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Higher alkane

March 16, 2024

Higher alkanes are alkanes having nine or more carbon atoms. Nonane is the lightest alkane to have a flash point above 25 °C, and is not classified as dangerously flammable.

The term higher alkanes is sometimes used literally as "alkanes with a higher number of carbon atoms". One definition distinguishes the higher alkanes as the n-alkanes that are solid under natural conditions.[which?]

Synthesis edit

Uses edit

Alkanes from nonane to hexadecane (those alkanes with nine to sixteen carbon atoms) are liquids of higher viscosity, which are less suitable for use in gasoline. They form instead the major part of diesel, kerosene, and aviation fuel. Diesel fuels are characterised by their cetane number, cetane being an older name for hexadecane. However the higher melting points of these alkanes can cause problems at low temperatures and in polar regions, where the fuel becomes too thick to flow correctly. Mixtures of the normal alkanes are used as boiling point standards for simulated distillation by gas chromatography.[1]

Alkanes from hexadecane upwards form the most important components of fuel oil and lubricating oil. In latter function they work at the same time as anti-corrosive agents, as their hydrophobic nature means that water cannot reach the metal surface. Many solid alkanes find use as paraffin wax, used for lubrication, electrical insulation, and candles. Paraffin wax should not be confused with beeswax, which consists primarily of esters.

Alkanes with a chain length of approximately 35 or more carbon atoms are found in bitumen (asphalt), used (for example) in road surfacing. However, the higher alkanes have little value and are usually split into lower alkanes by cracking.

Names edit

Some alkanes have non-IUPAC trivial names:

Properties edit

See also: List of straight-chain alkanes

The properties listed here refer to the straight-chain alkanes (or: n-alkanes).

Nonane to hexadecane edit

This group of n-alkanes is generally liquid under standard conditions.[3]

Nonane Decane Undecane Dodecane Tridecane Tetradecane Pentadecane Hexadecane
Formula C9H20 C10H22 C11H24 C12H26 C13H28 C14H30 C15H32 C16H34
CAS number [111-84-2] [124-18-5] [1120-21-4] [112-40-3] [629-50-5] [629-59-4] [629-62-9] [544-76-3]
Molar mass (g/mol) 128.26 142.29 156.31 170.34 184.37 198.39 212.42 226.45
Melting point (°C) −53.5 −29.7 −25.6 −9.6 −5.4 5.9 9.9 18.2
Boiling point (°C) 150.8 174.1 195.9 216.3 235.4 253.5 270.6 286.8
Density (g/ml at 20 °C) 0.71763 0.73005 0.74024 0.74869 0.75622 0.76275 0.76830 0.77344
Viscosity (cP at 20 °C) 0.7139 0.9256 1.185 1.503 1.880 2.335 2.863 3.474
Flash point (°C) 31 46 60 71 79 99 132 135
Autoignition
temperature (°C) 		205 210 205 235 201
Explosive limits 0.9–2.9% 0.8–2.6% 0.45–6.5%

Heptadecane to tetracosane edit

From this group on, the n-alkanes are generally solid at standard conditions.

Heptadecane Octadecane Nonadecane Icosane Heneicosane Docosane Tricosane Tetracosane
Formula C17H36 C18H38 C19H40 C20H42 C21H44 C22H46 C23H48 C24H50
CAS number [629-78-7] [593-45-3] [629-92-5] [112-95-8] [629-94-7] [629-97-0] [638-67-5] [646-31-1]
Molar mass (g/mol) 240.47 254.50 268.53 282.55 296.58 310.61 324.63 338.66
Melting point (°C) 21 28–30 32–34 36.7 40.5 42 48–50 52
Boiling point (°C) 302 317 330 342.7 356.5 224 at 2 kPa 380 391.3
Density (g/ml) 0.777 0.777 0.786 0.7886 0.792 0.778 0.797 0.797
Flash point (°C) 148 166 168 176

Pentacosane to triacontane edit

Pentacosane Hexacosane Heptacosane Octacosane Nonacosane Triacontane
Formula C25H52 C26H54 C27H56 C28H58 C29H60 C30H62
CAS number [629-99-2] [630-01-3] [593-49-7] [630-02-4] [630-03-5] [638-68-6]
Molar mass (g/mol) 352.69 366.71 380.74 394.77 408.80 422.82
Melting point (°C) 54 56.4 59.5 64.5 63.7 65.8
Boiling point (°C) 401 412.2 422 431.6 440.8 449.7
Density (g/ml) 0.801 0.778 0.780 0.807 0.808 0.810

