fbpx
Wikipedia

Textile performance

January 01, 1970

Textile performance, also known as fitness for purpose, is a textile's capacity to withstand various conditions, environments, and hazards, qualifying it for particular uses. The performance of textile products influences their appearance, comfort, durability, and protection. Different textile applications (automotive, clothing, sleepwear, workwear, sportswear, upholstery, and PPE) require a different set of performance parameters. As a result, the specifications determine the level of performance of a textile product. Textile testing certifies the product's conformity to buying specification. It describes product manufactured for non-aesthetic purposes, where fitness for purpose is the primary criterion.[1][2] Engineering of high-performance fabrics presents a unique set of challenges.[1][3]

A Gannex raincoat with water-resistant properties

The fitness for purpose of textile products is an important consideration for both producers and buyers. Producers, distributors and retailers favor the expectations of the target market, and fashion their wares accordingly.[4][5][6][7][8]

Serviceability in textiles edit

 
A modern umbrella fabric has specific requirements for colour fastness to light, water and wet rubbing, and permeability

Serviceability in textiles or Performance is the ability of textile materials to withstand various conditions, environments, and hazards. The term "serviceability" refers to a textile product's ability to meet the needs of consumers. The emphasis is on knowing the target market and matching the needs of the target market to the product's serviceability.

Concepts of serviceability in textiles edit

Aesthetics, durability, comfort and safety, appearance retention, care, environmental impact, and cost are the serviceability concepts employed in structuring the material.[9][5]

Aesthetics edit

Aesthetics imply the appearance and attraction of textile products; it includes the color and texture of the material.[9]

Durability edit

Durability in textiles refers to the product's capacity to endure use; the amount of time the product is regarded adequate for the intended application.[9]

Comfort edit

 
Burberry advertisement for waterproof gabardine suit, 1908

The performance of textiles extends to functionality through comfort and protection. The term "comfort" (or "being comfortable") refers to a state of physical or psychological well-being—our perceptions, physiological, social, and psychological requirements are all part of it. After food, It is the clothing that satisfies these comfort needs.[10] Clothing provides comfort on a number of levels, including aesthetic, tactile, thermal, moisture, and pressure.[11]

  • Aesthetic comfort: Aesthetic comfort is associated with visual perception that is influenced by color, fabric construction, finish, style, garment fit, and fashion compatibility. Comfort on an aesthetic level is necessary for psychological and social well-being.[12][13][14]
  • Thermoregulation in humans and thermophysiological comfort: Thermophysiological comfort is the capacity of the clothing material that makes the balance of moisture and heat between the body and the environment. It is a property of textile materials that creates ease by maintaining moisture and thermal levels in a human's resting and active states. The selection of textile material significantly affects the comfort of the wearer. Different textile fibers have unique properties that make them suitable for use in various environments. Natural fibers are breathable and absorb moisture.[15][16][17][18][19][20] The major determinants that influence thermophysiological comfort are permeable construction, heat, and moisture transfer rate.[21]
    • Thermal comfort: One primary criterion for our physiological needs is thermal comfort. The heat dissipation effectiveness of clothing gives the wearer a neither very hot nor very cold feel. The optimum temperature for thermal comfort of the skin surface is between 28 and 30 degrees Celsius, i.e., a neutral temperature. Thermophysiology reacts whenever the temperature falls below or exceeds the neutral point on either side; it is discomforting below 28 and above 30 degrees.[22] Clothing maintains a thermal balance; it keeps the skin dry and cool. It helps to keep the body from overheating while avoiding heat from the environment.[23][24]
    • Moisture comfort: Moisture comfort is the prevention of a damp sensation. According to Hollies' research, it feels uncomfortable when more than "50% to 65% of the body is wet."
  • Tactile comfort: Tactile comfort is a resistance to the discomfort related to the friction created by clothing against the body. It is related to the smoothness, roughness, softness, and stiffness of the fabric used in clothing. The degree of tactile discomfort may vary between individuals. It is possible due to various factors, including allergies, tickling, prickling, skin abrasion, coolness, and the fabric's weight, structure, and thickness. There are specific surface finishes (mechanical and chemical) that can enhance tactile comfort. Fleece sweatshirts and velvet clothing, for example. Soft, clingy, stiff, heavy, light, hard, sticky, scratchy, prickly are all terms used to describe tactile sensations.[25][26] [27]
  • Pressure comfort: The comfort of the human body's pressure receptors' (present in the skin) sensory response towards clothing. Fabric with lycra feels more comfortable because of this response and superior pressure comfort. The sensation response is influenced by the material's structure: snugging, looseness, heavy, light, soft, or stiff structuring.[28][29]

Protection edit

The transformative power of clothes, the impact of changes in colors and style. A video on social expression through dress.

Protection in textiles refers to a large application area where the performance (of functionality) is more central than aesthetic values.

  • UV protection performance in textiles,[30] There are tests to quantify the protection values from harmful ultraviolet rays.[31]
  • Flame retardant textiles[32]
  • Water repellant performance of textiles[33]
  • Waterproofness[34]
  • Cold and wind protection textiles[34]
  • Bacteria and virus protection in textiles.[35] Antiviral textiles are a further exploitation of using antimicrobial surfaces that are applicable to both natural and synthetic textiles. Exhibiting antiviral properties, these surfaces may inactivate the lipid-coated viruses.[35] There are particular test methods for assessing the performance of antiviral textiles.[36]
  • Bulletproof vest

Appearance retention edit

The ability of a textile product to retain its appearance after being used, washed, and ironed is referred to as appearance retention.[9]

Care edit

The treatment necessary to maintain the appearance of textile products is referred to as care. Textile products need to be cleaned and ironed to keep their look. This includes things like how to wash them and how to dry them.[9] Care labelling for textile products takes into account the performance of each component as well as the manufacturing methods.[37]

Cost edit

It is influenced by a variety of elements. The cost of a textile product includes the raw material, manufacturing, and maintenance costs.[9]

Environmental impact edit

Every textile product has an impact on the environment. The extent to which textiles harm the environment during manufacturing, care, and disposal is a concept of textile serviceability.[9] The substances which add performance to textiles have a severe impact on the environment and on human health. The halogenated flame retardants, PFC treated stain repellant, and triclosan or triclocarban or silver-containing antimicrobial fabrics certainly have a lot to do with the effluent and environment.[38][39]

Name of the substance Advantage in textile products Associated health risks and environmental impacts References
Perfluorooctanoic acid ( PFOA), Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) Hydrophobic effect Endocrine disruptor [40][41]
Fluorocarbon (PFC) Hydrophobic effect May cause respiratory illness [42]
Bromine Brominated flame retardant Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances may cause Neurobehavioral disorders and Endocrine disruption [43]
Silver Or Silver nanoparticle Antimicrobial resistance Environmental impact of silver nanoparticles and toxic effects on human health [44][45]


Fundamentally, each fiber and fabric has distinct properties, and they are chosen based on their suitability for fitness for purpose.[46][47][48] Users have five basic criteria for performance, including appearance, comfort, durability, maintenance, and cost.[49] These performance expectations are not the same as those of specialist textiles. Due to the often highly technical and legal requirements of these products, these textiles are typically tested in order to ensure they meet stringent performance requirements. A few examples of different areas are:

Car section or part Fabric consumption in square meters[53] Material[54] Properties of fibers Performance expectations from the material used[54]
Airbags 3.5 Nylon coated with silicone or neoprene from inside Strong, elastic, tough and stable in terms of shrinkage Capability of holding air when inflated and should be strong enough to withstand the impact without rupturing
Upholstery 10.0 Nylon and polyester Abrasion resistance Strong abrasion resistance to withstand the friction of sliding objects and passengers. To retain the shape and smoothness of the seats. Colors should be fast to sunlight and rubbing to sustain the exposure.
Carpet 4.0 Nylon Strong, tough and abrasion resistant Strong enough to stand friction, the material must be tough and resilient
Trunk 4.0–5.0 Nylon Strong, tough and abrasion resistant Strong enough to stand friction, antimicrobial
Seat belts 0.5 Polyester
Headliner 4.0–6.0 Composite/blended/laminated fabric adheres to melted polyurethane foam Strong, insulating Aesthetics, feel, stiffness, and sound reduction

Tensile strength, bursting, sensorial comfort, thermal comfort, heat transfer, water repellency MVTR, air permeability, pilling, shrinkage, fading, lightfastness, drape and hand feel are a few performance parameters.[5][55][56]


Properties edit

 
Soldiers of the Canadian Army in CADPAT camouflage uniforms. Camouflaged uniforms are used to make its wearers less visible. The opposite effect is desired in fashion use of camo designs
 
Composites are formed by combining materials together to form an overall structure with properties that differ from that of the individual components
 
Cloth, treated to be hydrophobic, shows a high contact angle.

Performance of textile products is primarily based on fiber and fabric structure. Fiber properties are fundamentally determined by their physical and chemical properties..[49] Specific finishing methods, functional finishes, fit, and product design could all be used to improve the overall performance of a textile product, allowing it to achieve higher performance levels.[57][58][59]

Performance has an array of characteristics that affect appearance, durability, and comfort. Performance characteristics are in-built or incorporated into the textile materials. For example, technical textiles are classified into twelve separate categories. In which the performance is predetermined, and textiles are manufactured and structured as per the application and end-use.[60] Durable water repellent is another functional finish that makes fabrics resistant to water (hydrophobic).

Clothing insulation is a property that provides thermal insulation for the wearer.[61][62] A stain-repellent is an added property of fabrics to make them stain resistant.[63] Sun protective clothing aids in the avoidance of both light and harmful UV rays.

There is a whole panoply of properties that relate to material functionality and their use in performance fabric applications.[63] These include, inter alia:

  • Abrasion resistance, is the resistance of materials and structures to abrasion can be measured by a variety of test methods.
  • Antimicrobial, In textiles is an application of an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth.
  • Antistatic, is an application of a compound used for treatment of materials or their surfaces in order to reduce or eliminate buildup of static electricity.
  • Air permeability is a fabric's ability to allow air to pass through it. While air permeable fabrics tend to have relatively high moisture vapor transmission, it is not compulsory to be air permeable to be breathable.
  • Breathability, the capacity of a fabric to transmit moisture vapour.
  • Biodegradable, is important for sustainability, it is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. Natural fibers are easily biodegradable, hence more sustainable.
  • Bioresorbable
  • Bomb suit, is a specialized body armor for protection from explosions.
  • Colour fastness, characterizes a material's colour's resistance to fading or running.
  • Conductive
  • Crease and wrinkle resistance are textiles that have been treated to resist external stress and hold their shape. Clothing made from this fabric does not need to be ironed and may be sold as non-iron, no-iron, wash and wear, durable press, and easy care. While fabric cleaning and maintenance may be simplified, some wearers experience decreased comfort.
  • Dimensional stability (fabric), also known as shrinkage in fabrics is the change of dimensions in textile products when they are washed or relaxed.
  • Durable water repellent, is a functional finish to make fabrics water-resistant (hydrophobic).
  • Enhanced coloration
  • Flame and heat resistance, are textiles that are more resistant to fire than others through chemical treatment or manufactured fireproof fibers.
  • Fluorescence Fluorescent compounds are often used to enhance the appearance of fabric and paper, causing a "whitening" effect. In this scenario, an optical brightener can make an already-white surface appear brighter. The blue light emitted by the brightener compensates for the diminishing blue of the treated material and changes the hue away from yellow or brown and toward white. Optical brighteners are used in laundry detergents, high brightness paper, cosmetics, high-visibility clothing and more.
  • Hand feel, the property of fabrics related to the touch that express sensory comfort. It refers to the way fabrics feel against the skin or in the hand and conveys information about the cloth's softness and smoothness.
  • Heated clothing is a type of clothing designed for cold-weather sports and activities, such as motorcycle riding, downhill skiing, diving, winter biking, and snowmobiling, trekking and for outdoor workers such as construction workers and carpenters.
  • High-visibility clothing is a type of safety clothing.
  • Hydrophilicity
  • Hydrophobicity
  • Light responsive, Light reflective
  • Luminescence
  • Oleophobicity
  • Pilling is generally considered an undesirable trait. There are applications that can resist pilling ( a surface defect of textiles) caused by wearing.
  • Racing suit is a kind of fire suit due to its fire retardant properties, is clothing such as overalls worn in various forms of auto racing by racing drivers, crew members.
  • Reinforcement
  • Sauna suit is a garment made from waterproof fabric designed to make the wearer sweat profusely.
  • Space suit is a garment worn to keep a human alive in the harsh environment of outer space, vacuum and temperature extremes.
  • Stain resistance is a property of fabrics in which they repel stains.
  • Thermal insulation
  • Thermal responsive
  • Ultrafiltration
  • Ultraviolet resistance[63]
  • Waterproof fabrics are those that are naturally resistant to water and wetting, or have been treated to be so.

