)' - Bible Search - Reference Desk - StudyLight.org". StudyLight.org.
^"Chronicles II". Ecmarsh.com. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
^Anderson's 1723 Constitutions, in Franklin's 1734 reprint retrieved 14 September 2012
^. Lutherbibel.net. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
^Coverdale Bible 2 Chronicles 4:16, retrieved 20 September 2012
^Sacred Texts Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book VIII (in this version chapter 3 para 4 contains v76) retrieved 20 September 2012
^Paulus Cassel (tr. A. Bernstein), An Explanatory Commentary on Esther, Edinburgh, 1888, pp267-275
^The Women Of Cairo, Scenes Of Life In The Orient, Volume Two English translation of Gerard de Nerval, Voyage en Orient (1851), Harcourt, Brace & Co, New York, 1930, pp244-380
^Charles William Heckethorn, The Secret Societies of all Ages and Countries, London, 1897, Vol ii, pp3-7
^Charles Gounod.com La Reine de Saba, accessed 26 July 2014
^Lomas, Robert; Knight, Chris (1997). The Hiram Key. Arrow Books LTD.
^Naudon, Paul (2005). The Secret History of Freemasonry. Bear. footnote on page 59.
References
de Hoyos, Arturo; Morris, S. Brent (2004). Freemasonry in Context: History, Ritual, Controversy. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. ISBN0-7391-0781-X.
Strong, James (1990). Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. Thomas Nelson Publishers. ISBN0-8407-6750-1.
Domenico V. Ripa Montesano, Vademecum di Loggia, Edizione Gran Loggia Phoenix – Roma Italia 2009 ISBN978-88-905059-0-4
February 01, 2023
hiram, abiff, also, hiram, abif, widow, central, character, allegory, presented, candidates, during, third, degree, freemasonry, hiram, presented, chief, architect, king, solomon, temple, murdered, inside, this, temple, three, ruffians, after, they, failed, ob. Hiram Abiff also Hiram Abif or the Widow s son is the central character of an allegory presented to all candidates during the third degree in Freemasonry Hiram is presented as the chief architect of King Solomon s Temple He is murdered inside this Temple by three ruffians after they failed to obtain from him the Master Masons secrets The themes of the allegory are the importance of fidelity and the certainty of death Contents 1 The Masonic legend of Hiram Abiff 2 Hirams in the Bible 3 Other accounts of a biblical Hiram 4 Other theories 4 1 Seqenenre Tao II 4 2 Dhul Nun al Misri 4 3 Renaud de Montauban 5 Notes 6 ReferencesThe Masonic legend of Hiram Abiff Edit Architect Hiram St John s Church Chester 1900 Bronze statue by Nickolaus Otto Kruch Berlin Germany 2013 The tale of Hiram Abiff as passed down in Masonic Lodges underpins the third degree It starts with his arrival in Jerusalem and his appointment by Solomon as chief architect and master of works at the construction of his temple As the temple is nearing completion three fellowcraft masons from the workforce ambush him as he leaves the building demanding the secrets of a master mason Hiram is challenged by each in turn and at each refusal to divulge the information his assailant strikes him with a mason s tool differing between jurisdictions He is injured by the first two assailants and struck dead by the last 1 His murderers hide his body under a pile of rubble returning at night to move the body outside the city where they bury it in a shallow grave marked with a sprig of acacia As the Master is missed the next day Solomon sends out a group of fellowcraft masons to search for him The loose acacia is accidentally discovered and the body exhumed to be given a decent burial The hiding place of the three ruffians is also discovered and they are brought to justice Solomon informs his workforce that the secret word of a master mason is now lost He replaces it with a substitute word This word is considered a secret by Masons but for hundreds of years various revelations of the word have been made usually all differing from each other One such revelation is Mach benak or decay apparently based on gestures given and words spoken upon the discovery of Hiram s body 2 Such is the general legend as related in the Anglo American jurisdictions In Continental Freemasonry the tale is slightly different a large number of master masons not just Hiram are working on the Temple and the three ruffians are seeking the passwords and signs that will give them a higher wage The result is the same but this time it is master masons who find the body The secrets are not lost but Solomon orders them buried under the Temple inscribed on Hiram s grave and the same substitution is made as a mark of respect The secrets lost in the other