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Hawaiian sovereignty movement

January 01, 1970

The Hawaiian sovereignty movement (Hawaiian: ke ea Hawaiʻi) is a grassroots political and cultural campaign to reestablish an autonomous or independent nation or kingdom of Hawaii out of a desire for sovereignty, self-determination, and self-governance.[2][3]

Some groups also advocate some form of redress from the United States for its 1893 overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani, and for what is described as a prolonged military occupation beginning with the 1898 annexation. The movement generally views both the overthrow and annexation as illegal.[4][5]

Palmyra Atoll and Sikaiana were annexed by the Kingdom in the 1860s, and the movement regards them as under illegal occupation along with the Hawaiian Islands.[6][7]

The Apology Resolution the United States Congress passed in 1993 acknowledged that the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom was an illegal act.[8]

Sovereignty advocates have attributed problems plaguing native communities including homelessness, poverty, economic marginalization, and the erosion of native traditions to the lack of native governance and political self-determination.[9][10]

The forced depopulation of Kaho'olawe and its subsequent bombing, the construction of the Mauna Kea Observatories, the Red Hill water crisis caused by the US Navy's mismanagement, and participation in human trafficking of Hawaiian women by U.S. servicemen[11] are some of the contemporary matters relevant to the sovereignty movement.

It has pursued its agenda through educational initiatives and legislative actions. Along with protests throughout the islands, at the capital (Honolulu) itself and other locations sacred to Hawaiian culture, sovereignty activists have challenged U.S. forces and law.[12]

History edit

Coinciding with other 1960s and 1970s indigenous activist movements, the Hawaiian sovereignty movement was spearheaded by Native Hawaiian activist organizations and individuals who were critical of issues affecting modern Hawaii, including the islands' urbanization and commercial development, corruption in the Hawaiian Homelands program, and appropriation of native burial grounds and other sacred spaces.[13] In the 1980s, the movement gained cultural and political traction and native resistance grew in response to urbanization and native disenfranchisement. Local and federal legislation provided some protection for native communities but did little to quell expanding commercial development.[10]

In 1993, a joint congressional resolution apologized for the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, and said that the overthrow was illegal.[13][8] In 2000, the Akaka Bill was proposed, which provided a process for federal recognition of Native Hawaiians, and gave ethnic Hawaiians some control over land and natural resource negotiations. But sovereignty groups opposed the bill because of its provisions that legitimized illegal land transfers, and it was criticized by a 2006 U.S. Commission on Civil Rights report (which was later reversed in 2018)[14] for the effect it would have on non-ethnic Hawaiian populations.[15] A 2005 Grassroot Institute poll found that most Hawaiian residents opposed the Akaka Bill.[16]

Background edit

Main articles: Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Blount Report, and Opposition to the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii

Native Hawaiians' ancestors may have arrived in the Hawaiian Islands around 350 CE, from other areas of Polynesia.[17] By the time Captain Cook arrived, Hawaii had a well-established culture, with a population estimated between 400,000 and 900,000.[17] Starting in 1795 and completed by 1810, Kamehameha I conquered the entire archipelago and formed the unified Kingdom of Hawaii. In the first 100 years of contact with Western civilization, due to disease and war, the Hawaiian population dropped by 90%, to only 53,900 in 1876.[17] American missionaries arrived in 1820 and assumed great power and influence.[17] Despite formal recognition of the Kingdom of Hawaii by the United States[18] and other world powers, the kingdom was overthrown beginning January 17, 1893, with a coup d'état orchestrated mostly by Americans within the kingdom's legislature, supported by armed sailors landed by the USS Boston.[17][19]

The Blount Report is the popular name given to the part of the 1893 United States House of Representatives Foreign Relations Committee Report about the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. U.S. Commissioner James H. Blount, appointed by President Grover Cleveland to investigate the events surrounding the January 1893 coup, conducted the report. It provides the first evidence that officially identifies U.S. complicity in the overthrow of the government of the Kingdom of Hawaii.[20] Blount concluded that U.S. Minister to Hawaii John L. Stevens had carried out unauthorized partisan activities, including the landing of U.S. Marines under a false or exaggerated pretext to support anti-royalist conspirators; the report also found that these actions were instrumental to the revolution's success and that the revolution was carried out against the wishes of a majority of the population of the Hawaiian Kingdom and/or its royalty.[21]

 
Native Hawaiians, activists and supporters commemorate January 17 annually.