Hentriacontane to hexatriacontane edit

Hentriacontane Dotriacontane Tritriacontane Tetratriacontane Pentatriacontane Hexatriacontane
Formula C31H64 C32H66 C33H68 C34H70 C35H72 C36H74
CAS number [630-04-6] [544-85-4] [630-05-7] [14167-59-0] [630-07-9] [630-06-8]
Molar mass (g/mol) 436.85 450.88 464.90 478.93 492.96 506.98
Melting point (°C) 67.9 69 70–72 72.6 75 74–76
Boiling point (°C) 458 467 474 285.4 at 0.4 kPa 490 265 at 130 Pa
Density (g/ml) 0.781 at 68 °C[4] 0.812 0.811 0.812 0.813 0.814

Heptatriacontane to dotetracontane edit

Heptatriacontane Octatriacontane Nonatriacontane Tetracontane Hentetracontane Dotetracontane
Formula C37H76 C38H78 C39H80 C40H82 C41H84 C42H86
CAS number [7194-84-5] [7194-85-6] [7194-86-7] [4181-95-7] [7194-87-8] [7098-20-6]
Molar mass (g/mol) 520.99 535.03 549.05 563.08 577.11 591.13
Melting point (°C) 77 79 78 84 83 86
Boiling point (°C) 504.14 510.93 517.51 523.88 530.75 536.07
Density (g/ml) 0.815 0.816 0.817 0.817 0.818 0.819

Tritetracontane to octatetracontane edit

Triatetracontane Tetratetracontane Pentatetracontane Hexatetracontane Heptatetracontane Octatetracontane
Formula C43H88 C44H90 C45H92 C46H94 C47H96 C48H98
CAS Number [7098-21-7] [7098-22-8] [7098-23-9] [7098-24-0] [7098-25-1] [7098-26-2]
Molar mass (g/mol) 605.15 619.18 633.21 647.23 661.26 675.29
Boiling point (°C) 541.91 547.57 553.1 558.42 563.6 568.68
Density (g/ml) 0.82 0.82 0.821 0.822 0.822 0.823

Nonatetracontane to tetrapentacontane edit

Nonatetracontane Pentacontane Henpentacontane Dopentacontane Tripentacontane Tetrapentacontane
Formula C49H100 C50H102 C51H104 C52H106 C53H108 C54H110
CAS number [7098-27-3] [6596-40-3] [7667-76-7] [7719-79-1] [7719-80-4] [5856-66-6]
Molar mass (g/mol) 689.32 703.34 717.37 731.39 745.42 759.45
Boiling point (°C) 573.6 578.4 583 587.6 592 596.38
Density (g/ml) 0.823 0.824 0.824 0.825 0.825 0.826

Pentapentacontane to hexacontane edit

Pentapentacontane Hexapentacontane Heptapentacontane Octapentacontane Nonapentacontane Hexacontane
Formula C55H112 C56H114 C57H116 C58H118 C59H120 C60H122
CAS number [5846-40-2] [7719-82-6] [5856-67-7] [7667-78-9] [7667-79-0] [7667-80-3]
Molar mass (g/mol) 773.48 787.50 801.53 815.58 829.59 843.6
Boiling point (°C) 600.6 604.7 ? 612.6 ? 620.2
Density (g/ml) 0.826 0.826 ? 0.827 ? 0.827

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ ASTM D5399-09, Standard Test Method for Boiling Point Distribution of Hydrocarbon Solvents by Gas Chromatography
  2. ^ Donald Mackay, Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, ISBN 1420044397, p. 206
  3. ^ Karl Griesbaum, Arno Behr, Dieter Biedenkapp, Heinz-Werner Voges, Dorothea Garbe, Christian Paetz, Gerd Collin, Dieter Mayer Hartmut Höke "Hydrocarbons" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227
  4. ^ Weast, Robert C., ed. (1982). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (63rd ed.). Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press. p. C-561.

