For the element named after this celestial object, see Phosphorus.
Look up Phosphorus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Phosphorus (Ancient Greek: Φωσφόρος, romanized: Phōsphoros) is the god of the planet Venus in its appearance as the Morning Star. Another Greek name for the Morning Star is "Eosphorus" (Ancient Greek: Ἑωσφόρος, romanized: Heōsphoros), which means "dawn-bringer". The term "eosphorus" is sometimes met in English. As an adjective, the word "phosphorus" is applied in the sense of "light-bringing" (for instance, the dawn, the god Dionysus, pine torches and the day) and "torch-bearing" as an epithet of several gods and goddesses, especially of Hecate but also of Artemis/Diana and Hephaestus.[1] Seasonally, Venus is the "light bringer" in the northern hemisphere, appearing most brightly in December (an optical illusion due to shorter days), signalling the "rebirth" of longer days as winter wanes.
The morning star personified. Engraving by G.H. Frezza, 1704
The morning star is an appearance of the planet Venus, an inferior planet, meaning that its orbit lies between the Earth and the Sun. Depending on the orbital locations of both Venus and Earth, it can be seen in the eastern morning sky for an hour or so before the Sun rises and dims it, or (as the evening star) in the western evening sky for an hour or so after the Sun sets, when Venus itself then sets. Venus is the brightest object in the sky after the Sun and the Moon, outshining the planets Jupiter and Saturn but, while these rise high in the sky, Venus never does. This may lie behind myths about deities associated with the morning star proudly striving for the highest place among the gods and being cast down.[2]
Mythologyedit
Stanisław Wyspiański: Phosphoros, Eos, Helios, Hesperos. Pencil drawing, The National Museum in Warsaw, 1897
The Latin poet Ovid, speaking of Phosphorus and Hesperus (the Evening Star, the evening appearance of the planet Venus) as identical, makes him the father of Daedalion.[5] Ovid also makes him the father of Ceyx,[6][7] while the Latin grammarian Servius makes him the father of the Hesperides or of Hesperis.[4]
While at an early stage the Morning Star (called Phosphorus and other names) and the Evening Star (referred to by names such as Hesperus) were thought of as two celestial objects, the Greeks accepted that the two were the same, but they seem to have continued to treat the two mythological entities as distinct. Halbertal and Margalit interpret this as indicating that they did not identify the star with the god or gods of mythology "embodied" in the star.[8]
In the philosophy of language, "Hesperus is Phosphorus" is a famous sentence in relation to the semantics of proper names. Gottlob Frege used the terms "the evening star" (der Abendstern) and "the morning star" (der Morgenstern) to illustrate his distinction between sense and reference, and subsequent philosophers changed the example to "Hesperus is Phosphorus" so that it utilized proper names. Saul Kripke used the sentence to posit that the knowledge of something necessary — in this case the identity of Hesperus and Phosphorus — could be discoverable rather than known a priori.