On December 14, 1893, Albert Willis arrived unannounced in Honolulu aboard the USRC Corwin, bringing with him an anticipation of an American invasion in order to restore the monarchy, which became known as the Black Week. Willis was Blount's successor as United States Minister to Hawaii. With the hysteria of a military assault, he staged a mock invasion with the USS Adams and USS Philadelphia, directing their guns toward the capital. He also ordered Rear Admiral John Irwin to organize a landing operation using troops on the two American ships, which were joined by the Japanese Naniwa and the British HMS Champion. On January 11, 1894, Willis revealed the invasion to be a hoax.[22][23] After the arrival of the Corwin, the provisional government and citizens of Hawaii were ready to rush to arms if necessary, but it was widely believed that Willis's threat of force was a bluff.[24][25]

On December 16, the British Minister to Hawaii was given permission to land marines from HMS Champion for the protection of British interests; the ship's captain predicted that the U.S. military would restore the Queen and Sovereign ruler (Lili'uokalani).[24][25] In a November 1893 meeting with Willis, Lili'uokalani said she wanted the revolutionaries punished and their property confiscated, despite Willis's desire for her to grant them amnesty.[26] In a December 19, 1893, meeting with the leaders of the provisional government, Willis presented a letter by Liliuokalani in which she agreed to grant the revolutionaries amnesty if she were restored as queen. During the conference, Willis told the provisional government to surrender to Liliuokalani and allow Hawaii to return to its previous condition, but the leader of the provisional government, President Sanford Dole, refused, claiming that he was not subject to the authority of the United States.[25][27][28]

The Blount Report was followed in 1894 by the Morgan Report, which contradicted Blount's report by concluding that all participants except for Queen Lili'uokalani were "not guilty".[29]: 648  On January 10, 1894, U.S. Secretary of State Walter Q. Gresham announced that the settlement of the situation in Hawaii would be up to Congress, following Willis's unsatisfactory progress. Cleveland said that Willis had carried out the letter of his directions rather than their spirit.[24] Domestic response to Willis's and Cleveland's efforts was largely negative. The New York Herald wrote, "If Minister Willis has not already been ordered to quit meddling in Hawaiian affairs and mind his own business, no time should be lost in giving him emphatic instructions to that effect." The New York World wrote: "Is it not high time to stop the business of interference with the domestic affairs of foreign nations? Hawaii is 2000 miles from our nearest coast. Let it alone." The New York Sun said: "Mr. Cleveland lacks ... the first essential qualification of a referee or arbitrator." The New York Tribune called Willis's trip a "forlorn and humiliating failure to carry out Mr. Cleveland's outrageous project." The New York Recorder wrote, "The idea of sending out a minister accredited to the President of a new republic, having him present his credentials to that President and address him as 'Great and Good Friend,' and then deliberately set to work to organize a conspiracy to overthrow his Government and re-establish the authority of the deposed Queen, is repugnant to every man who holds American honor and justice in any sort of respect." The New York Times was one of the few New York newspapers to defend Cleveland's decisions, writing, "Mr. Willis discharged his duty as he understood it."[24]

After the overthrow, the Provisional Government of Hawaii became the Republic of Hawaii in 1894, and in 1898 the U.S. annexed the Republic of Hawaii in the Newlands Resolution, making it the Territory of Hawaii.[30][31] The territory was then given a territorial government in an Organic Act in 1900. While there was much opposition to the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and many attempts to restore it, Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1898 without any input from Native Hawaiians.[17] It became a U.S. state on March 18, 1959, following a referendum in which at least 93% of voters approved of statehood. By then, most voters were not Native Hawaiian. The 1959 referendum did not have an option for independence from the United States. After Hawaii's admission as a state, the United Nations removed Hawaii from its list of non-self-governing territories (a list of territories subject to the decolonization process).[32]

The U.S. constitution recognizes Native American tribes as domestic, dependent nations with inherent rights of self-determination through the U.S. government as a trust responsibility, which was extended to include Eskimos, Aleuts and Native Alaskans with the passing of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Through enactment of 183 federal laws over 90 years, the U.S. has entered into an implicit—rather than explicit—trust relationship that does not formally recognize a sovereign people with the right of self-determination. Without an explicit law, Native Hawaiians may not be eligible for entitlements, funds and benefits afforded to other U.S. indigenous peoples.[33] Native Hawaiians are recognized by the U.S. government through legislation with a unique status.[17] Proposals have been made to treat Native Hawaiians as a tribe similar to Native Americans; opponents to the tribal approach argue that it is not a legitimate path to nationhood.[34]

Historical groups edit

Royal Order of Kamehameha I edit

 
Members of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I in 2012

The Royal Order of Kamehameha I is a Knightly Order established by His Majesty, Kamehameha V (Lot Kapuaiwa Kalanikapuapaikalaninui Ali'iolani Kalanimakua) in 1865, to promote and defend the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi's sovereignty. Established by the 1864 Constitution, the Order of Kamehameha I is the first order of its kind in Hawaii. After Lot Kapuāiwa took the throne as King Kamehameha V, he established, by special decree,[35] the Order of Kamehameha I on April 11, 1865, named to honor his grandfather Kamehameha I, founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the House of Kamehameha. Its purpose is to promote and defend the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Until the reign of Kalakaua, this was the only Order instituted.[36]

The Royal Order of Kamehameha I continues its work in observance and preservation of some native Hawaiian rituals and customs established by the leaders of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. It is often consulted by the U.S. government, the state of Hawaiʻi, and Hawaiʻi's county governments in native Hawaiian-sensitive rites performed at state functions.[37]

Hui Kālai'āina edit

Main article: Hui Kālaiʻāina

This organization existed before the overthrow to support a new constitution and was based in Honolulu.[38]

Hui Aloha 'Āina edit

Main article: Hui Aloha ʻĀina
 
Opposition to the overthrow and annexation included Hui Aloha 'Āina.