Fiber properties—built in (natural) properties edit

In terms of performance, wool has been advertised as a "miracle fabric"[38][64][65] as it naturally possesses a variety of functional properties, including stretch, warmth, water absorption, flame retardance, and the ability to wick away body moisture.[66][67] Additionally, Merino wool has the ability to protect from harmful UV rays.[68][69] Natural and synthetic fibers have various properties that influence the final textile performance. Most of the natural fibers are suited for comfort, where synthetics are better for aesthetics and durability.

Added or additional properties edit

Additional properties are properties other than the inherent properties of the textiles which are specifically added in accordance with the specific needs. They may be added during different textile manufacturing steps from fiber to fabric.

High-performance fibers edit

High-performance fibers are specifically synthesized to achieve unique properties such as higher heat resistance, exceptional strength, high strength-to-weight ratio, stiffness, tensile strength, chemical or fire resistance.[71] These high-performance fibers are used in protective clothing (PPE) with exceptional characteristics like chemical resistance and fire resistance.[72]

  • Aramid fiber, namely Kevlar, a strong, abrasion-resistant, durable material with high performance. Fiber and fabric engineering can optimize the functionality of the materials.[73] Kevlar and Nomex which is a flame-resistant meta-aramid material, are used together in advanced bomb suits. The suit helps bomb disposal soldiers from threats associated with improvised explosive devices, including those related to fragmentation, blast overpressure, impact, heat, and flame.
  • Carbon fibers have several advantages including high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight to strength ratio, high chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion.[74][75]
  • Polybenzimidazole fiber, also known as PBI, has high thermal stability, flame resistance, and moisture recovery, making it suitable for use in protective clothing. PBI are usually yellow to brown solid infusible up to 400 °C or higher.[76] PBI is also used in Space suits. In 1969, the United States Air Force selected polybenzimidazole (PBI) for its superior thermal protective performance after a 1967 fire aboard the Apollo 1 spacecraft killed three astronauts.[77] In the early 1970s USAF laboratories experimented with polybenzimidazole fibers for protective clothing to reduce aircrew deaths from fires.[78]
  • Silicon carbide fiber composed of Silicon carbide is used for bulletproof vests.
  • UHMWPE (Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene) is a high abrasion and wear resistance material suitable for durability, low friction, and chemical resistance.[72]

Finishing methods edit

Finishing improves appearance and performance.[79]

Finish edit

Textile finishing is the process of converting the loomstate or raw goods into a useful product, which can be done mechanically or chemically. Finishing is a broad term that refers to a variety of physical and chemical techniques and treatments that finish one stage of textile production while also preparing for the next. Textile finishing can include aspects like improving surface feel, aesthetical enhancement, and adding advanced chemical finishes.[80] A finish is any process that transforms unfinished products into finished products.[81] This includes mechanical finishing and chemical applications which alter the composition of treated textiles (fiber, yarn or fabric.) Mechanical finish purports machine finishes such as embossing, heat setting, sanforizing, sheering, various, luster imparting, surface finishes, and glaze finishes.[82][83]

Chemical finishing refers to the process of applying and treating textiles with a variety of chemicals in order to achieve desired functional properties. Chemical finishing of textiles is a part of the textile finishing process where the emphasis is on chemical substances instead of mechanical finishing.[84][85] Chemical finishing in textiles also known as wet finishing.[86] Chemical finishing adds properties to the treated textiles. These properties may vary from Normal to Advanced or High Tech. Softening of textiles, durable water repellancy and wrinkle free fabric finishes are examples of chemical finishing.[84][87][85]

Cravenette was an old chemical finish of the early 20th century that makes cloths water repellant.[88][89][90][91][92]

Functional finishes or special purpose finishes edit

The first modern waterproof raincoat was created following the patent by Scottish chemist Charles Macintosh in 1824 of new tarpaulin fabric, described by him as "India rubber cloth," and made by sandwiching a rubber softened by naphtha between two pieces of fabric.[93][94] Application of performance finishes are not a new concept; Oilcloth is the first known coated fabric. Boiling linseed oil is used to make oilcloth. Boiling oils have been used from the year 200 AD.[95] The "special purpose finishes" or ''Performance finishes'' are that improve the performance of textiles for a specific end-use.[96] Performance finishing contributes to a variety of areas. These finishes enable treated textiles with different characteristics, which may be opposite to their natural or inherent nature. Functional finishes add value other than handfeel and aesthetics.[4][5] Certain finishes can alter the performance suiting for thermal comfort (thermal regulation), antimicrobial, UV protection, easy care (crease resistant cotton fabrics), and insect repellant etc.[97]

Nanotechnology edit

Nanotechnology in textiles is a branch of nano-science in which molecular systems at the nano-scale of size (1–100 Nanometre) are applied in the field of textiles to improve performance or add functions to textiles. Nanotechnology unites a variety of scientific fields, such as material science, physics, chemistry, biology and engineering. For example: Nanocoating (of microscopically structured surfaces fine enough to interfere with visible light) in textiles for biomimetics is the new method of structural coloration without dyes.[98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106]

See further Nanofabrics

Surface tension biomimetics edit

Surface tension biomimetics is a phenomenon of exploitation of biomimetics properties to create functional effects such as shark skin, and lotus leaf that have the ability to repel water and self-cleaning. In textiles, surfaces with hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties are formed with the help of coatings and applied finishes.[107][108]

Surface treatments edit

Certain technologies can alter the surface characterizations of textiles.

Plasma edit

Plasma is a highly reactive state that activates the substrate, and the oxidized surface of the plasma-treated textile improves dyeing while reducing environmental impacts. Plasma can also be used to treat textiles to obtain waterproofing and oil repellent properties. Different gases in the same fiber may have other effects, and various gases are chosen for different results.[109]

Plasma process with By using chemical element Result on treated textile[109]
Noble gas Helium, argon Etching
Oxidizing Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water Cleaning, functionalisation and etching
Hydrocarbon Nitrogen or oxygen containing hydrocarbons Plasma polymerization

Laser edit

Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser) irradiation is used to modify the structural and surface properties of textiles, as well as to texturize them.[109]

3D textiles edit

Main article: 3D textiles

3D textiles are used in versatile applications, like military textiles, bulletproof jackets, protective clothing, manufacturing 3D composites, and medical textiles. Examples include 3D spacer fabrics, which are used in treating a wound.[110]

Testing standards edit

Standards vary with the use and application areas. Military textiles, industrial textiles have separate tests to analyze performance in extreme conditions.[111][112] The American National Standards Institute approves the textile performance standards set by ASTM International.[113] Other testing agencies or bodies which are recognized or accepted as international standards depending on the contracts:[50]

Special test methods edit

The comfort performance of textiles is the foremost requirement that influences product acceptance. Following comfort, safety and protection are the top priorities.[114] Numerous tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of textiles.

Sweating guarded hot plate test edit

The test method evaluates the thermal resistance and water vapor permeability of fabrics, which bear on the garment's comfort.[115][116]

  • ISO 11092:2014 (the test for physiological effects — Test for measuring thermal resistance and water-vapor resistance)[117]
  • ASTM F1868 (test for measuring thermal and evaporative resistance)[118]

Breathability test edit

Water vapor transmission rate also called moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) is a method of testing or measuring the permeability for vapor barriers.

  • ASTM F2298 – 03 (test for clothing materials such as protective clothing, laminates, and membranes) a similar test by Japanese Standards Association is JSA – JIS L 1099.[119]

Air permeability edit

The air permeability test method is for measuring the ability of air to pass through textile materials.[120]

  • ASTM D737-96 alternative test method is
  • ISO 9237:1995

Moisture management test edit

The moisture wicking or moisture management test is for testing moisture management properties such as wicking capabilities and drying efficiencies.

  • AATCC test method 195
  • ISO 13029:2012 [121]

Qmax test edit

The Qmax test method is used to evaluate the surface warm-cool sensations of fabric and to indicate the instantaneous thermal feeling sensed when the fabric first comes into contact with the skin surface.[122][123]

Manikin test edit

A thermal manikin is a device for analysing the thermal interface of the human body and its environment. It assesses the thermal comfort and insulation properties of clothing, such as protective gear for the military.[124][125]

Kawabata evaluation system edit

Kawabata evaluation system measures the mechanical properties of the textiles such as tensile strength, shear strength, surface friction and roughness, The Kawabata evaluation system predicts human responses and understands the perception of softness. Additionally, it can be used to determine the transient heat transfer properties associated with the sensation of coolness generated when fabrics come into contact with the skin while being worn.[126][127]



Picture gallery edit

Clothing serves a variety of functions in our daily lives, from the home to occupational hazards. The role of textiles in comfort, recreation, and safety. The performance aspects of textiles through images.