External links edit

 
Look up higher alkane in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Higher alkanes.
  • International Chemical Safety Card 1245 (nonane)
  • NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (nonane)
  • International Chemical Safety Card 0428 (decane)

March 16, 2024
higher, alkane, alkanes, having, nine, more, carbon, atoms, nonane, lightest, alkane, have, flash, point, above, classified, dangerously, flammable, term, higher, alkanes, sometimes, used, literally, alkanes, with, higher, number, carbon, atoms, definition, di. Higher alkanes are alkanes having nine or more carbon atoms Nonane is the lightest alkane to have a flash point above 25 C and is not classified as dangerously flammable The term higher alkanes is sometimes used literally as alkanes with a higher number of carbon atoms One definition distinguishes the higher alkanes as the n alkanes that are solid under natural conditions which Contents 1 Synthesis 2 Uses 3 Names 4 Properties 4 1 Nonane to hexadecane 4 2 Heptadecane to tetracosane 4 3 Pentacosane to triacontane 4 4 Hentriacontane to hexatriacontane 4 5 Heptatriacontane to dotetracontane 4 6 Tritetracontane to octatetracontane 4 7 Nonatetracontane to tetrapentacontane 4 8 Pentapentacontane to hexacontane 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksSynthesis editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it April 2023 Uses editAlkanes from nonane to hexadecane those alkanes with nine to sixteen carbon atoms are liquids of higher viscosity which are less suitable for use in gasoline They form instead the major part of diesel kerosene and aviation fuel Diesel fuels are characterised by their cetane number cetane being an older name for hexadecane However the higher melting points of these alkanes can cause problems at low temperatures and in polar regions where the fuel becomes too thick to flow correctly Mixtures of the normal alkanes are used as boiling point standards for simulated distillation by gas chromatography 1 Alkanes from hexadecane upwards form the most important components of fuel oil and lubricating oil In latter function they work at the same time as anti corrosive agents as their hydrophobic nature means that water cannot reach the metal surface Many solid alkanes find use as paraffin wax used for lubrication electrical insulation and candles Paraffin wax should not be confused with beeswax which consists primarily of esters Alkanes with a chain length of approximately 35 or more carbon atoms are found in bitumen asphalt used for example in road surfacing However the higher alkanes have little value and are usually split into lower alkanes by cracking Names editSome alkanes have non IUPAC trivial names cetane for hexadecane cerane for hexacosane 2 Properties editSee also List of straight chain alkanes The properties listed here refer to the straight chain alkanes or n alkanes Nonane to hexadecane edit This group of n alkanes is generally liquid under standard conditions 3 Nonane Decane Undecane Dodecane Tridecane Tetradecane Pentadecane HexadecaneFormula C9H20 C10H22 C11H24 C12H26 C13H28 C14H30 C15H32 C16H34CAS number 111 84 2 124 18 5 1120 21 4 112 40 3 629 50 5 629 59 4 629 62 9 544 76 3 Molar mass g mol 128 26 142 29 156 31 170 34 184 37 198 39 212 42 226 45Melting point C 53 5 29 7 25 6 9 6 5 4 5 9 9 9 18 2Boiling point C 150 8 174 1 195 9 216 3 235 4 253 5 270 6 286 8Density g ml at 20 C 0 71763 0 73005 0 74024 0 74869 0 75622 0 76275 0 76830 0 77344Viscosity cP at 20 C 0 7139 0 9256 1 185 1 503 1 880 2 335 2 863 3 474Flash point C 31 46 60 71 79 99 132 135Autoignitiontemperature C 205 210 205 235 201Explosive limits 0 9 2 9 0 8 2 6 0 45 6 5 Heptadecane to tetracosane edit From this group on the n alkanes are generally solid at standard conditions Heptadecane Octadecane Nonadecane Icosane Heneicosane Docosane Tricosane TetracosaneFormula C17H36 C18H38 C19H40 C20H42 C21H44 C22H46 C23H48 C24H50CAS number 629 78 7 593 45 3 629 92 5 112 95 8 629 94 7 629 97 0 638 67 5 646 31 1 Molar mass g mol 240 47 254 50 268 53 282 55 296 