A highly organized group formed in 1883 from the various islands with a name that reflected Hawaiian cultural beliefs.[38]

Liberal Patriotic Association edit

The Liberal Patriotic Association was a rebel group formed by Robert William Wilcox to overturn the Bayonet Constitution. The faction was financed by Chinese businessmen who lost rights under the 1887 Constitution. The movement initiated what became known as the Wilcox Rebellion of 1889, ending in failure with seven dead and 70 captured.[citation needed]

Home Rule Party of Hawaii edit

Main article: Home Rule Party of Hawaii

After Hawaii's annexation, Wilcox formed the Home Rule Party of Hawaii on June 6, 1900. The party was generally more radical than the Democratic Party of Hawaii. It dominated the Territorial Legislature between 1900 and 1902. But due to its radical and extreme philosophy of Hawaiian nationalism, infighting was prominent. This, in addition to its refusal to work with other parties, meant that it was unable to pass any legislation. After the 1902 election it steadily declined until disbanding in 1912.[citation needed]

Democratic Party of Hawaii edit

Main article: Democratic Party of Hawaii

On April 30, 1900, John H. Wilson, John S. McGrew, Charles J. McCarthy, David Kawānanakoa, and Delbert Metzger established the Democratic Party of Hawaii. The party was generally more pragmatic than the Home Rule Party, and gained sponsorship from the American Democratic Party. It attempted to bring representation to Native Hawaiians in the territorial government and effectively lobbied to set aside 200,000 acres (810 km2) under the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act of 1920 for Hawaiians.[citation needed]

Sovereignty and cultural rights organizations edit

ALOHA edit

The Aboriginal Lands of Hawaiian Ancestry (ALOHA) and the Principality of Aloha[39] were organized sometime in the late 1960s or 1970s when Native Alaskan and American Indian activism was beginning. Native Hawaiians began organizing groups based on their own national interests such as ceded lands, free education, reparations payments, free housing, reform of the Hawaiian Homelands Act and development within the islands.[40] According to Budnick,[41] Louisa Rice established the group in 1969. Charles Kauluwehi Maxwell claims that it was organized in 1972.[42]

ALOHA sought reparations for Native Hawaiians by hiring a former U.S. representative to write a bill that, while not ratified, did spawn a congressional study. The study was allowed only six months and was accused of relying on biased information from a historian hired by the territorial government that overthrew the kingdom as well as from U.S. Navy historians. The commission assigned to the study recommended against reparations.[43]: 61 

Ka Lāhui edit

Ka Lāhui Hawaiʻi was formed in 1987 as a local grassroots initiative for Hawaiian sovereignty. Mililani Trask was its first leader.[44] Trask was elected the first kia'aina (governor) of Ka Lahui.[45] The organization has a constitution, elected offices and representatives for each island.[46] The group supports federal recognition, independence from the United States,[47]: 38  and inclusion of Native Hawaiians in federal Indian policy.[43]: 62  It is considered the largest sovereignty movement group, reporting a membership of 21,000 in 1997. One of its goals is to reclaim ceded lands. In 1993, the group led 10,000 people on a march to the Iolani Palace on the 100th anniversary of the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani.[48]

Ka Lāhui and many sovereignty groups oppose the Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2009 (known as the "Akaka Bill") proposed by Senator Daniel Akaka, which begins the process of federal recognition of a Native Hawaiian government, with which the U.S. State Department would have government-to-government relations.[49] The group believes that there are problems with the process and version of the bill.[50] Still, Trask supported the original Akaka Bill and was a member of a group that crafted it.[51] Trask has been critical of the bill's 20-year limitation on all claims against the U.S., saying: "We would not be able to address the illegal overthrow, address the breach of trust issues" and "We're looking at a terrible history.... That history needs to be remedied."[52] The organization was a part of UNPO from 1993 through 2012.[53]

Ka Pākaukau edit

"People's International Tribunal" redirects here. For other uses, see People's Tribunal.

Ka Pākaukau leader Kekuni Blaisdell[49] is a medical doctor and founding chair of the Department of Medicine at the University of Hawai'i John Burns School of Medicine who advocates for Hawaiian independence.[54] The group began in the late 1980s as the Pā Kaukau coalition with the aim to supply information that could support the sovereignty and independence movement.[55]

Blaisdell and the 12 groups that comprise the Ka Pākaukau believe in a "nation-within-a-nation" concept as a start to independence and are willing to negotiate with the President of the United States as "representatives of our nation as co-equals".[56]

In 1993, Blaisdell convened Ka Ho'okolokolonui Kanaka Maoli, the "People's International Tribunal", which brought indigenous leaders from around the world to Hawaii to put the U.S. government on trial for the theft of Hawaii's sovereignty and other related violations of international law. The tribunal found the U.S. guilty, and published its findings in a lengthy document filed with the U.N. Committees on Human Rights and Indigenous Affairs.[57]

Nation of Hawaiʻi edit

Main article: Nation of Hawaiʻi (organization)

The Nation of Hawaiʻi is the oldest Hawaiian independence organization.[58] Dennis Puʻuhonua "Bumpy" Kanahele[59][self-published source?] is the group's spokesperson and head of state.[60] In contrast to other independence organizations that lean to the restoration of the monarchy, it advocates a republican government.