Latin literatureedit
The Latin word corresponding to Greek "Phosphorus" is "Lucifer". It is used in its astronomical sense both in prose[9] and poetry.[10] Poets sometimes personify the star, placing it in a mythological context.[11]
^Halbertal, Moshe; Margalit, Avishai. Idolatry (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992. ISBN0-674-44312-8) pp. 141-142
^Cicero wrote: Stella Veneris, quae Φωσφόρος Graece, Latine dicitur Lucifer, cum antegreditur solem, cum subsequitur autem Hesperos; The star of Venus, called Φωσφόρος in Greek and Lucifer in Latin when it precedes, Hesperos when it follows the sun – De Natura Deorum 2, 20, 53. Pliny the Elder: Sidus appellate Veneris … ante matutinal exoriens Luciferi nomen accipit … contra ab occasu refulgens nuncupatur Vesper (The star called Venus … when it rises in the morning is given the name Lucifer … but when it shines at sunset it is called Vesper) Natural History 2, 36
^Virgil wrote: Luciferi primo cum sidere frigida rura carpamus, dum mane novum, dum gramina canent (Let us hasten, when first the Morning Star appears, to the cool pastures, while the day is new, while the grass is dewy) Georgics 3:324–325. And Lucan: Lucifer a Casia prospexit rupe diemque misit in Aegypton primo quoque sole calentem (The morning-star looked forth from Mount Casius and sent the daylight over Egypt, where even sunrise is hot) Lucan, Pharsalia, 10:434–435; English translation by J.D.Duff (Loeb Classical Library)
^Ovid wrote: … vigil nitido patefecit ab ortu purpureas Aurora fores et plena rosarum atria: diffugiunt stellae, quarum agmina cogit Lucifer et caeli statione novissimus exit Aurora, awake in the glowing east, opens wide her bright doors, and her rose-filled courts. The stars, whose ranks are shepherded by Lucifer the morning star, vanish, and he, last of all, leaves his station in the sky – Metamorphoses 2.114–115; A. S. Kline's Version And Statius: Et iam Mygdoniis elata cubilibus alto impulerat caelo gelidas Aurora tenebras, rorantes excussa comas multumque sequenti sole rubens; illi roseus per nubila seras aduertit flammas alienumque aethera tardo Lucifer exit equo, donec pater igneus orbem impleat atque ipsi radios uetet esse sorori (And now Aurora rising from her Mygdonian couch had driven the cold darkness on from high in the heavens, shaking out her dewy hair, her face blushing red at the pursuing sun – from him roseate Lucifer averts his fires lingering in the clouds and with reluctant horse leaves the heavens no longer his, until the blazing father make full his orb and forbid even his sister her beams) Statius, Thebaid 2, 134–150; Translated by A. L. Ritchie and J. B. Hall in collaboration with M. J. Edwards 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine
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Eosphoros redirects here For the television drama series episode see Law amp Order Criminal Intent season 4 For the element named after this celestial object see Phosphorus Look up Phosphorus in Wiktionary the free dictionary Phosphorus Ancient Greek Fwsforos romanized Phōsphoros is the god of the planet Venus in its appearance as the Morning Star Another Greek name for the Morning Star is Eosphorus Ancient Greek Ἑwsforos romanized Heōsphoros which means dawn bringer The term eosphorus is sometimes met in English As an adjective the word phosphorus is applied in the sense of light bringing for instance the dawn the god Dionysus pine torches and the day and torch bearing as an epithet of several gods and goddesses especially of Hecate but also of Artemis Diana and Hephaestus 1 Seasonally Venus is the light bringer in the northern hemisphere appearing most brightly in December an optical illusion due to shorter days signalling the rebirth of longer days as winter wanes The morning star personified Engraving by G H Frezza 1704 Contents 1 Venus 2 Mythology 3 Hesperus is Phosphorus 4 Latin literature 5 See also 6 ReferencesVenus editFurther information Lucifer The morning star is an appearance of the planet Venus an inferior planet meaning that its orbit lies between the Earth and the Sun Depending on the orbital locations of both Venus and Earth it can be seen in the eastern morning sky for an hour or so before the Sun rises and dims it or as the evening star in the western evening sky for an hour or so after the Sun sets when Venus itself then sets Venus is the brightest object in the sky after the Sun and the Moon outshining the planets Jupiter and Saturn but while these rise high in the sky Venus never does This may lie behind myths about deities associated with the morning star proudly striving for the highest place among the gods and being cast down 2 nbsp Mythology edit nbsp Stanislaw Wyspianski Phosphoros Eos Helios Hesperos Pencil drawing The National Museum in Warsaw 1897 In Greek mythology Hesiod calls