See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ E.g., bomb suit, emergency medical, fall protection, HazMat, industrial flash fire, PASS, proximity firefighting, which requires a fire proximity suit, SCBA, fire station/work uniforms, structural firefighting, thermal imaging cameras, urban search and rescue or wildland firefighting.[51]

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b Tortora & Merkel 1996, p. 567.
  2. ^ Joseph, Marjory L. (1992). Joseph's introductory textile science. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-03-050723-6 – via Internet Archive.
  3. ^ Miao & Xin 2017.
  4. ^ a b Kadolph 1998, pp. 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407.
  5. ^ a b c d Collier 2000, pp. 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534.
  6. ^ Fulton 1988, p. 120.
  7. ^ Kawabata, S.; Niwa, Masako (1989). "Fabric Performance in Clothing and Clothing Manufacture". The Journal of the Textile Institute. 80 (1). The Textile Institute: 19–50. doi:10.1080/00405008908659184. ISSN 0040-5000.
  8. ^ Sieben, Wanda Kay Alphin (1985). Economic Analysis of the Impact of Imperfect Consumer Information Regarding Performance of Textile Products. University of Minnesota. pp. 14, 21, 51. from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-15.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Kadolph 1998, pp. 9, 11, 21–23, 25, 392, 408, 407.
  10. ^ Song 2011, p. 3–4.
  11. ^ Song 2011, p. 22.
  12. ^ Song 2011, p. 440.
  13. ^ "Aesthetic Comfort – an overview". ScienceDirect Topics. from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  14. ^ Lyle 1982, p. 29.
  15. ^ Cubrić, Ivana Salopek; Skenderi, Zenun (March 2013). "Evaluating thermophysiological comfort using the principles of sensory analysis". Collegium Antropologicum. 37 (1): 57–64. ISSN 0350-6134. PMID 23697251.
  16. ^ Stevens, Katy (2008). Thermophysiological comfort and water resistant protection in soft shell protective garments. University of Leeds (School of Design). from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  17. ^ Textile Trends. Eastland Publications. 2001. p. 16. from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  18. ^ Conference, Textile Institute (Manchester, England) (1988). Pre-print of Conference Proceedings: Textile Institute 1988 Annual World Conference, Sydney, Australia, 10–13 July. Textile Institute. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-870812-08-5. from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Ruckman, J.E.; Murray, R.; Choi, H.S. (1999). "Engineering of clothing systems for improved thermophysiological comfort: The effect of openings". International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology. 11 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1108/09556229910258098. ISSN 0955-6222.
  20. ^ Varshney, R. K.; Kothari, V. K.; Dhamija, S. (17 May 2010). "A study on thermophysiological comfort properties of fabrics in relation to constituent fibre fineness and cross-sectional shapes". The Journal of the Textile Institute. 101 (6): 495–505. doi:10.1080/00405000802542184. ISSN 0040-5000. S2CID 135786524.
  21. ^ Collier 2000, p. 539.
  22. ^ Gagge, A.P.; Stolwijk, J.A.J.; Hardy, J.D. (1 June 1967). "Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses at various ambient temperatures". Environmental Research. 1 (1): 1–20. Bibcode:1967ER......1....1G. doi:10.1016/0013-9351(67)90002-3. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 5614624. from the original on 2021-07-19. Retrieved 2021-08-01. For steady exposure to cold and warm environments, thermal comfort and neutral temperature sensations lie in the range for physiological thermal neutrality (28°–30°C), in which there is no physiological temperature regulatory effort. Discomfort increases more rapidly below 28°C than above 30°C, while thermal sensation for both heat and cold increases rapidly each side of neutral. Discomfort correlates best with lowering average skin temperature toward cold environments and with increased sweating toward hot environments. In general, discomfort is associated with a change of average body temperature from 36.5°C.
  23. ^ Gagge, A. P.; Stolwijk, J. A. J.; Hardy, J. D. (1 June 1967). "Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses at various ambient temperatures". Environmental Research. 1 (1): 1–20. Bibcode:1967ER......1....1G. doi:10.1016/0013-9351(67)90002-3. PMID 5614624.
  24. ^ Song 2011, p. 149, 166.
  25. ^ Au 2011.
  26. ^ Song 2011, p. 167, 192, 208, 223, 235, 237, 427.
  27. ^ Das & Alagirusamy 2011, pp. 216–244.
  28. ^ Song 2011, p. 25, 235, 432.
  29. ^ "Pressure Comfort – an overview". ScienceDirect Topics. from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  30. ^ Ray, Amal; Singha, Kunal; Pandit, Pintu; Maity, Subhankar (2020). "Chapter 11 – Advanced ultraviolet protective agents for textiles and clothing". Advances in Functional and Protective Textiles. The Textile Institute Book Series. pp. 243–260. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-820257-9.00011-4. ISBN 978-0-12-820257-9. S2CID 226754999.
  31. ^ Almeida, Laurindo. (20 October 2014). Paul, Roshan (ed.). Functional Finishes for Textiles: Improving Comfort, Performance and Protection. Cambridge England: Elsevier, Woodhead Publishing. p. 481. ISBN 978-0-85709-845-0. from the original on 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  32. ^ Pan, N.; Sun, G. (21 June 2011). Functional Textiles for Improved Performance, Protection and Health. Elsevier. pp. 99–125. ISBN 978-0-85709-287-8. from the original on 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  33. ^ Mansdorf, Seymour Zack; Sager, Richard (1988). Performance of Protective Clothing: Second Symposium. ASTM International. ISBN 978-0-8031-1167-7. from the original on 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  34. ^ a b Williams 2009, p. 222.
  35. ^ a b Iyigundogdu, Zeynep Ustaoglu; Demir, Okan; Asutay, Ayla Burcin; Sahin, Fikrettin (2017). "Developing Novel Antimicrobial and Antiviral Textile Products". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 181 (3): 1155–1166. doi:10.1007/s12010-016-2275-5. PMC 7091037. PMID 27734286.
  36. ^ "A quantitative test method to assess the antiviral performance". www.iso.org. International Organization for Standardization. from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  37. ^ Corbman 1983, p. 542.
  38. ^ a b Hoguet, Deidre (10 April 2014). "Sustainability and performance in textiles: can you have it all?". the Guardian. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
  39. ^ Muthu 2020, p. 59.
  40. ^ Betts, Kellyn S. (2007). "PERFLUOROALKYL ACIDS: What Is the Evidence Telling Us?". Environmental Health Perspectives. 115 (5): A250–A256. doi:10.1289/ehp.115-a250. ISSN 0091-6765. PMC 1867999. PMID 17520044.
  41. ^ "Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA): 1. What is PFOA and what is it used for?". www.greenfacts.org. from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
  42. ^ Hays, Hannah L.; Mathew, Dana; Chapman, Jennifer (2021), "Fluorides and Fluorocarbons Toxicity", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 28613550, from the original on 2021-08-11, retrieved 2021-07-01
  43. ^ "Brominated Flame retardants in the Environment" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
  44. ^ Ermini, Maria Laura; Voliani, Valerio (27 April 2021). "Antimicrobial Nano-Agents: The Copper Age". ACS Nano. 15 (4): 6008–6029. doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c10756. ISSN 1936-0851. PMC 8155324. PMID 33792292.
  45. ^ AshaRani, P. V.; Low Kah Mun, Grace; Hande, Manoor Prakash; Valiyaveettil, Suresh (24 February 2009). "Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Human Cells". ACS Nano. 3 (2): 279–290. doi:10.1021/nn800596w. ISSN 1936-0851. PMID 19236062.
  46. ^ Tyrone L. Vigo, ed. (1994). "Textile Performance: End Use and Relevant Tests". Textile Science and Technology. Vol. 11. pp. 346–442. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-88224-0.50011-4. ISBN 978-0-444-88224-0. ISSN 0920-4083.
  47. ^ "Textile-based materials - Textile-based materials - AQA - GCSE Design and Technology Revision - AQA". BBC Bitesize. from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
  48. ^ "Sources and origins – Textiles – Edexcel – GCSE Design and Technology Revision – Edexcel". BBC Bitesize. from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
  49. ^ a b Smith 1982, pp. vii, 65.
  50. ^ a b c Wang 2016, pp. 25, 19.
  51. ^ "Fire and Emergency Services". Safety & Equipment Institute ASTM.
  52. ^ "Wetsuit Materials". Wetsuit Warehouse. from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  53. ^ Shishoo 2008, p. 15.
  54. ^ a b Collier 2000, pp. 544, 545.
  55. ^ Tobler-Rohr 2011, p. 224.
  56. ^ "Performance Textile – an overview". ScienceDirect. www.sciencedirect.com. from the original on 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2021-06-15.
  57. ^ Kadolph 1998, pp. 9, 11.
  58. ^ "Performance Textile – an overview". ScienceDirect. www.sciencedirect.com. from the original on 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  59. ^ Paul, R. (20 October 2014). Functional Finishes for Textiles: Improving Comfort, Performance and Protection. Elsevier. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-85709-845-0.
  60. ^ Rasheed, Abher (2020). "Classification of Technical Textiles". In Ahmad, Sheraz; Rasheed, Abher; Nawab, Yasir (eds.). Fibers for Technical Textiles. Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 49–64. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49224-3_3. ISBN 978-3-030-49224-3. S2CID 226642526.
  61. ^ ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2010, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy
  62. ^ Schiavon, S.; Lee, K. H. (2012). "Dynamic predictive clothing insulation models based on outdoor air and indoor operative temperatures" (PDF). Building and Environment. 59: 250–260. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.08.024. (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  63. ^ a b c "Stain Resistance". Textile Information Knowlwedge Platform. Textile Centre of Excellence. 2020. from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
  64. ^ "Advertising and Merchandising are Major Factors in ASPC's Product Promotion Mix". The National Wool Grower. 68 (12). American Sheep Industry Association: 14. December 1978 – via Internet Archive.
  65. ^ Peter Hughes (25 January 2021). "Merino wool: using blockchain to track Australia's 'miracle fibre'". Everledger. Retrieved 2021-08-31.
  66. ^ "Wool Fibre – Properties, Facts & Benefits". www.woolmark.com. The Woolmark Company. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
  67. ^ "Functional Benefits". Lavalan. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
  68. ^ "Wool Fiber – an overview". ScienceDirect Topics. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
  69. ^ "Focus Topic – Functional Fabric Fair 2020". www.functionalfabricfair.com. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
  70. ^ Kadolph 2007, p. 53.
  71. ^ "High Performance Fiber – an overview". ScienceDirect Topics. from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-18.
  72. ^ a b Paul 2019, pp. 110, 121.
  73. ^ O'Mahony, Marie (2002). Sportstech : revolutionary fabrics, fashion and design. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-51086-5 – via Internet Archive.
  74. ^ "Carbon woven fabrics". Compositesplaza. 2 July 2018. from the original on 2018-07-02. Retrieved 2021-06-17. Carbon woven fabrics from Compositesplaza are used in the following applications:Model building, Yachts- and Boats construction, Automotive (car parts), Sporting goods, Orthopedic parts, Aviation parts, industrial Construction, Luxury items and jewelry, Motorsport parts.
  75. ^ Lomov, Stepan V.; Gorbatikh, Larissa; Kotanjac, Željko; Koissin, Vitaly; Houlle, Matthieu; Rochez, Olivier; Karahan, Mehmet; Mezzo, Luca; Verpoest, Ignaas (7 February 2011). "Compressibility of carbon woven fabrics with carbon nanotubes/nanofibres grown on the fibres" (PDF). Composites Science and Technology. 71 (3): 315–325. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.11.024. ISSN 0266-3538.
  76. ^ Bhuiyan 1982.
  77. ^ Haertsch, Emilie; Meyer, Michal (2016). "Tough Stuff". Distillations. 2 (2): 12–13. from the original on 2018-02-08. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
  78. ^ "Statement of Hon. Grant L. Hansen, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Research and Development)". Department of Defense Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1972. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. 1971. p. 612.
  79. ^ Kadolph 2007, pp. 330, 331.
  80. ^ Choudhury, Asim Kumar Roy (29 April 2017). Principles of Textile Finishing. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-0-08-100661-0.
  81. ^ Hollen, Norma R. (1988). Textiles. New York: Macmillan. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-02-367530-0 – via Internet Archive.
  82. ^ Schindler, W. D.; Hauser, P. J. (10 August 2004). Chemical Finishing of Textiles. Elsevier. pp. 1, 2. ISBN 978-1-84569-037-3.
  83. ^ Joseph, Marjory L. (1992). Joseph's introductory textile science. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. pp. 337–340. ISBN 978-0-03-050723-6 – via Internet Archive.
  84. ^ a b Schindler, W. D.; Hauser, P. J. (10 August 2004). Chemical Finishing of Textiles. Elsevier. pp. 1–20. ISBN 978-1-84569-037-3.
  85. ^ a b Kadolph 1998, pp. 285, 300–316.
  86. ^ "Chemical Finishing - an overview". ScienceDirect Topics. Retrieved 2021-07-25.
  87. ^ Roy Choudhury, Asim Kumar (2017). "Softening". Principles of Textile Finishing. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 109–148. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100646-7.00006-0. ISBN 978-0-08-100646-7.
  88. ^ "Definition of CRAVENETTE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  89. ^ Catalog. Sears, Roebuck and Company. 1922. p. 67.
  90. ^ The Saturday Evening Post. 1952. pp. 64, 87.
  91. ^ Winge, Jane (1981). Fabric Finishes. Cooperative Extension Service, North Dakota State University. p. 7.
  92. ^ United States Department of the Treasury (1905). Treasury Decisions Under the Customs, Internal Revenue, and Other Laws: Including the Decisions of the Board of General Appraisers and the Court of Customs Appeals. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 8.
  93. ^ "Charles Macintosh: Chemist who invented the world-famous waterproof raincoat". The Independent. 30 December 2016. from the original on 2020-03-21. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  94. ^ "History of the Raincoat". 15 January 2017. from the original on 2021-01-22. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  95. ^ . 30 May 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-05-30. Retrieved 2021-08-08.
  96. ^ Kadolph 1998, p. 301.
  97. ^ Bonaldi 2018, pp. 129–156.
  98. ^ Mishra, Rajesh; Militky, Jiri (14 November 2018). Nanotechnology in Textiles: Theory and Application. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 195–220. ISBN 978-0-08-102627-4. from the original on 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  99. ^ Yetisen, Ali K.; Qu, Hang; Manbachi, Amir; Butt, Haider; Dokmeci, Mehmet R.; Hinestroza, Juan P.; Skorobogatiy, Maksim; Khademhosseini, Ali; Yun, Seok Hyun (22 March 2016). "Nanotechnology in Textiles" (PDF). ACS Nano. 10 (3): 3042–3068. doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b08176. ISSN 1936-0851. PMID 26918485.
  100. ^ "Nanotechnology in textiles - the new black". Nanowerk. from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  101. ^ "The Role of Nanotechnology in the Production of Fabrics". AZoNano.com. 27 May 2020. from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  102. ^ Rivero, Pedro J.; Urrutia, Aitor; Goicoechea, Javier; Arregui, Francisco J. (29 December 2015). "Nanomaterials for Functional Textiles and Fibers". Nanoscale Research Letters. 10 (1): 501. Bibcode:2015NRL....10..501R. doi:10.1186/s11671-015-1195-6. ISSN 1556-276X. PMC 4695484. PMID 26714863.
  103. ^ Shao, J.; Liu, G.; Zhou, L. (2016). "Biomimetic nanocoatings for structural coloration of textiles". Active Coatings for Smart Textiles. Duxford, UK: Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier. pp. 269–299. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100263-6.00012-5. ISBN 978-0-08-100263-6.
  104. ^ "What Is Nanotechnology?". National Nanotechnology Initiative. from the original on 2021-07-10. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  105. ^ "How will nanotechnology improve textiles?". Nano Magazine – Latest Nanotechnology News. 5 September 2018. from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  106. ^ Brown & Stevens 2007, pp. 409, 417, 470.
  107. ^ "Technology Overview". Sharklet Technologies, Inc. from the original on 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2021-06-29.
  108. ^ Wei, David W.; Wei, Haiying; Gauthier, Alec C.; Song, Junlong; Jin, Yongcan; Xiao, Huining (1 February 2020). "Superhydrophobic modification of cellulose and cotton textiles: Methodologies and applications". Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts. 5 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.jobab.2020.03.001. ISSN 2369-9698.
  109. ^ a b c Lawrence 2014, pp. 70–75, 80–82.
  110. ^ Chen, Xiaogang (28 May 2015). Advances in 3D Textiles. Elsevier. pp. 2–10. ISBN 978-1-78242-219-8.
  111. ^ Wang 2016.
  112. ^ USA Standard Performance Requirements for Textile Fabrics. United States of America Standards Institute. 1968.
  113. ^ Tortora & Collier 1997, p. 20, 21.
  114. ^ "Comfort Performance". Textile Protection And Comfort Center. NC State University. from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  115. ^ Occupational Health and Safety ; Protective Clothing. ASTM. 2007. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-8031-4412-5. from the original on 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  116. ^ Huang, Jianhua (1 August 2006). "Sweating guarded hot plate test method". Polymer Testing. 25 (5): 709–716. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2006.03.002. ISSN 0142-9418. from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  117. ^ "ISO 11092:2014". ISO. from the original on 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  118. ^ "ASTM F1868 – 17 Standard Test Method for Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot Plate". www.astm.org. from the original on 2021-03-07. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  119. ^ "JSA – JIS L 1099 – Testing methods for water vapor permeability of textiles | Engineering360". standards.globalspec.com. from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  120. ^ "Standard Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  121. ^ "ISO Standard". www.iso.org. from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  122. ^ Park, Junghyun; Yoo, Hwa-Sook; Hong, Kyong Ha; Kim, Eunae (1 September 2018). "Knitted fabric properties influencing coolness to the touch and the relationship between subjective and objective coolness measurements". Textile Research Journal. 88 (17): 1931–1942. doi:10.1177/0040517517715079. ISSN 0040-5175. S2CID 135986430.
  123. ^ Imal, Jonko; Yoneda, Morihiro; Niwa, Masako (1987). "Sensory Tests for Objective Evaluation of Fabric Warm/cool Touch". Journal of the Japan Research Association for Textele End-uses. 28 (10): 414–422. doi:10.11419/senshoshi1960.28.414. from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  124. ^ Parsons 2002, p. 182.
  125. ^ Yarborough & Nelson 2005, p. 27.
  126. ^ Allerkamp 2010, p. 53.
  127. ^ Harwood, R. J.; Weedall, P. J.; Carr, C. (1990). "The use of the Kawabata Evaluation System for product development and quality control". Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists. 106 (2): 64–68. doi:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1990.tb01244.x. ISSN 1478-4408. from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-03.