tradition are here given to new master masons as part of their ritual In this version Hiram is often renamed Adoniram 3 Hirams in the Bible EditIn the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament there are three separate instances of people named Hiram that were involved in the construction of the temple of Solomon Hiram King of the realm of Tyre today in the modern nation of Lebanon is credited in 2 Samuel 5 11 and 1 Kings 5 1 10 for having sent building materials and men for the original construction of the Temple in Jerusalem In the Masonic drama Hiram King of Tyre is clearly distinguished from Hiram Abiff The former is clearly a king and the latter clearly a master craftsman They can be confused in other contexts 4 In 1 Kings 7 13 14 Hiram is described as the son of a widow from the tribe of Naphtali who was the son of a Tyrian bronze worker sent for by Solomon to cast the bronze furnishings and ornate decorations for the new temple From this reference Freemasons often refer to Hiram with the added Abiff as the widow s son Hiram cast these bronzes in clay ground in the plain of the Jordan between Succoth and Zarethan Zeredathah 1 Kings 7 46 47 2 Chronicles 2 13 14 relates a formal request from King Solomon of Jerusalem to King Hiram I of Tyre for workers and for materials to build a new temple King Hiram Huram in Chronicles responds And now I have sent a skillful man endowed with understanding Ḥuram abi 5 the son of a woman of the daughters of Dan and his father was a man of Tyre skilled to work in gold and silver bronze and iron stone and wood purple and blue fine linen and crimson and to make any engraving and to accomplish any plan which may be given to him with your skillful men and with the skillful men of my lord David your father 6 The phrase italicised above is translated in the New King James Version as Huram my master craftsman Most translations of this passage take the ab in abi as the construct state of abba here translated as master Older translations preferred to translate ab as father The common translation of the i suffix is my giving the problematic reading that Hiram was sending his own father also called Hiram This is found in the Vulgate the Douay Rheims Bible and in Wycliffe s Bible 7 The other reading is as the old Hebrew genitive and some variant of of my father is found in the Septuagint 8 the Bishop s Bible and the Geneva Bible 7 In his 1723 Constitutions James Anderson announced that many problems with this text would be solved by reading abi as the second part of a proper name which he rendered as Hiram Abif 9 agreeing with the translations of Martin Luther 10 and Miles Coverdale s reading of 2 Chronicles 4 16 11 Other accounts of a biblical Hiram EditFlavius Josephus in his Antiquities of the Jews Chapter 8 76 refers to Hiram as texniths tekhnites artificer craftsman Now Solomon sent for an artificer out of Tyre whose name was Hiram he was by birth of the tribe of Naphtali on his mother s side for she was of that tribe but his father was Ur of the stock of the Israelites 12 The Targum Sheni an Aramaic commentary on the Book of Esther written sometime between the fall of Rome and the Crusades credits Hiram with the construction of a miraculous throne for Solomon which in Esther s time is being used by the descendants of Cyrus the Great 13 The most elaborate version of the legend occurs in Gerard de Nerval s 1851 account Voyage en Orient where he relates the tale inserting all the masonic passwords as part of the story of Balkis the Queen of the Morning and Soliman Prince of the Genii This is an elaboration of the second version above where the Master Craftsman is named Adoniram Before his death he undergoes mystical adventures as his tale is interwoven with that of Solomon and Balkis the Queen of Sheba The ruffians who kill him are under the instruction of Solomon himself De Nerval relates the story as having been told in an Eastern coffee house over a two week period 14 A similar account is given in Charles William Heckethorn s The Secret Societies of all Ages and Countries where Solomon plots to destroy Hiram because of the mutual love between Hiram and the Queen of Sheba 15 Meanwhile in 1862 the whole adventure of Adoniram s love for Balkis and his murder by three workmen in the pay of Solomon had been set to music in Charles Gounod s opera La reine de Saba 16 Other theories EditThere have been many proposals for the origin of the Masonic Hiram Abiff story which are dismissed by most Masonic scholars However the leading theory supported by many scholars of historical Freemasonry is advanced in the recent