In 1989, the group occupied the area surrounding the Makapuʻu lighthouse on Oʻahu. In 1993, its members occupied Kaupo Beach, near Makapuʻu. Kanahele was a primary leader of the occupation. He is a descendant of Kamehameha I, 11 generations removed.[61] The group ceased its occupation in exchange for the return of ceded lands in the adjacent community of Waimānalo, where it established a village, cultural center, and puʻuhonua (place of refuge).[61]

Kanahele made headlines again in 1995 when his group gave sanctuary to Nathan Brown, a Native Hawaiian activist who had refused to pay federal taxes in protest against the U.S. presence in Hawaii. Kanahele was arrested, convicted, and sentenced to eight months in federal prison, along with a probation period in which he was barred from the puʻuhonua and participation in his sovereignty efforts.[59]

In 2015, Kanahele portrayed himself in the movie Aloha filmed on location in Hawaii at Puʻuhonua o Waimanalo.[62] This was followed by a 2017 episode of Hawaii Five-0 titled "Ka Laina Ma Ke One (Line in the Sand)".[63]

Mauna Kea Anaina Hou edit

Kealoha Pisciotta is a former systems specialist for the joint British-Dutch-Canadian telescope[64][65] who became concerned that a stone family shrine she had built for her grandmother and family was removed and found at a dump.[65] She is one of several people who sued to stop the construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope[66] and is the director of Mauna Kea Anaina Hou.[67] Mauna Kea Anaina Hou ("People who pray for the mountain",[68][self-published source?]) and its sister group, Mauna Kea Hui, are indigenous Native Hawaiian cultural groups with environmental concerns in Hawaii. The group is described as a "Native Hawaiian organization comprised of cultural and lineal descendants, and traditional, spiritual and religious practitioners of the sacred traditions of Mauna Kea."

The issue of cultural rights on the mountain was the focus of the documentary Mauna Kea—Temple Under Siege, which aired on PBS in 2006 and featured Pisciotta.[65] The Hawaii State Constitution guarantees Native Hawaiians' religious and cultural rights.[69] Many of Hawaii's laws can be traced to Kingdom of Hawaii law. Hawaiʻi Revised Statute § 1-1 codifies Hawaiian custom and gives deference to native traditions.[70] In the early 1970s, managers of Mauna Kea did not seem to pay much attention to Native Hawaiians' complaints about the mountain's sacredness. Mauna Kea Anaina Hou, the Royal Order of Kamehameha I, and the Sierra Club united in opposition to the Keck's proposal to add six outrigger telescopes.[71]

Poka Laenui edit

Hayden Burgess, an attorney who goes by the Hawaiian name Poka Laenui, heads the Institute for the Advancement of Hawaiian Affairs.[72] Laenui argues that because of the four international treaties with the U.S. government (1826, 1849, 1875, and 1883), the "U.S. armed invasion and overthrow" of the Hawaiian monarchy, a "friendly government", was illegal in both American and international jurisprudence.[73]

Protect Kahoolawe Ohana (PKO) edit

 
Aerial view of Kahoolawe, Molokini, and the Makena side of Maui

In 1976, Walter Ritte and the group Protect Kahoolawe Ohana (PKO) filed suit in U.S. federal court to stop the Navy's use of Kahoolawe for bombardment training, to require compliance with a number of new environmental laws, and to ensure protection of cultural resources on the island. In 1977, the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii allowed the Navy's use of this island to continue, but directed the Navy to prepare an environmental impact statement and complete an inventory of historic sites on the island.

The effort to regain Kahoʻolawe from the U.S. Navy inspired new political awareness and activism in the Hawaiian community.[74] Charles Maxwell and other community leaders began to plan a coordinated effort to land on the island, which was still under Navy control. The effort for the "first landing" began in Waikapu (Maui) on January 5, 1976. Over 50 people from across the Hawaiian islands, including a range of cultural leaders, gathered on Maui with the goal of "invading" Kahoolawe on January 6, 1976. The date was selected because of its association with the U.S. bicentennial.

As the larger group headed toward the island, it was intercepted by military crafts. "The Kahoʻolawe Nine" continued and landed on the island. They were Ritte, Emmett Aluli, George Helm, Gail Kawaipuna Prejean, Stephen K. Morse, Kimo Aluli, Aunty Ellen Miles, Ian Lind, and Karla Villalba of the Puyallup/Muckleshoot tribe (Washington State).[75] The effort to retake Kahoʻolawe eventually claimed the lives of Helm and Kimo Mitchell. Helm and Mitchell (who were accompanied by Billy Mitchell, no relation) ran into severe weather and were unable to reach Kahoʻolawe. Despite extensive rescue and recovery efforts, they were never recovered. Ritte became a leader in the Hawaiian community, coordinating community efforts including for water rights, opposition to land development, and the protection of marine animals[76] and ocean resources.[76] He now leads the effort to create state legislation requiring the labeling of genetically modified organisms in Hawaiʻi.[77]