Bibliography edit

  • Allerkamp, Dennis (8 September 2010). Tactile Perception of Textiles in a Virtual-Reality System. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 53. ISBN 978-3-642-13974-1.
  • Au, K.F. (2011). Advances in Knitting Technology. Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84569-372-5.
  • Bhuiyan, A.L. (1982). Some problems encountered with degradation mechanisms of addition polymers (in Synthesis and degradation, rheology and extrusion). Berlin u.a.: Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-3-540-11774-2.
  • Bonaldi, R.R. (2018). "Functional finishes for high-performance apparel". High-Performance Apparel. Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 129–156. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100904-8.00006-7. ISBN 978-0-08-100904-8.
  • Brown, P.; Stevens, K. (17 October 2007). Nanofibers and Nanotechnology in Textiles. Elsevier. pp. 409, 417, 470. ISBN 978-1-84569-373-2.
  • Collier, Billie J. (2000). Understanding textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534. ISBN 978-0-13-021951-0 – via Internet Archive.
  • Corbman, Bernard P. (1983). Textiles: fiber to fabric. New York: Gregg Division, McGraw-Hill. p. 542. ISBN 978-0-07-013137-8 – via Internet Archive.
  • Das, A.; Alagirusamy, R. "Improving tactile comfort in fabrics and clothing". In Song (2011), pp. 216–244.
  • Fulton, Robert E. (1988). Managing Engineering Data: Emerging Issues: Presented at the 1988 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition, July 31 – August 4, 1988, San Francisco, California. American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
  • Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 392, 408, 407. ISBN 978-0-13-494592-7 – via Internet Archive.
  • Kadolph, Sara J. (2007). Textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-13-118769-6 – via Internet Archive.
  • Lawrence, Carl, ed. (5 July 2014). High Performance Textiles and Their Applications (Hardcover, eBook). Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles (1st ed.). Woodhead Publishing. pp. 70–75, 80–82. ISBN 978-1-84569-180-6 – via Elsevier.
  • Lyle, Dorothy Siegert (1982). Modern textiles. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-471-07805-0 – via Internet Archive.
  • Miao, Menghe; Xin, John H, eds. (2017). Engineering of High-Performance Textiles. The Textile Institute Book Series. Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-0-08-101885-9.
  • Muthu, Subramanian Senthilkannan (29 September 2020). Chemical Management in Textiles and Fashion. Woodhead Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-12-820497-9.
  • Parsons, Ken (26 December 2002). Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of Hot, Moderate, and Cold Environments on Human Health, Comfort and Performance, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-415-23792-5.
  • Paul, Roshan, ed. (19 February 2019). High Performance Technical Textiles. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 110, 121. ISBN 978-1-119-32505-5.
  • Shishoo, Roshan, ed. (20 October 2008). Textile Advances in the Automotive Industry. Elsevier. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-84569-504-0.
  • Smith, Betty F. (1982). Textiles in perspective. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. pp. vii, 65. ISBN 978-0-13-912808-0 – via Internet Archive.
  • Song, Guowen, ed. (2011). Improving Comfort in Clothing. Oxford Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84569-539-2.
  • Tobler-Rohr, Marion I. (27 June 2011). Handbook of Sustainable Textile Production. Elsevier. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-85709-286-1.
  • Tortora, Phyllis G.; Collier, Billie J. (1997). Understanding textiles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 20, 21. ISBN 978-0-13-439225-7 – via Internet Archive.
  • Tortora, Phyllis G.; Merkel, Robert S. (10 January 1996). Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles (7th ed.). New York: Fairchild Publications. p. 567. ISBN 978-0-87005-707-6.
  • Wang, Lijing (17 June 2016). Performance Testing of Textiles: Methods, Technology and Applications. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 25, 19. ISBN 978-0-08-100578-1.
  • Williams, J. T. (29 September 2009). Textiles for Cold Weather Apparel. Elsevier. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-84569-717-4.
  • Yarborough, Portia Dalecene; Nelson, Cherilyn N. (2005). Performance of Protective Clothing: Global Needs and Emerging Markets: 8th Symposium. ASTM International. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8031-3488-1.