58 310 61 324 63 338 66Melting point C 21 28 30 32 34 36 7 40 5 42 48 50 52Boiling point C 302 317 330 342 7 356 5 224 at 2 kPa 380 391 3Density g ml 0 777 0 777 0 786 0 7886 0 792 0 778 0 797 0 797Flash point C 148 166 168 176Pentacosane to triacontane edit Pentacosane Hexacosane Heptacosane Octacosane Nonacosane TriacontaneFormula C25H52 C26H54 C27H56 C28H58 C29H60 C30H62CAS number 629 99 2 630 01 3 593 49 7 630 02 4 630 03 5 638 68 6 Molar mass g mol 352 69 366 71 380 74 394 77 408 80 422 82Melting point C 54 56 4 59 5 64 5 63 7 65 8Boiling point C 401 412 2 422 431 6 440 8 449 7Density g ml 0 801 0 778 0 780 0 807 0 808 0 810Hentriacontane to hexatriacontane edit Hentriacontane Dotriacontane Tritriacontane Tetratriacontane Pentatriacontane HexatriacontaneFormula C31H64 C32H66 C33H68 C34H70 C35H72 C36H74CAS number 630 04 6 544 85 4 630 05 7 14167 59 0 630 07 9 630 06 8 Molar mass g mol 436 85 450 88 464 90 478 93 492 96 506 98Melting point C 67 9 69 70 72 72 6 75 74 76Boiling point C 458 467 474 285 4 at 0 4 kPa 490 265 at 130 PaDensity g ml 0 781 at 68 C 4 0 812 0 811 0 812 0 813 0 814Heptatriacontane to dotetracontane edit Heptatriacontane Octatriacontane Nonatriacontane Tetracontane Hentetracontane DotetracontaneFormula C37H76 C38H78 C39H80 C40H82 C41H84 C42H86CAS number 7194 84 5 7194 85 6 7194 86 7 4181 95 7 7194 87 8 7098 20 6 Molar mass g mol 520 99 535 03 549 05 563 08 577 11 591 13Melting point C 77 79 78 84 83 86Boiling point C 504 14 510 93 517 51 523 88 530 75 536 07Density g ml 0 815 0 816 0 817 0 817 0 818 0 819Tritetracontane to octatetracontane edit Triatetracontane Tetratetracontane Pentatetracontane Hexatetracontane Heptatetracontane OctatetracontaneFormula C43H88 C44H90 C45H92 C46H94 C47H96 C48H98CAS Number 7098 21 7 7098 22 8 7098 23 9 7098 24 0 7098 25 1 7098 26 2 Molar mass g mol 605 15 619 18 633 21 647 23 661 26 675 29Boiling point C 541 91 547 57 553 1 558 42 563 6 568 68Density g ml 0 82 0 82 0 821 0 822 0 822 0 823Nonatetracontane to tetrapentacontane edit Nonatetracontane Pentacontane Henpentacontane Dopentacontane Tripentacontane TetrapentacontaneFormula C49H100 C50H102 C51H104 C52H106 C53H108 C54H110CAS number 7098 27 3 6596 40 3 7667 76 7 7719 79 1 7719 80 4 5856 66 6 Molar mass g mol 689 32 703 34 717 37 731 39 745 42 759 45Boiling point C 573 6 578 4 583 587 6 592 596 38Density g ml 0 823 0 824 0 824 0 825 0 825 0 826Pentapentacontane to hexacontane edit Pentapentacontane Hexapentacontane Heptapentacontane Octapentacontane Nonapentacontane HexacontaneFormula C55H112 C56H114 C57H116 C58H118 C59H120 C60H122CAS number 5846 40 2 7719 82 6 5856 67 7 7667 78 9 7667 79 0 7667 80 3 Molar mass g mol 773 48 787 50 801 53 815 58 829 59 843 6Boiling point C 600 6 604 7 612 6 620 2Density g ml 0 826 0 826 0 827 0 827See also editAlkene Alkyne Cycloalkane Hydrocarbon Paraffin wax composed mostly of higher linear alkanes Polyethylene a linear alkane of polymeric lengthReferences edit ASTM D5399 09 Standard Test Method for Boiling Point Distribution of Hydrocarbon Solvents by Gas Chromatography Donald Mackay Handbook of Physical Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals ISBN 1420044397 p 206 Karl Griesbaum Arno Behr Dieter Biedenkapp Heinz Werner Voges Dorothea Garbe Christian Paetz Gerd Collin Dieter Mayer Hartmut Hoke Hydrocarbons in Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005 Wiley VCH Weinheim doi 10 1002 14356007 a13 227 Weast Robert C ed 1982 CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 63rd ed Boca Raton Fl CRC Press p C 561 External links edit nbsp Look up higher alkane in Wiktionary the free dictionary nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Higher alkanes International Chemical Safety Card 1245 nonane NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards nonane International Chemical Safety Card 0428 decane Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Higher alkane amp oldid 1191886125 Heptatriacontane to dotetracontane, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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