Hawaiian Kingdom edit

David Keanu Sai and Kamana Beamer are two Hawaiian scholars whose works use international law to argue for the rights of a Hawaiian Kingdom existing today and call for an end to U.S. occupation of the islands.[47]: 394  Trained as a U.S. military officer, Sai uses the title of chairman of the Acting Council of Regency of the Hawaiian Kingdom organization.[78] He has done extensive historical research, especially on the treaties between Hawaii and other nations, and on military occupation and the laws of war. Sai teaches Hawaiian Studies at Windward Community College.[79]

Sai claimed to represent the Hawaiian Kingdom in Larsen v. Hawaiian Kingdom, a case brought before the World Court's Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague in 2000.[80][81] Although Sai and Lance Paul Larsen agreed to the arbitration, with Larsen suing Sai for not protecting his rights as a Hawaiian Kingdom subject, his actual goal was to have U.S. rule in Hawaii declared a breach of mutual treaty obligations and international law. The case's arbiters affirmed that there was no dispute they could decide, because the U.S. was not a party to the arbitration. As stated in the award from the arbitration panel, "in the absence of the United States of America, the Tribunal can neither decide that Hawaii is not part of the USA, nor proceed on the assumption that it is not. To take either course would be to disregard a principle which goes to heart of the arbitral function in international law."[82]

In a 2000 arbitration hearing before the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the Hawaiian flag was raised at the same height at and alongside other countries.[83] But the court accepts arbitration from private entities, and a hearing before it does not mean international recognition.[84]

Hawaiian Kingdom Government edit

About 70 members of one separatist group, the "Hawaiian Kingdom Government", which claimed about 1,000 members in 2008, chained the gates and blocked the entrance to ʻIolani Palace for about two hours, disrupting tours on April 30, 2008.[85] The incident ended without violence or arrests.[86] Led by Mahealani Kahau, who has taken the title of queen, and Jessica Wright, who has taken the title of princess, it has been meeting daily to conduct "government business" and demand sovereignty for Hawaii and restoration of the monarchy. It negotiated rights to be on the lawn of the grounds during regular hours normally open to the public by applying for a public-assembly permit. Kahau said that "protest" and "sovereignty group" mischaracterize the group, but that it is a seat of government.[87]

Hawaiian sovereignty activists and advocates edit

 
Cultural practitioner Joshua Lanakila Mangauil, along with Kahoʻokahi Kanuha and Hawaiian sovereignty supporters block the access road to Mauna Kea in October 2014, demonstrating against the building of the Thirty Meter Telescope.

Reaction edit

In 1993, the State of Hawaiʻi adopted Act 359 "to acknowledge and recognize the unique status the native Hawaiian people bear to the State of Hawaii and to the United States and to facilitate the efforts of native Hawaiians to be governed by an indigenous sovereign nation of their own choosing." The act created the Hawaiian Sovereignty Advisory Committee to provide guidance with "(1) Conducting special elections related to this Act; (2) Apportioning voting districts; (3) Establishing the eligibility of convention delegates; (4) Conducting educational activities for Hawaiian voters, a voter registration drive, and research activities in preparation for the convention; (5) Establishing the size and composition of the convention delegation; and (6) Establishing the dates for the special election. Act 200 amended Act 359 establishing the Hawaiʻi Sovereignty Elections Council".[95]

Those involved with the Advisory Committee forums believed that the question of the political status for Native Hawaiians has become difficult. But in 2000, a panel of the committee stated that Native Hawaiians have maintained a unique community. Federal and state programs have been designated to improve Native Hawaiians' conditions, including health, education, employment and training, children's services, conservation programs, fish and wildlife protection, agricultural programs, and native language immersion programs.[95] Congress created the Hawaiian Homes Commission (HHC) in 1921. The Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) was the result of a 1978 amendment to the Hawaiʻi State Constitution and controls over $1 billion from the Ceded Lands Trust, spending millions to address Native Hawaiians' needs. Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation Executive Director Mahealani Kamauʻu has said that only in the last 25 years have Native Hawaiians "had a modicum of political empowerment and been able to exercise direct responsibility for their own affairs, that progress has been made in so many areas". These programs have opposition and critics who believe they are ineffective and badly managed.[95]

The Apology Bill and the Akaka Bill edit

Main article: Akaka Bill

Native Hawaiians' growing frustration over Hawaiian homelands and the 100th anniversary of the overthrow pushed the Hawaiian sovereignty movement to the forefront of politics in Hawaii. In 1993, President Bill Clinton signed United States Public Law 103-150, known as the "Apology Bill", for U.S. involvement in the 1893 overthrow. The bill makes a commitment to reconciliation.[17][96]

U.S. census information shows approximately 401,162 Native Hawaiians living in the U.S. in 2000. Sixty percent live in the continental U.S. and forty percent in Hawaii.[17] Between 1990 and 2000, people identifying as Native Hawaiian had grown by 90,000, while those identifying as pure Hawaiian had declined to under 10,000.[17]