January 01, 1970
textile, performance, also, known, fitness, purpose, textile, capacity, withstand, various, conditions, environments, hazards, qualifying, particular, uses, performance, textile, products, influences, their, appearance, comfort, durability, protection, differe. Textile performance also known as fitness for purpose is a textile s capacity to withstand various conditions environments and hazards qualifying it for particular uses The performance of textile products influences their appearance comfort durability and protection Different textile applications automotive clothing sleepwear workwear sportswear upholstery and PPE require a different set of performance parameters As a result the specifications determine the level of performance of a textile product Textile testing certifies the product s conformity to buying specification It describes product manufactured for non aesthetic purposes where fitness for purpose is the primary criterion 1 2 Engineering of high performance fabrics presents a unique set of challenges 1 3 A Gannex raincoat with water resistant properties The fitness for purpose of textile products is an important consideration for both producers and buyers Producers distributors and retailers favor the expectations of the target market and fashion their wares accordingly 4 5 6 7 8 Contents 1 Serviceability in textiles 1 1 Concepts of serviceability in textiles 1 1 1 Aesthetics 1 1 2 Durability 1 1 3 Comfort 1 1 4 Protection 1 1 5 Appearance retention 1 1 6 Care 1 1 7 Cost 1 1 8 Environmental impact 2 Properties 2 1 Fiber properties built in natural properties 2 2 Added or additional properties 2 2 1 High performance fibers 2 2 2 Finishing methods 2 2 2 1 Finish 2 2 3 Functional finishes or special purpose finishes 2 2 4 Nanotechnology 2 2 4 1 Surface tension biomimetics 2 2 5 Surface treatments 2 2 6 Plasma 2 2 7 Laser 2 2 8 3D textiles 3 Testing standards 3 1 Special test methods 3 1 1 Sweating guarded hot plate test 3 1 2 Breathability test 3 1 3 Air permeability 3 1 4 Moisture management test 3 1 5 Qmax test 3 1 6 Manikin test 3 1 7 Kawabata evaluation system 4 Picture gallery 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Notes 6 2 Citations 6 3 BibliographyServiceability in textiles edit nbsp A modern umbrella fabric has specific requirements for colour fastness to light water and wet rubbing and permeability Serviceability in textiles or Performance is the ability of textile materials to withstand various conditions environments and hazards The term serviceability refers to a textile product s ability to meet the needs of consumers The emphasis is on knowing the target market and matching the needs of the target market to the product s serviceability Concepts of serviceability in textiles edit Aesthetics durability comfort and safety appearance retention care environmental impact and cost are the serviceability concepts employed in structuring the material 9 5 Aesthetics edit Aesthetics imply the appearance and attraction of textile products it includes the color and texture of the material 9 Durability edit Durability in textiles refers to the product s capacity to endure use the amount of time the product is regarded adequate for the intended application 9 Comfort edit nbsp Burberry advertisement for waterproof gabardine suit 1908 The performance of textiles extends to functionality through comfort and protection The term comfort or being comfortable refers to a state of physical or psychological well being our perceptions physiological social and psychological requirements are all part of it After food It is the clothing that satisfies these comfort needs 10 Clothing provides comfort on a number of levels including aesthetic tactile thermal moisture and pressure 11 Aesthetic comfort Aesthetic comfort is associated with visual perception that is influenced by color fabric construction finish style garment fit and fashion compatibility Comfort on an aesthetic level is necessary for psychological and social well being 12 13 14 Thermoregulation in humans and thermophysiological comfort Thermophysiological comfort is the capacity of the clothing material that makes the balance of moisture and heat between the body and the environment It is a property of textile materials that creates ease by maintaining moisture and thermal levels in a human s resting and active states The selection of textile material significantly affects the comfort of the wearer Different textile fibers have unique properties that make them suitable for use in various environments Natural fibers are breathable and absorb moisture 15 16 17 18 19 20 The major determinants that influence thermophysiological comfort are permeable construction heat and moisture transfer rate 21 Thermal comfort One primary criterion for our physiological needs is thermal comfort The heat dissipation effectiveness of clothing gives the wearer a neither very hot nor very cold feel The optimum temperature for thermal comfort of the skin surface is between 28 and 30 degrees Celsius i e a neutral temperature Thermophysiology reacts whenever the temperature falls below or exceeds the neutral point on either side it is discomforting below 28 and above 30 degrees 22 Clothing maintains a thermal balance it keeps the skin dry and cool It helps to keep the body from overheating while avoiding heat from the environment 23 24 Moisture comfort Moisture comfort is the prevention of a damp sensation According to Hollies research it feels uncomfortable when more than 50 to 65 of the body is wet Tactile comfort Tactile comfort is a resistance to the discomfort related to the friction created by clothing against the body It is related to the smoothness roughness softness and stiffness of the fabric used in clothing The degree of tactile discomfort may vary between individuals It is possible due to various factors including allergies tickling prickling skin abrasion coolness and the fabric s weight structure and thickness There are specific surface finishes mechanical and chemical that can enhance tactile comfort Fleece sweatshirts and velvet clothing for example Soft clingy stiff heavy light hard sticky scratchy prickly are all terms used to describe tactile sensations 25 26 27 Pressure comfort The comfort of the human body s pressure receptors present in the skin sensory response towards clothing Fabric with lycra feels more comfortable because of this response and superior pressure comfort The sensation response is influenced by the material s structure snugging looseness heavy light soft or stiff structuring 28 29 Protection edit source source source source source source source track track track track track track track track track The transformative power of clothes the impact of changes in colors and style A video on social expression through dress Protection in textiles refers to a large application area where the performance of functionality is more central than aesthetic values UV protection performance in textiles 30 There are tests to quantify the protection values from harmful ultraviolet rays 31 Flame retardant textiles 32 Water repellant performance of textiles 33 Waterproofness 34 Cold and wind protection textiles 34 Bacteria and virus protection in textiles 35 Antiviral textiles are a further exploitation of using antimicrobial surfaces that are applicable to both natural and synthetic textiles Exhibiting antiviral properties these surfaces may inactivate the lipid coated viruses 35 There are particular test methods for assessing the performance of antiviral textiles 36 Bulletproof vest Appearance retention edit The ability of a textile product to retain its appearance after being used washed and ironed is referred to as appearance retention 9 Care edit The treatment necessary to maintain the appearance of textile products is referred to as care Textile products need to be cleaned and ironed to keep their look This includes things like how to wash them and how to dry them 9 Care labelling for textile products takes into account the performance of each component as well as the manufacturing methods 37 Cost edit It is influenced by a variety of elements The cost of a textile product includes the raw material manufacturing and maintenance costs 9 Environmental impact edit Every textile product has an impact on the environment The extent to which textiles harm the environment during manufacturing care and disposal is a concept of textile serviceability 9 The substances which add performance to textiles have a severe impact on the environment and on human health The halogenated flame retardants PFC treated stain repellant and triclosan or triclocarban or silver containing antimicrobial fabrics certainly have a lot to do with the effluent and environment 38 39 Name of the substance Advantage in textile products Associated health risks and environmental impacts References Perfluorooctanoic acid PFOA Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon Hydrophobic effect Endocrine disruptor 40 41 Fluorocarbon PFC Hydrophobic effect May cause respiratory illness 42 Bromine Brominated flame retardant Persistent bioaccumulative and toxic substances may cause Neurobehavioral disorders and Endocrine disruption 43 Silver Or Silver nanoparticle Antimicrobial resistance Environmental impact of silver nanoparticles and toxic effects on human health 44 45 Fundamentally each fiber and fabric has distinct properties and they are chosen based on their suitability for fitness for purpose 46 47 48 Users have five basic criteria for performance including appearance comfort durability maintenance and cost 49 These performance expectations are not the same as those of specialist textiles Due to the often highly technical and legal requirements of these products these textiles are typically tested in order to ensure they meet stringent performance requirements A few examples of different areas are Sportswear must have these characteristics strength moisture management stretch and thermal comfort Military textiles demand protection from hostile weather A bulletproof vest necessitates low impact Camouflage may be needed 50 Firefighting clothing must be flame resistant thermally resistant and lightweight Water resistance and visibility are requirements for bunker gear Turnout gear for firefighters is not a one size fits all proposition It depends on the individual role and duties assigned A Occupational hazards demand a specific degree of protection 50 Medical textiles need clothing with barriers and antimicrobial surfaces such as cleanroom suits and hazmat suits Wearable electronics in E textiles require flexibility as well as washability See Wearable technology and Hexoskin Body armor protective clothing designed to absorb or deflect physical attacks demands specific performance standards Wetsuits are made with neoprene and butyl rubber The foamed neoprene of the suit thermally insulates the wearer 52 Automotive textiles have specific performance requirements in various sections of the car The different types of fibers used for separate areas of the car s interior are shown below Car section or part Fabric consumption in square meters 53 Material 54 Properties of fibers Performance expectations from the material used 54 Airbags 3 5 Nylon coated with silicone or neoprene from inside Strong elastic tough and stable in terms of shrinkage Capability of holding air when inflated and should be strong enough to withstand the impact without rupturing Upholstery 10 0 Nylon and polyester Abrasion resistance Strong abrasion resistance to withstand the friction of sliding objects and passengers To retain the shape and smoothness of the seats Colors should be fast to sunlight and rubbing to sustain the exposure Carpet 4 0 Nylon Strong tough and abrasion resistant Strong enough to stand friction the material must be tough and resilient Trunk 4 0 5 0 Nylon Strong tough and abrasion resistant Strong enough to stand friction antimicrobial Seat belts 0 5 Polyester Headliner 4 0 6 0 Composite blended laminated fabric adheres to melted polyurethane foam Strong insulating Aesthetics feel stiffness and sound reduction Tensile strength bursting sensorial comfort thermal comfort heat transfer water repellency MVTR air permeability pilling shrinkage fading lightfastness drape and hand feel are a few performance parameters 5 55 56 Properties edit nbsp Soldiers of the Canadian Army in CADPAT camouflage uniforms Camouflaged uniforms are used to make its wearers less visible The opposite effect is desired in fashion use of camo designs nbsp Composites are formed by combining materials together to form an overall structure with properties that differ from that of the individual components nbsp Cloth treated to be hydrophobic shows a high contact angle Performance of textile products is primarily based on fiber and fabric structure Fiber properties are