work of Bro Christopher Powell who in 2021 published a paper in QCCC that the Reverend Dr John Theophilus Desaguliers is the likely author of the Hiram Abiff story in the early 1720s and it was he who introduced it into the 3rd degree In his research Bro Powell notes how Desaguliers also introduced the lost word aspect of the Royal Arch degree which he likely read in a book he owned titled The Temple of Solomon portrayed by Scripture light If the word was to be found it would need to be first lost hence the Hiram Abiff story According to Powell Desaguliers as a Frenchman living in England would have known the Chanson de Geste legend explored below and used it as a base for the legend of Hiram Abiff However instead of being used as a ritual since the 12th century Powell argues that Desaguliers used this existing myth to create a central story for the newly created 3rd degree for which there is no evidence whatsoever before 1720 Seqenenre Tao II Edit Lomas and Knight claim the wounds of Sequenre Tao II make him a match for Hiram Abiff According to authors Robert Lomas and Christopher Knight the prototype for Hiram Abiff was the Egyptian king Seqenenre Tao II who they claim died in an almost identical manner 17 This idea is dismissed by most Masonic scholars Dhul Nun al Misri Edit In his book The Sufis the Afghan scholar Idries Shah suggested that Dhul Nun al Misri might have been the origin of the character Hiram Abiff in the masonic Master Mason ritual The link he believes was through the Sufi sect Al Banna The Builders who built the Jami Al Aqsa and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem This fraternity could have influenced some early masonic guilds which borrowed heavily from the Oriental architecture in the creation of the Gothic style 18 Renaud de Montauban Edit The French masonic historian Paul Naudon has highlighted the similarity between the death of Hiram and the murder of Renaud de Montauban in the late 12th Century chanson de geste The Four Sons of Aymon Renaud like his prototype Saint Reinold was killed by a hammer blow to the head while working as a mason at Cologne Cathedral and his body hidden by his murderers before being miraculously re discovered 19 Notes Edit Pietre Stones Kent Henderson The Legend of Hiram Abif retrieved 14 September 2012 William Morgan Illustrations of Freemasonry 1827 Second section of Master Mason lecture retrieved 14 September 2012 Rituels French language collection of ritual 18th early 19th century retrieved 14 September 2012 1 Kings 5 amp 7 13 46 http www biblegateway com passage search 1 20Kings 205 7 13 46 amp version NIV and 2 Chronicles 2 1 14 amp 4 11 16 http www biblegateway com passage search 2 20Chronicles 202 1 14 4 11 16 amp version NIV The Second Book of the Chronicles Chapter 2 Hebrewoldtestament com Retrieved 19 October 2021 2 Chronicles 2 13 14 New King James Version From BibleGateway com a b Search results for 2 Chronicles 2 using the Jerome s Latin Vulgate 405 Bible Search Reference Desk StudyLight org StudyLight org Chronicles II Ecmarsh com Retrieved 13 June 2014 Anderson s 1723 Constitutions in Franklin s 1734 reprint retrieved 14 September 2012 Biblia 1545 Ausgabe Letzter Hand Lutherbibel net Archived from the original on 4 December 2008 Retrieved 13 June 2014 Coverdale Bible 2 Chronicles 4 16 retrieved 20 September 2012 Sacred Texts Flavius Josephus Antiquities of the Jews Book VIII in this version chapter 3 para 4 contains v76 retrieved 20 September 2012 Paulus Cassel tr A Bernstein An Explanatory Commentary on Esther Edinburgh 1888 pp267 275 The Women Of Cairo Scenes Of Life In The Orient Volume Two English translation of Gerard de Nerval Voyage en Orient 1851 Harcourt Brace amp Co New York 1930 pp244 380 Charles William Heckethorn The Secret Societies of all Ages and Countries London 1897 Vol ii pp3 7 Charles Gounod com La Reine de Saba accessed 26 July 2014 Lomas Robert Knight Chris 1997 The Hiram Key Arrow Books LTD Shah Idries 1971 The Sufis Anchor p 187 ISBN 0 385 07966 4 Naudon Paul 2005 The Secret History of Freemasonry Bear footnote on page 59 References Editde Hoyos Arturo Morris S Brent 2004 Freemasonry in Context History Ritual Controversy Lanham Md Lexington Books ISBN 0 7391 0781 X Strong James 1990 Strong s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible Thomas Nelson Publishers ISBN 0 8407 6750 1 Domenico V Ripa Montesano Vademecum di Loggia Edizione Gran Loggia Phoenix Roma Italia 2009 ISBN 978 88 905059 0 4 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hiram Abiff amp oldid 1136686275, 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