In 2009, Senator Daniel Akaka sponsored The Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2009 (S1011/HR2314), a bill to create the legal framework to establish a Hawaiian government. President Barack Obama supported the bill.[97] The bill is considered a reconciliation process, but it has not had that effect, instead being the subject of much controversy and political fighting in many arenas. American opponents argue that Congress is disregarding U.S. citizens for special interests and sovereignty activists believe this will further erode their rights, as the 1921 blood quantum rule of the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act did.[98] In 2011, a governor-appointed committee began to gather and verify Native Hawaiians' names for the purpose of voting on a Native Hawaiian nation.[99]

In June 2014, the US Department of the Interior announced plans to hold hearings to establish the possibility of federal recognition of Native Hawaiians as an Indian tribe.[100][101]

Opposition edit

There has also been opposition to the concept of ancestry-based sovereignty, which critics maintain is tantamount to racial exclusion.[102] In 1996, in Rice v. Cayetano, one Big Island rancher sued to win the right to vote in OHA elections, asserting that every Hawaiian citizen regardless of racial background should be able to vote for state offices, and that limiting the vote to Native Hawaiians is racist. In 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in his favor, and OHA elections are now open to all registered voters. In its decision, the court wrote: "the ancestral inquiry mandated by the State is forbidden by the Fifteenth Amendment for the further reason that the use of racial classifications is corruptive of the whole legal order democratic elections seek to preserve....Distinctions between citizens solely because of their ancestry are by their very nature odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality".[103]

Proposed United States federal recognition of Native Hawaiians edit

Main article: United States federal recognition of Native Hawaiians

The year of hearings found most speakers with strong opposition to the U.S. government's involvement in Hawaiian sovereignty,[104] with opponents arguing that tribal recognition of Native Hawaiians is not a legitimate path to Hawaiian nationhood and that the U.S. government should not be involved in reestablishing Hawaiian sovereignty.[34]

On September 29, 2015, the United States Department of the Interior announced a procedure to recognize a Native Hawaiian government.[104][105] The Native Hawaiian Roll Commission was created to find and register Native Hawaiians.[106] The nine-member commission has prepared a roll of registered individuals of Hawaiian heritage.[107]

The nonprofit organization Naʻi Aupuni will organize the constitutional convention and election of delegates using the roll, which began collecting names in 2011. Grassroot Institute of Hawaii CEO Kelii Akina filed suit to see the names on the roll, won, and found serious flaws. The Native Hawaiian Roll Commission has since purged the list of names of deceased persons as well as those whose mailing or email addresses could not be verified.

Akina again filed suit to stop the election because funding of the project comes from a grant from the Office of Hawaiian Affairs and because of a Supreme Court decision prohibiting states from conducting race-based elections.[108] In October 2015, a federal judge declined to stop the process. The case was appealed with a formal emergency request to stop the voting until the appeal was heard; the request was denied.[109] On November 24, the emergency request was made again to Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy.[110] On November 27, Kennedy stopped the election tallying and naming of delegates. The decision did not stop the voting itself, and a spokesman for the Naʻi Aupuni continued to encourage those eligible to vote before the November 30, 2015, deadline.[111]

The election was expected to cost about $150,000, and voting was carried out by Elections America, a firm based in Washington, D.C. The constitutional convention has an estimated cost of $2.6 million.[108]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Spencer, Thomas P. (1895). Kaua Kuloko 1895. Honolulu: Papapai Mahu Press Publishing Company. OCLC 19662315.
  2. ^ Michael Kioni Dudley; Keoni Kealoha Agard (January 1993). A call for Hawaiian sovereignty. Nā Kāne O Ka Malo Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-878751-09-6.
  3. ^ "Kanahele group pushes plan for sovereign nation". hawaii-nation.org. from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  4. ^ "The Rape of Paradise: The Second Century Hawai'ians Grope Toward Sovereignty As The U.S. President Apologizes" March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Perceptions Magazine, March/April 1996, p. 18–25
  5. ^ Grass, Michael (August 12, 2014). "As Feds Hold Hearings, Native Hawaiians Press Sovereignty Claims". Government Executive. Government Executive. from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
  6. ^ "U.S. Purchase of Palmyra Hits Impasse". Pacific Islands Report. February 10, 2000. from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  7. ^ Trask, Haunani-Kay. "The Struggle For Hawaiian Sovereignty – Introduction". Cultural Survival. from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  8. ^ a b "Public Law 103-150" (PDF). gpo.gov. November 23, 1993. (PDF) from the original on April 7, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
  9. ^ "Historic election could return sovereignty to Native Hawaiians". from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  10. ^ a b Trask, Haunani-Kay (April 2, 2010). "The Struggle For Hawaiian Sovereignty – Introduction". Cultural Survival. from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  11. ^ "Hawaii State Commission on the Status of Women launches anti-trafficking campaign". humanservices.hawaii.gov. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
  12. ^ American Bar Association (June 1997). "ABA Journal". American Bar Association Journal. American Bar Association: 75–76. ISSN 0747-0088. from the original on July 2, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  13. ^ a b Parker, Linda S. "Alaska, Hawaii, and Agreements." Treaties with American Indians: An Encyclopedia of Rights, Conflicts, and Sovereignty, edited by Donald L. Fixico, vol. 1, ABC-CLIO, 2008, pp. 195–208. Gale Virtual Reference Library
  14. ^ "Civil Rights Panel Backs Federal Recognition For Native Hawaiians". Honolulu Civil Beat. December 20, 2018. from the original on December 20, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
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Further reading edit