fundamentally determined by their physical and chemical properties 49 Specific finishing methods functional finishes fit and product design could all be used to improve the overall performance of a textile product allowing it to achieve higher performance levels 57 58 59 Performance has an array of characteristics that affect appearance durability and comfort Performance characteristics are in built or incorporated into the textile materials For example technical textiles are classified into twelve separate categories In which the performance is predetermined and textiles are manufactured and structured as per the application and end use 60 Durable water repellent is another functional finish that makes fabrics resistant to water hydrophobic Clothing insulation is a property that provides thermal insulation for the wearer 61 62 A stain repellent is an added property of fabrics to make them stain resistant 63 Sun protective clothing aids in the avoidance of both light and harmful UV rays There is a whole panoply of properties that relate to material functionality and their use in performance fabric applications 63 These include inter alia Abrasion resistance is the resistance of materials and structures to abrasion can be measured by a variety of test methods Antimicrobial In textiles is an application of an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth Antistatic is an application of a compound used for treatment of materials or their surfaces in order to reduce or eliminate buildup of static electricity Air permeability is a fabric s ability to allow air to pass through it While air permeable fabrics tend to have relatively high moisture vapor transmission it is not compulsory to be air permeable to be breathable Breathability the capacity of a fabric to transmit moisture vapour Biodegradable is important for sustainability it is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi Natural fibers are easily biodegradable hence more sustainable Bioresorbable Bomb suit is a specialized body armor for protection from explosions Colour fastness characterizes a material s colour s resistance to fading or running Conductive Crease and wrinkle resistance are textiles that have been treated to resist external stress and hold their shape Clothing made from this fabric does not need to be ironed and may be sold as non iron no iron wash and wear durable press and easy care While fabric cleaning and maintenance may be simplified some wearers experience decreased comfort Dimensional stability fabric also known as shrinkage in fabrics is the change of dimensions in textile products when they are washed or relaxed Durable water repellent is a functional finish to make fabrics water resistant hydrophobic Enhanced coloration Flame and heat resistance are textiles that are more resistant to fire than others through chemical treatment or manufactured fireproof fibers Fluorescence Fluorescent compounds are often used to enhance the appearance of fabric and paper causing a whitening effect In this scenario an optical brightener can make an already white surface appear brighter The blue light emitted by the brightener compensates for the diminishing blue of the treated material and changes the hue away from yellow or brown and toward white Optical brighteners are used in laundry detergents high brightness paper cosmetics high visibility clothing and more Hand feel the property of fabrics related to the touch that express sensory comfort It refers to the way fabrics feel against the skin or in the hand and conveys information about the cloth s softness and smoothness Heated clothing is a type of clothing designed for cold weather sports and activities such as motorcycle riding downhill skiing diving winter biking and snowmobiling trekking and for outdoor workers such as construction workers and carpenters High visibility clothing is a type of safety clothing Hydrophilicity Hydrophobicity Light responsive Light reflective Luminescence Oleophobicity Pilling is generally considered an undesirable trait There are applications that can resist pilling a surface defect of textiles caused by wearing Racing suit is a kind of fire suit due to its fire retardant properties is clothing such as overalls worn in various forms of auto racing by racing drivers crew members Reinforcement Sauna suit is a garment made from waterproof fabric designed to make the wearer sweat profusely Space suit is a garment worn to keep a human alive in the harsh environment of outer space vacuum and temperature extremes Stain resistance is a property of fabrics in which they repel stains Thermal insulation Thermal responsive Ultrafiltration Ultraviolet resistance 63 Waterproof fabrics are those that are naturally resistant to water and wetting or have been treated to be so Fiber properties built in natural properties edit In terms of performance wool has been advertised as a miracle fabric 38 64 65 as it naturally possesses a variety of functional properties including stretch warmth water absorption flame retardance and the ability to wick away body moisture 66 67 Additionally Merino wool has the ability to protect from harmful UV rays 68 69 Natural and synthetic fibers have various properties that influence the final textile performance Most of the natural fibers are suited for comfort where synthetics are better for aesthetics and durability Cotton wool and linen are naturally absorbent fibers Linen has luster 70 Most commonly used synthetic fibers such as nylon polyester polypropylene and elastane are hydrophobic and thermoplastic Elastane is a polyether polyurea copolymer that is exceptionally elastic Added or additional properties edit Additional properties are properties other than the inherent properties of the textiles which are specifically added in accordance with the specific needs They may be added during different textile manufacturing steps from fiber to fabric High performance fibers edit High performance fibers are specifically synthesized to achieve unique properties such as higher heat resistance exceptional strength high strength to weight ratio stiffness tensile strength chemical or fire resistance 71 These high performance fibers are used in protective clothing PPE with exceptional characteristics like chemical resistance and fire resistance 72 Aramid fiber namely Kevlar a strong abrasion resistant durable material with high performance Fiber and fabric engineering can optimize the functionality of the materials 73 Kevlar and Nomex which is a flame resistant meta aramid material are used together in advanced bomb suits The suit helps bomb disposal soldiers from threats associated with improvised explosive devices including those related to fragmentation blast overpressure impact heat and flame Carbon fibers have several advantages including high stiffness high tensile strength low weight to strength ratio high chemical resistance high temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion 74 75 Polybenzimidazole fiber also known as PBI has high thermal stability flame resistance and moisture recovery making it suitable for use in protective clothing PBI are usually yellow to brown solid infusible up to 400 C or higher 76 PBI is also used in Space suits In 1969 the United States Air Force selected polybenzimidazole PBI for its superior thermal protective performance after a 1967 fire aboard the Apollo 1 spacecraft killed three astronauts 77 In the early 1970s USAF laboratories experimented with polybenzimidazole fibers for protective clothing to reduce aircrew deaths from fires 78 Silicon carbide fiber composed of Silicon carbide is used for bulletproof vests UHMWPE Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene is a high abrasion and wear resistance material suitable for durability low friction and chemical resistance 72 Finishing methods edit Finishing improves appearance and performance 79 Finish edit Textile finishing is the process of converting the loomstate or raw goods into a useful product which can be done mechanically or chemically Finishing is a broad term that refers to a variety of physical and chemical techniques and treatments that finish one stage of textile production while also preparing for the next Textile finishing can include aspects like improving surface feel aesthetical enhancement and adding advanced chemical finishes 80 A finish is any process that transforms unfinished products into finished products 81 This includes mechanical finishing and chemical applications which alter the composition of treated textiles fiber yarn or fabric Mechanical finish purports machine finishes such as embossing heat setting sanforizing sheering various luster imparting surface finishes and glaze finishes 82 83 Chemical finishing refers to the process of applying and treating textiles with a variety of chemicals in order to achieve desired functional properties Chemical finishing of textiles is a part of the textile finishing process where the emphasis is on chemical substances instead of mechanical finishing 84 85 Chemical finishing in textiles also known as wet finishing 86 Chemical finishing adds properties to the treated textiles These properties may vary from Normal to Advanced or High Tech Softening of textiles durable water repellancy and wrinkle free fabric finishes are examples of chemical finishing 84 87 85 Cravenette was an old chemical finish of the early 20th century that makes cloths water repellant 88 89 90 91 92 Functional finishes or special purpose finishes edit The first modern waterproof raincoat was created following the patent by Scottish chemist Charles Macintosh in 1824 of new tarpaulin fabric described by him as India rubber cloth and made by sandwiching a rubber softened by naphtha between two pieces of fabric 93 94 Application of performance finishes are not a new concept Oilcloth is the first known coated fabric Boiling linseed oil is used to make oilcloth Boiling oils have been used from the year 200 AD 95 The special purpose finishes or Performance finishes are that improve the performance of textiles for a specific end use 96 Performance finishing contributes to a variety of areas These finishes enable treated textiles with different characteristics which may be opposite to their natural or inherent nature Functional finishes add value other than handfeel and aesthetics 4 5 Certain finishes can alter the performance suiting for thermal comfort thermal regulation antimicrobial UV protection easy care crease resistant cotton fabrics and insect repellant etc 97 Nanotechnology edit Nanotechnology in textiles is a branch of nano science in which molecular systems at the nano scale of size 1 100 Nanometre are applied in the field of textiles to improve performance or add functions to textiles Nanotechnology unites a variety of scientific fields such as material science physics chemistry biology and engineering For example Nanocoating of microscopically structured surfaces fine enough to interfere with visible light in textiles for biomimetics is the new method of structural coloration without dyes 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 See further Nanofabrics Surface tension biomimetics edit Surface tension biomimetics is a phenomenon of exploitation of biomimetics properties to create functional effects such as shark skin and lotus leaf that have the ability to repel water and self cleaning In textiles surfaces with hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties are formed with the help of coatings and applied finishes 107 108 Surface treatments edit Certain technologies can alter the surface characterizations of textiles Plasma edit Plasma is a highly reactive state that activates the substrate and the oxidized surface of the plasma treated textile improves dyeing while reducing environmental impacts Plasma can also be used to treat textiles to obtain waterproofing and oil repellent properties Different gases in the same fiber may have other effects and various gases are chosen for different results 109 Plasma process with By using chemical element Result on treated textile 109 Noble gas Helium argon Etching Oxidizing Oxygen carbon dioxide water Cleaning functionalisation and etching Hydrocarbon Nitrogen or oxygen containing hydrocarbons Plasma polymerization Laser edit Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation laser irradiation is used to modify the structural and surface properties of textiles as well as to texturize them 109 3D textiles edit Main article 3D textiles 3D textiles are used in versatile applications like military textiles bulletproof jackets protective clothing manufacturing 3D composites and medical textiles Examples include 3D spacer fabrics which are used in treating a wound 110 Testing standards editStandards vary with the use and application areas Military textiles industrial textiles have separate