Phosphorus a son of Astraeus and Eos 3 but other say of Cephalus and Eos or of Atlas 4 The Latin poet Ovid speaking of Phosphorus and Hesperus the Evening Star the evening appearance of the planet Venus as identical makes him the father of Daedalion 5 Ovid also makes him the father of Ceyx 6 7 while the Latin grammarian Servius makes him the father of the Hesperides or of Hesperis 4 While at an early stage the Morning Star called Phosphorus and other names and the Evening Star referred to by names such as Hesperus were thought of as two celestial objects the Greeks accepted that the two were the same but they seem to have continued to treat the two mythological entities as distinct Halbertal and Margalit interpret this as indicating that they did not identify the star with the god or gods of mythology embodied in the star 8 Hesperus is Phosphorus editMain article Frege s puzzles In the philosophy of language Hesperus is Phosphorus is a famous sentence in relation to the semantics of proper names Gottlob Frege used the terms the evening star der Abendstern and the morning star der Morgenstern to illustrate his distinction between sense and reference and subsequent philosophers changed the example to Hesperus is Phosphorus so that it utilized proper names Saul Kripke used the sentence to posit that the knowledge of something necessary in this case the identity of Hesperus and Phosphorus could be discoverable rather than known a priori Latin literature editThe Latin word corresponding to Greek Phosphorus is Lucifer It is used in its astronomical sense both in prose 9 and poetry 10 Poets sometimes personify the star placing it in a mythological context 11 See also editAspect of Venus At Tariq Auseklis Earendel Barnumbirr Jesus Red Horn Photine or Photini Photina of Samarita Shahar god Sirius Heliacal rising Star and crescent Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli Worship of heavenly bodies ZoryaReferences edit Liddell amp Scott a Greek English Lexicon Article Lucifer on Jewish Encyclopedia Theogony 381 a b EOSPHORUS amp HESPERUS Eosphoros amp Hesperos Greek Gods of the Morning amp Evening Stars Metamorphoses 11 295 Metamorphoses 11 271 Pseudo Apollodorus Bibliotheca 1 7 4 Halbertal Moshe Margalit Avishai Idolatry Cambridge Harvard University Press 1992 ISBN 0 674 44312 8 pp 141 142 Cicero wrote Stella Veneris quae Fwsforos Graece Latine dicitur Lucifer cum antegreditur solem cum subsequitur autem Hesperos The star of Venus called Fwsforos in Greek and Lucifer in Latin when it precedes Hesperos when it follows the sun De Natura Deorum 2 20 53 Pliny the Elder Sidus appellate Veneris ante matutinal exoriens Luciferi nomen accipit contra ab occasu refulgens nuncupatur Vesper The star called Venus when it rises in the morning is given the name Lucifer but when it shines at sunset it is called Vesper Natural History 2 36 Virgil wrote Luciferi primo cum sidere frigida rura carpamus dum mane novum dum gramina canent Let us hasten when first the Morning Star appears to the cool pastures while the day is new while the grass is dewy Georgics 3 324 325 And Lucan Lucifer a Casia prospexit rupe diemque misit in Aegypton primo quoque sole calentem The morning star looked forth from Mount Casius and sent the daylight over Egypt where even sunrise is hot Lucan Pharsalia 10 434 435 English translation by J D Duff Loeb Classical Library Ovid wrote vigil nitido patefecit ab ortu purpureas Aurora fores et plena rosarum atria diffugiunt stellae quarum agmina cogit Lucifer et caeli statione novissimus exitAurora awake in the glowing east opens wide her bright doors and her rose filled courts The stars whose ranks are shepherded by Lucifer the morning star vanish and he last of all leaves his station in the sky Metamorphoses 2 114 115 A S Kline s Version And Statius Et iam Mygdoniis elata cubilibus alto impulerat caelo gelidas Aurora tenebras rorantes excussa comas multumque sequenti sole rubens illi roseus per nubila seras aduertit flammas alienumque aethera tardo Lucifer exit equo donec pater igneus orbem impleat atque ipsi radios uetet esse sorori And now Aurora rising from her Mygdonian couch had driven the cold darkness on from high in the heavens shaking out her dewy hair her face blushing red at the pursuing sun from him roseate Lucifer averts his fires lingering in the clouds and with reluctant horse leaves the heavens no longer his until the blazing father make full his orb and forbid even his sister her beams Statius Thebaid 2 134 150 Translated by A L Ritchie and J B Hall in collaboration with M J Edwards Archived 2011 07 23 at the Wayback Machine Portals nbsp Astronomy nbsp Stars nbsp Spaceflight nbsp Outer space nbsp Solar System Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Phosphorus morning star amp oldid 1194832659, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