  • Andrade Jr., Ernest (1996). Unconquerable Rebel: Robert W. Wilcox and Hawaiian Politics, 1880–1903. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0-87081-417-6
  • Budnick, Rich (1992). Stolen Kingdom: An American Conspiracy. Honolulu: Aloha Press. ISBN 0-944081-02-9
  • Churchill, Ward. Venne, Sharon H. (2004). Islands in Captivity: The International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians. Hawaiian language editor Lilikala Kameʻeleihiwa. Boston: South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-738-7
  • Coffman, Tom (2003). Nation Within: The Story of America's Annexation of the Nation of Hawaii. Epicenter. ISBN 1-892122-00-6
  • Coffman, Tom (2003). The Island Edge of America: A Political History of Hawaiʻi. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2625-6 / ISBN 0-8248-2662-0
  • Conklin, Kenneth R. Hawaiian Apartheid: Racial Separatism and Ethnic Nationalism in the Aloha State. ISBN 1-59824-461-2
  • Daws, Gavan (1968). Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands. Macmillan, New York, 1968. Paperback edition, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1974.
  • Dougherty, Michael (2000). To Steal a Kingdom. Island Style Press. ISBN 0-9633484-0-X
  • Dudley, Michael K., and Agard, Keoni Kealoha (1993 reprint). A Call for Hawaiian Sovereignty. Nā Kāne O Ka Malo Press. ISBN 1-878751-09-3
  • J. Kēhaulani Kauanui. 2018. Paradoxes of Hawaiian Sovereignty: Land, Sex, and the Colonial Politics of State Nationalism. Duke University Press.
  • Kameʻeleihiwa, Lilikala (1992). Native Land and Foreign Desires. Bishop Museum Press. ISBN 0-930897-59-5
  • Liliʻuokalani (1991 reprint). Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen. Mutual Publishing. ISBN 0-935180-85-0
  • Osorio, Jonathan Kay Kamakawiwoʻole (2002). Dismembering Lahui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2549-7
  • Silva, Noenoe K. (2004). Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3349-X
  • Twigg-Smith, Thurston (2000). Hawaiian Sovereignty: Do the Facts Matter?. Goodale Publishing. ISBN 0-9662945-1-3

External links edit

  • Native Hawaiians Study Commission (December 7, 2006). "Native Hawaiians Study Commission Report – GrassrootWiki". Honolulu, HI: Grassroot Institute of Hawaii. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  • morganreport.org Online images and transcriptions of the entire Morgan Report
  • Historic Hawaiian-language newspapers Ulukau: Hawaiian Electronic Library: Hoʻolaupaʻi – Hawaiian Nupepa Collection
  • Hui Aloha Aina Anti-Annexation Petitions, 1897–1898

Politics edit

  • . Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii at Manoa. ISSN 1550-6177. OCLC 55488821. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
  • "Hawaiian Society of Law and Politics". from the original on August 19, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  • Office of Hawaiian Affairs
  • Ka Lahui October 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  • Nation of Hawaiʻi

Media edit

  • Michael Tsai (August 9, 2009). . Honolulu Advertiser. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011.
  • Native Hawaiians battle in the courts and in Congress February 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Honolulu Advertiser chronology of legislative and legal events relating to Hawaiian sovereignty since 1996
  • Political tsunami hits Hawaii, by Rubellite Kawena Kinney Johnson
  • Blog of articles and documents on Hawaiian sovereignty
  • Indigenous students silent no more November 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, article from Honolulu Star-Bulletin on Native Hawaiian student activism at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
  • Sovereign Stories: 100 Years of Subjugation March 11, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, article from Honolulu Weekly
  • Resolution on Kānaka Maoli Self-Determination and Reinscription of Ka Pae ʻĀina (Hawaiʻi) on the U.N. list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, In Motion Magazine
  • Connection between Hawaiian health and sovereignty May 16, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, paper by Dr. Kekuni Blaisdell presented August 24, 1991, at a panel on Puʻuhonua in Hawaiian Culture
  • Nā Maka O Ka ʻĀina: award-winning documentary, film/video resources, and sovereignty-related A/V tools
  • 2004 Presentation given by Umi Perkins at a Kamehameha Schools research conference January 10, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  • Noho Hewa: Documentary by Anne Keala Kelly

Opposition edit

  • Documents and essays opposing sovereignty collected or written by Kenneth R. Conklin, Ph.D.
  • Grassroot Institute of Hawaii – co-founded by Richard O. Rowland and Hawaii Reporter publisher Malia Zimmerman
  • Aloha for All – co-founded by H. William Burgess and Thurston Twigg-Smith
  • . March 21, 2003. Archived from the original on May 22, 2006.