tests to analyze performance in extreme conditions 111 112 The American National Standards Institute approves the textile performance standards set by ASTM International 113 Other testing agencies or bodies which are recognized or accepted as international standards depending on the contracts 50 Standards organisation ASTM ASTM International AATCC American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists BS British Standards ISO International Organization for Standardization IWTO International Wool Textile Organisation EN European Standard Oekotex Oeko Tex AS NZS Special test methods edit The comfort performance of textiles is the foremost requirement that influences product acceptance Following comfort safety and protection are the top priorities 114 Numerous tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of textiles Sweating guarded hot plate test edit The test method evaluates the thermal resistance and water vapor permeability of fabrics which bear on the garment s comfort 115 116 ISO 11092 2014 the test for physiological effects Test for measuring thermal resistance and water vapor resistance 117 ASTM F1868 test for measuring thermal and evaporative resistance 118 Breathability test edit Water vapor transmission rate also called moisture vapor transmission rate MVTR is a method of testing or measuring the permeability for vapor barriers ASTM F2298 03 test for clothing materials such as protective clothing laminates and membranes a similar test by Japanese Standards Association is JSA JIS L 1099 119 Air permeability edit The air permeability test method is for measuring the ability of air to pass through textile materials 120 ASTM D737 96 alternative test method is ISO 9237 1995 Moisture management test edit The moisture wicking or moisture management test is for testing moisture management properties such as wicking capabilities and drying efficiencies AATCC test method 195 ISO 13029 2012 121 Qmax test edit The Qmax test method is used to evaluate the surface warm cool sensations of fabric and to indicate the instantaneous thermal feeling sensed when the fabric first comes into contact with the skin surface 122 123 Manikin test edit A thermal manikin is a device for analysing the thermal interface of the human body and its environment It assesses the thermal comfort and insulation properties of clothing such as protective gear for the military 124 125 Kawabata evaluation system edit Kawabata evaluation system measures the mechanical properties of the textiles such as tensile strength shear strength surface friction and roughness The Kawabata evaluation system predicts human responses and understands the perception of softness Additionally it can be used to determine the transient heat transfer properties associated with the sensation of coolness generated when fabrics come into contact with the skin while being worn 126 127 Picture gallery editClothing serves a variety of functions in our daily lives from the home to occupational hazards The role of textiles in comfort recreation and safety The performance aspects of textiles through images nbsp A baby wearing many items of soft winter clothing headband cap fur lined coat scarf and sweater expressing comfort of clothing nbsp A young woman wearing t shirt and shorts at the warm summer in Aland nbsp The functional properties of fabrics for sanitary napkins include wickability moisture retention monodirectional moisture transmission softness nbsp Fluorine containing durable water repellent makes a fabric water resistant nbsp N95 mask nbsp 100m race record holder Usain Bolt in yellow and other runners in sportswear nbsp enhanced moveability with Elastane nbsp Spearfisher in wet suit nbsp A 1568 painting depicting beekeepers in protective clothing by Pieter Brueghel the Elder nbsp A worker wearing a respirator lab coat and gloves while weighing carbon nanotubes nbsp Medical PPE gowns worn by medical personnel during the COVID 19 pandemic nbsp An EOD technician wearing a bomb suit nbsp A firefighter in Toronto Canada wears a Nomex hood in 2007 nbsp DEA agents wearing Level B hazmat suits nbsp Fuel spills from the gas tank as pit crew members in their PPE nbsp Apollo spacesuit worn by astronaut Buzz Aldrin on Apollo 11 nbsp Close up of a piece of textile reinforced concrete nbsp Rear view of BMW GINA a fabric body car BMW GINA is a fabric skinned shape shifting sports car concept built by BMW nbsp Front bucket seats in a BMW Alpina Automotive textiles nbsp Deflated airbagsSee also editClothtech technical textiles for clothing and footwear applications Composite materials Clothing physiologyReferences editNotes edit E g bomb suit emergency medical fall protection HazMat industrial flash fire PASS proximity firefighting which requires a fire proximity suit SCBA fire station work uniforms structural firefighting thermal imaging cameras urban search and rescue or wildland firefighting 51 Citations edit a b Tortora amp Merkel 1996 p 567 Joseph Marjory L 1992 Joseph s introductory textile science Fort Worth Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers p 346 ISBN 978 0 03 050723 6 via Internet Archive Miao amp Xin 2017 a b Kadolph 1998 pp 9 11 22 23 25 392 408 407 a b c d Collier 2000 pp 529 530 531 532 533 534 Fulton 1988 p 120 Kawabata S Niwa Masako 1989 Fabric Performance in Clothing and Clothing Manufacture The Journal of the Textile Institute 80 1 The Textile Institute 19 50 doi 10 1080 00405008908659184 ISSN 0040 5000 Sieben Wanda Kay Alphin 1985 Economic Analysis of the Impact of Imperfect Consumer Information Regarding Performance of Textile Products University of Minnesota pp 14 21 51 Archived from the original on 2021 06 24 Retrieved 2021 06 15 a b c d e f g Kadolph 1998 pp 9 11 21 23 25 392 408 407 Song 2011 p 3 4 Song 2011 p 22 Song 2011 p 440 Aesthetic Comfort an overview ScienceDirect Topics Archived from the original on 2021 06 02 Retrieved 2021 05 30 Lyle 1982 p 29 Cubric Ivana Salopek Skenderi Zenun March 2013 Evaluating thermophysiological comfort using the principles of sensory analysis Collegium Antropologicum 37 1 57 64 ISSN 0350 6134 PMID 23697251 Stevens Katy 2008 Thermophysiological comfort and water resistant protection in soft shell protective garments University of Leeds School of Design Archived from the original on 2021 06 24 Retrieved 2021 06 21 Textile Trends Eastland Publications 2001 p 16 Archived from the original on 2021 06 24 Retrieved 2021 06 21 Conference Textile Institute Manchester England 1988 Pre print of Conference Proceedings Textile Institute 1988 Annual World Conference Sydney Australia 10 13 July Textile Institute p 9 ISBN 978 1 870812 08 5 Archived from the original on 2021 06 24 Retrieved 2021 06 21 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Ruckman J E Murray R Choi H S 1999 Engineering of clothing systems for improved thermophysiological comfort The effect of openings International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 11 1 37 52 doi 10 1108 09556229910258098 ISSN 0955 6222 Varshney R K Kothari V K Dhamija S 17 May 2010 A study on thermophysiological comfort properties of fabrics in relation to constituent fibre fineness and cross sectional shapes The Journal of the Textile Institute 101 6 495 505 doi 10 1080 00405000802542184 ISSN 0040 5000 S2CID 135786524 Collier 2000 p 539 Gagge A P Stolwijk J A J Hardy J D 1 June 1967 Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses at various ambient temperatures Environmental Research 1 1 1 20 Bibcode 1967ER 1 1G doi 10 1016 0013 9351 67 90002 3 ISSN 0013 9351 PMID 5614624 Archived from the original on 2021 07 19 Retrieved 2021 08 01 For steady exposure to cold and warm environments thermal comfort and neutral temperature sensations lie in the range for physiological thermal neutrality 28 30 C in which there is no physiological temperature regulatory effort Discomfort increases more rapidly below 28 C than above 30 C while thermal sensation for both heat and cold increases rapidly each side of neutral Discomfort correlates best with lowering average skin temperature toward cold environments and with increased sweating toward hot environments In general discomfort is associated with a change of average body temperature from 36 5 C Gagge A P Stolwijk J A J Hardy J D 1 June 1967 Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses at various ambient temperatures Environmental Research 1 1 1 20 Bibcode 1967ER 1 1G doi 10 1016 0013 9351 67 90002 3 PMID 5614624 Song 2011 p 149 166 Au 2011 Song 2011 p 167 192 208 223 235 237 427 Das amp Alagirusamy 2011 pp 216 244 Song 2011 p 25 235 432 Pressure Comfort an overview ScienceDirect Topics Archived from the original on 2021 06 02 Retrieved 2021 05 30 Ray Amal Singha Kunal Pandit Pintu Maity Subhankar 2020 Chapter 11 Advanced ultraviolet protective agents for textiles and clothing Advances in Functional and Protective Textiles The Textile Institute Book Series pp 243 260 doi 10 1016 B978 0 12 820257 9 00011 4 ISBN 978 0 12 820257 9 S2CID 226754999 Almeida Laurindo 20 October 2014 Paul Roshan ed Functional Finishes for Textiles Improving Comfort Performance and Protection Cambridge England Elsevier Woodhead Publishing p 481 ISBN 978 0 85709 845 0 Archived from the original on 2021 08 11 Retrieved 2021 06 14 Pan N Sun G 21 June 2011 Functional Textiles for Improved Performance Protection and Health Elsevier pp 99 125 ISBN 978 0 85709 287 8 Archived from the original on 2021 08 11 Retrieved 2021 06 14 Mansdorf Seymour Zack Sager Richard 1988 Performance of Protective Clothing Second Symposium ASTM International ISBN 978 0 8031 1167 7 Archived from the original on 2021 08 11 Retrieved 2021 06 14 a b Williams 2009 p 222 a b Iyigundogdu Zeynep Ustaoglu Demir Okan Asutay Ayla Burcin Sahin Fikrettin 2017 Developing Novel Antimicrobial and Antiviral Textile Products Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 181 3 1155 1166 doi 10 1007 s12010 016 2275 5 PMC 7091037 PMID 27734286 A quantitative test method to assess the antiviral performance www iso org International Organization for Standardization Archived from the original on 2016 06 17 Retrieved 2021 06 14 Corbman 1983 p 542 a b Hoguet Deidre 10 April 2014 Sustainability and performance in textiles can you have it all the Guardian Retrieved 2021 09 02 Muthu 2020 p 59 Betts Kellyn S 2007 PERFLUOROALKYL ACIDS What Is the Evidence Telling Us Environmental Health Perspectives 115 5 A250 A256 doi 10 1289 ehp 115 a250 ISSN 0091 6765 PMC 1867999 PMID 17520044 Perfluorooctanoic acid PFOA 1 What is PFOA and what is it used for www greenfacts org Archived from the original on 2021 07 09 Retrieved 2021 07 01 Hays Hannah L Mathew Dana Chapman Jennifer 2021 Fluorides and Fluorocarbons Toxicity StatPearls Treasure Island FL StatPearls Publishing PMID 28613550 archived from the original on 2021 08 11 retrieved 2021 07 01 Brominated Flame retardants in the Environment PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2021 07 09 Retrieved 2021 07 01 Ermini Maria Laura Voliani Valerio 27 April 2021 Antimicrobial Nano Agents The Copper Age ACS Nano 15 4 6008 6029 doi 10 1021 acsnano 0c10756 ISSN 1936 0851 PMC 8155324 PMID 33792292 AshaRani P V Low Kah Mun Grace Hande Manoor Prakash Valiyaveettil Suresh 24 February 2009 Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Human Cells ACS Nano 3 2 279 290 doi 10 1021 nn800596w ISSN 1936 0851 PMID 19236062 Tyrone L Vigo ed 1994 Textile Performance End Use and Relevant Tests Textile Science and Technology Vol 11 pp 346 442 doi 10 1016 B978 0 444 88224 0 50011 4 ISBN 978 0 444 88224 0 ISSN 0920 4083 Textile based materials Textile based materials AQA GCSE Design and Technology Revision AQA BBC Bitesize Archived from the original on 2021 07 09 Retrieved 2021 06 30 Sources and origins Textiles Edexcel GCSE Design and Technology Revision Edexcel BBC Bitesize Archived from the original on 2021 07 09 Retrieved 2021 06 30 a b Smith 1982 pp vii 65 a b c Wang 2016 pp 25 19 Fire and Emergency Services Safety amp Equipment Institute ASTM Wetsuit Materials Wetsuit Warehouse Archived from the original on 2021 06 24 Retrieved 2021 06 20 Shishoo 2008 p 15 a b Collier 2000 pp 544 545 Tobler Rohr 2011 p 224 Performance Textile an overview ScienceDirect www sciencedirect com Archived from the original on 2021 06 13 Retrieved 2021 06 15 Kadolph 1998 pp 9 11 Performance Textile an overview ScienceDirect www sciencedirect com Archived from the original on 2021 06 13 Retrieved 2021 06 13 Paul R 20 October 2014 Functional Finishes for Textiles Improving Comfort Performance and Protection Elsevier p 1 ISBN 978 0 85709 845 0 Rasheed Abher 2020 Classification of Technical Textiles In Ahmad Sheraz Rasheed Abher Nawab Yasir eds Fibers for Technical Textiles Topics in Mining Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Cham Springer International Publishing pp 49 64 doi 10 1007 978 3 030 49224 3 3 ISBN 978 3 030 49224 3 S2CID 226642526 ANSI ASHRAE Standard 55 2010 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy Schiavon S Lee K H 2012 Dynamic predictive clothing insulation models based on outdoor air and indoor operative temperatures PDF Building and Environment 59 250 260 doi 10 1016 j buildenv 2012 08 024 Archived PDF from the original on 2021 06 24 Retrieved 2021 06 21 a b c Stain Resistance Textile Information Knowlwedge Platform Textile Centre of Excellence 2020 Archived from the original on 2021 06 24 Retrieved 2021 06 19 Advertising and Merchandising are Major Factors in ASPC s Product Promotion Mix The National Wool Grower 68 12 American Sheep Industry Association 14 December 1978 via Internet Archive Peter Hughes 25 January 2021 Merino wool using blockchain to track Australia s miracle fibre Everledger Retrieved 2021 08 31 Wool Fibre Properties Facts amp Benefits www woolmark com The Woolmark Company Retrieved 2021 08 21 Functional Benefits Lavalan Retrieved 2021 08 21 Wool Fiber an overview ScienceDirect Topics Retrieved 2021 08 21 Focus Topic Functional Fabric Fair 2020 www functionalfabricfair com Retrieved 2021 08 21 Kadolph 2007 p 53 High Performance Fiber an overview ScienceDirect Topics Archived from the original on 2021 06 24 Retrieved 2021 06 18 a b Paul 2019 pp 110 121 O Mahony Marie 2002 Sportstech revolutionary fabrics fashion and design New York Thames amp Hudson ISBN 978 0 500 51086 5 via Internet Archive Carbon woven fabrics Compositesplaza 2 July 2018 Archived from the original on 2018 07 02 Retrieved 2021 06 17 Carbon woven fabrics from Compositesplaza are used in the following applications Model building Yachts and Boats construction Automotive car parts Sporting goods Orthopedic parts Aviation parts industrial Construction Luxury items and jewelry Motorsport parts Lomov Stepan V Gorbatikh Larissa Kotanjac Zeljko Koissin Vitaly Houlle Matthieu Rochez Olivier Karahan Mehmet Mezzo Luca Verpoest Ignaas 7 February 2011 Compressibility of carbon woven fabrics with carbon nanotubes nanofibres grown on the fibres PDF Composites Science and Technology 71 3 315 325 doi 10 1016 j compscitech 2010 11 024 ISSN 0266 3538 Bhuiyan 1982 Haertsch Emilie Meyer Michal 2016 Tough Stuff Distillations 2 2 12 13 Archived from the original on 2018 02 08 Retrieved 2018 03 26 Statement of Hon Grant L Hansen Assistant Secretary of the Air Force Research and Development Department of Defense Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1972 U S Govt Print Off 1971 p 612 Kadolph 2007 pp 330 331 Choudhury Asim Kumar Roy 29 April 2017 Principles of Textile Finishing Woodhead Publishing pp 1 10 ISBN 978 0 08 100661 0 Hollen Norma R 1988 Textiles New York Macmillan p 2 ISBN 978 0 02 367530 0 via Internet Archive Schindler W D Hauser P J 10 August 2004 Chemical Finishing of Textiles Elsevier pp 1 2 ISBN 978 1 84569 037 3 Joseph Marjory L 1992 Joseph s introductory textile science Fort Worth Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers pp 337 340 ISBN 978 0 03 050723 6 via Internet Archive a b Schindler W D Hauser P J 10 August 2004 Chemical Finishing of Textiles Elsevier pp 1 20 ISBN 978 1 84569 037 3 a b Kadolph 1998 pp 285 300 316 Chemical Finishing an overview ScienceDirect Topics Retrieved 2021 07 25 Roy Choudhury Asim Kumar 2017 Softening Principles of Textile Finishing Woodhead Publishing pp 109 148 doi 10 1016 B978 0 08 100646 7 00006 0 ISBN 978 0 08 100646 7 Definition of CRAVENETTE www merriam webster com Retrieved 2021 07 24 Catalog Sears Roebuck and Company 1922 p 67 The Saturday Evening Post 1952 pp 64 87 Winge Jane 1981 Fabric Finishes Cooperative Extension Service North Dakota State University p 7 United States Department of the Treasury 1905 Treasury Decisions Under the Customs Internal Revenue and Other Laws Including the Decisions of the Board of General Appraisers and the Court of Customs Appeals U S Government Printing Office p 8 Charles Macintosh Chemist who invented the world famous waterproof raincoat The Independent 30 December 2016 Archived from the original on 2020 03 21 Retrieved 2021 06 20 History of the Raincoat 15 January 2017 Archived from the original on 2021 01 22 Retrieved 2021 06 20 MoreInfo Staining and Finishing for Muzzeloading Gun Builders Methods and Materials 1750 1850 30 May 2013 Archived from the original on 2013 05 30 Retrieved 2021 08 08 Kadolph 1998 p 301 Bonaldi 2018 pp 129 156 Mishra Rajesh Militky Jiri 14 November 2018 Nanotechnology in Textiles Theory and Application Woodhead Publishing pp 195 220 ISBN 978 0 08 102627 4 Archived from the original on 2021 08 11 Retrieved 2021 07 02 Yetisen Ali K Qu Hang Manbachi Amir Butt Haider Dokmeci Mehmet R Hinestroza Juan P Skorobogatiy Maksim Khademhosseini Ali Yun Seok Hyun 22 March 2016 Nanotechnology in Textiles PDF ACS Nano 10 3 3042 3068 doi 10 1021 acsnano 5b08176 ISSN 1936 0851 PMID 26918485 Nanotechnology in textiles the new black Nanowerk Archived from the original on 2021 07 09 Retrieved 2021 07 02 The Role of Nanotechnology in the Production of Fabrics AZoNano com 27 May 2020 Archived from the original on 2021 07 09 Retrieved 2021 07 02 Rivero Pedro J Urrutia Aitor Goicoechea Javier Arregui Francisco J 29 December 2015 Nanomaterials for Functional Textiles and Fibers Nanoscale Research Letters 10 1 501 Bibcode 2015NRL 10 501R doi 10 1186 s11671 015 1195 6 ISSN 1556 276X PMC 4695484 PMID 26714863 Shao J Liu G Zhou L 2016 Biomimetic nanocoatings for structural coloration of textiles Active Coatings for Smart Textiles Duxford UK Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier pp 269 299 doi 10 1016 B978 0 08 100263 6 00012 5 ISBN 978 0 08 100263 6 What Is Nanotechnology National Nanotechnology Initiative Archived from the original on 2021 07 10 Retrieved 2021 07 02 How will nanotechnology improve textiles Nano Magazine Latest Nanotechnology News 5 September 2018 Archived from the original on 2021 07 09 Retrieved 2021 07 02 Brown amp Stevens 2007 pp 409 417 470 Technology Overview Sharklet Technologies Inc Archived from the original on 2021 06 29 Retrieved 2021 06 29 Wei David W Wei Haiying Gauthier Alec C Song Junlong Jin Yongcan Xiao Huining 1 February 2020 Superhydrophobic modification of cellulose and cotton textiles Methodologies and applications Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts 5 1 1 15 doi 10 1016 j jobab 2020 03 001 ISSN 2369 9698 a b c Lawrence 2014 pp 70 75 80 82 Chen Xiaogang 28 May 2015 Advances in 3D Textiles Elsevier pp 2 10 ISBN 978 1 78242 219 8 Wang 2016 USA Standard Performance Requirements for Textile Fabrics United States of America Standards Institute 1968 Tortora amp Collier 1997 p 20 21 Comfort Performance Textile Protection And Comfort Center NC State University Archived from the original on 2021 07 09 Retrieved 2021 07 03 Occupational Health and Safety Protective Clothing ASTM 2007 p 346 ISBN 978 0 8031 4412 5 Archived from the original on 2021 08 11 Retrieved 2021 07 03 Huang Jianhua 1 August 2006 Sweating guarded hot plate test method Polymer Testing 25 5 709 716 doi 10 1016 j polymertesting 2006 03 002 ISSN 0142 9418 Archived from the original on 2021 07 09 Retrieved 2021 07 03 ISO 11092 2014 ISO Archived from the original on 2021 08 11 Retrieved 2021 07 03 ASTM F1868 17 Standard Test Method for Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot Plate www astm org Archived from the original on 2021 03 07 Retrieved 2021 07 03 JSA JIS L 1099 Testing methods for water vapor permeability of textiles Engineering360 standards globalspec com Archived from the original on 2021 07 09 Retrieved 2021 07 03 Standard Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2021 07 09 Retrieved 2021 07 03 ISO Standard www iso org Archived from the original on 2016 06 17 Retrieved 2021 05 26 Park Junghyun Yoo Hwa Sook Hong Kyong Ha Kim Eunae 1 September 2018 Knitted fabric properties influencing coolness to the touch and the relationship between subjective and objective coolness measurements Textile Research Journal 88 17 1931 1942 doi 10 1177 0040517517715079 ISSN 0040 5175 S2CID 135986430 Imal Jonko Yoneda Morihiro Niwa Masako 1987 Sensory Tests for Objective Evaluation of Fabric Warm cool Touch Journal of the Japan Research Association for Textele End uses 28 10 414 422 doi 10 11419 senshoshi1960 28 414 Archived from the original on 2021 07 09 Retrieved 2021 07 03 Parsons 2002 p 182 Yarborough amp Nelson 2005 p 27 Allerkamp 2010 p 53 Harwood R J Weedall P J Carr C 1990 The use of the Kawabata Evaluation System for product development and quality control Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 106 2 64 68 doi 10 1111 j 1478 4408 1990 tb01244 x ISSN 1478 4408 Archived from the original on 2021 07 09 Retrieved 2021 07 03 Bibliography edit Allerkamp Dennis 8 September 2010 Tactile Perception of Textiles in a Virtual Reality System Springer Science amp Business Media p 53 ISBN 978 3 642 13974 1 Au K F 2011 Advances in Knitting Technology Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978 1 84569 372 5 Bhuiyan A L 1982 Some problems encountered with degradation mechanisms of addition polymers in Synthesis and degradation rheology and extrusion Berlin u a Springer Publishing ISBN 978 3 540 11774 2 Bonaldi R R 2018 Functional finishes for high performance apparel High Performance Apparel Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles Woodhead Publishing pp 129 156 doi 10 1016 B978 0 08 100904 8 00006 7 ISBN 978 0 08 100904 8 Brown P Stevens K 17 October 2007 Nanofibers and Nanotechnology in Textiles Elsevier pp 409 417 470 ISBN 978 1 84569 373 2 Collier Billie J 2000 Understanding textiles Upper Saddle River New Jersey Prentice Hall pp 529 530 531 532 533 534 ISBN 978 0 13 021951 0 via Internet Archive Corbman Bernard P 1983 Textiles fiber to fabric New York Gregg Division McGraw Hill p 542 ISBN 978 0 07 013137 8 via Internet Archive Das A Alagirusamy R Improving tactile comfort in fabrics and clothing In Song 2011 pp 216 244 Fulton Robert E 1988 Managing Engineering Data Emerging Issues Presented at the 1988 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition July 31 August 4 1988 San Francisco California American Society of Mechanical Engineers Kadolph Sara J 1998 Textiles Upper Saddle River New Jersey Bobbs Merrill Company pp 9 11 22 23 25 392 408 407 ISBN 978 0 13 494592 7 via Internet Archive Kadolph Sara J 2007 Textiles Upper Saddle River New Jersey Pearson Prentice Hall p 53 ISBN 978 0 13 118769 6 via Internet Archive Lawrence Carl ed 5 July 2014 High Performance Textiles and Their Applications Hardcover eBook Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles 1st ed Woodhead Publishing pp 70 75 80 82 ISBN 978 1 84569 180 6 via Elsevier Lyle Dorothy Siegert 1982 Modern textiles New York John Wiley amp Sons p 29 ISBN 978 0 471 07805 0 via Internet Archive Miao Menghe Xin John H eds 2017 Engineering of High Performance Textiles The Textile Institute Book Series Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978 0 08 101885 9 Muthu Subramanian Senthilkannan 29 September 2020 Chemical Management in Textiles and Fashion Woodhead Publishing p 59 ISBN 978 0 12 820497 9 Parsons Ken 26 December 2002 Human Thermal Environments The Effects of Hot Moderate and Cold Environments on Human Health Comfort and Performance Second Edition CRC Press p 182 ISBN 978 0 415 23792 5 Paul Roshan ed 19 February 2019 High Performance Technical Textiles John Wiley amp Sons pp 110 121 ISBN 978 1 119 32505 5 Shishoo Roshan ed 20 October 2008 Textile Advances in the Automotive Industry Elsevier p 15 ISBN 978 1 84569 504 0 Smith Betty F 1982 Textiles in perspective Englewood Cliffs New Jersey Prentice Hall pp vii 65 ISBN 978 0 13 912808 0 via Internet Archive Song Guowen ed 2011 Improving Comfort in Clothing Oxford Philadelphia Pennsylvania Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978 1 84569 539 2 Tobler Rohr Marion I 27 June 2011 Handbook of Sustainable Textile Production Elsevier p 224 ISBN 978 0 85709 286 1 Tortora Phyllis G Collier Billie J 1997 Understanding textiles Upper Saddle River New Jersey Bobbs Merrill Company pp 20 21 ISBN 978 0 13 439225 7 via Internet Archive Tortora Phyllis G Merkel Robert S 10 January 1996 Fairchild s Dictionary of Textiles 7th ed New York Fairchild Publications p 567 ISBN 978 0 87005 707 6 Wang Lijing 17 June 2016 Performance Testing of Textiles Methods Technology and Applications Woodhead Publishing pp 25 19 ISBN 978 0 08 100578 1 Williams J T 29 September 2009 Textiles for Cold Weather Apparel Elsevier p 222 ISBN 978 1 84569 717 4 Yarborough Portia Dalecene Nelson Cherilyn N 2005 Performance of Protective Clothing Global Needs and Emerging Markets 8th Symposium ASTM International p 27 ISBN 978 0 8031 3488 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Textile performance amp oldid 1188224592, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.