January 01, 1970
hawaiian, sovereignty, movement, hawaiian, hawaiʻi, grassroots, political, cultural, campaign, reestablish, autonomous, independent, nation, kingdom, hawaii, desire, sovereignty, self, determination, self, governance, some, groups, also, advocate, some, form, . The Hawaiian sovereignty movement Hawaiian ke ea Hawaiʻi is a grassroots political and cultural campaign to reestablish an autonomous or independent nation or kingdom of Hawaii out of a desire for sovereignty self determination and self governance 2 3 Some groups also advocate some form of redress from the United States for its 1893 overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani and for what is described as a prolonged military occupation beginning with the 1898 annexation The movement generally views both the overthrow and annexation as illegal 4 5 Palmyra Atoll and Sikaiana were annexed by the Kingdom in the 1860s and the movement regards them as under illegal occupation along with the Hawaiian Islands 6 7 The Apology Resolution the United States Congress passed in 1993 acknowledged that the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom was an illegal act 8 Sovereignty advocates have attributed problems plaguing native communities including homelessness poverty economic marginalization and the erosion of native traditions to the lack of native governance and political self determination 9 10 The forced depopulation of Kaho olawe and its subsequent bombing the construction of the Mauna Kea Observatories the Red Hill water crisis caused by the US Navy s mismanagement and participation in human trafficking of Hawaiian women by U S servicemen 11 are some of the contemporary matters relevant to the sovereignty movement It has pursued its agenda through educational initiatives and legislative actions Along with protests throughout the islands at the capital Honolulu itself and other locations sacred to Hawaiian culture sovereignty activists have challenged U S forces and law 12 Contents 1 History 2 Background 2 1 Historical groups 2 1 1 Royal Order of Kamehameha I 2 1 2 Hui Kalai aina 2 1 3 Hui Aloha Aina 2 1 4 Liberal Patriotic Association 2 1 5 Home Rule Party of Hawaii 2 1 6 Democratic Party of Hawaii 3 Sovereignty and cultural rights organizations 3 1 ALOHA 3 2 Ka Lahui 3 3 Ka Pakaukau 3 4 Nation of Hawaiʻi 3 5 Mauna Kea Anaina Hou 3 6 Poka Laenui 3 7 Protect Kahoolawe Ohana PKO 3 8 Hawaiian Kingdom 3 9 Hawaiian Kingdom Government 4 Hawaiian sovereignty activists and advocates 5 Reaction 5 1 The Apology Bill and the Akaka Bill 5 2 Opposition 5 3 Proposed United States federal recognition of Native Hawaiians 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links 9 1 Politics 9 2 Media 9 3 OppositionHistory editCoinciding with other 1960s and 1970s indigenous activist movements the Hawaiian sovereignty movement was spearheaded by Native Hawaiian activist organizations and individuals who were critical of issues affecting modern Hawaii including the islands urbanization and commercial development corruption in the Hawaiian Homelands program and appropriation of native burial grounds and other sacred spaces 13 In the 1980s the movement gained cultural and political traction and native resistance grew in response to urbanization and native disenfranchisement Local and federal legislation provided some protection for native communities but did little to quell expanding commercial development 10 In 1993 a joint congressional resolution apologized for the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy and said that the overthrow was illegal 13 8 In 2000 the Akaka Bill was proposed which provided a process for federal recognition of Native Hawaiians and gave ethnic Hawaiians some control over land and natural resource negotiations But sovereignty groups opposed the bill because of its provisions that legitimized illegal land transfers and it was criticized by a 2006 U S Commission on Civil Rights report which was later reversed in 2018 14 for the effect it would have on non ethnic Hawaiian populations 15 A 2005 Grassroot Institute poll found that most Hawaiian residents opposed the Akaka Bill 16 Background editMain articles Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii Blount Report and Opposition to the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii Native Hawaiians ancestors may have arrived in the Hawaiian Islands around 350 CE from other areas of Polynesia 17 By the time Captain Cook arrived Hawaii had a well established culture with a population estimated between 400 000 and 900 000 17 Starting in 1795 and completed by 1810 Kamehameha I conquered the entire archipelago and formed the unified Kingdom of Hawaii In the first 100 years of contact with Western civilization due to disease and war the Hawaiian population dropped by 90 to only 53 900 in 1876 17 American missionaries arrived in 1820 and assumed great power and influence 17 Despite formal recognition of the Kingdom of Hawaii by the United States 18 and other world powers the kingdom was overthrown beginning January 17 1893 with a coup d etat orchestrated mostly by Americans within the kingdom s legislature supported by armed sailors landed by the USS Boston 17 19 The Blount Report is the popular name given to the part of the 1893 United States House of Representatives Foreign Relations Committee Report about the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii U S Commissioner James H Blount appointed by President Grover Cleveland to investigate the events surrounding the January 1893 coup conducted the report It provides the first evidence that officially identifies U S complicity in the overthrow of the government of the Kingdom of Hawaii 20 Blount concluded that U S Minister to Hawaii John L Stevens had carried out unauthorized partisan activities including the landing of U S Marines under a false or exaggerated pretext to support anti royalist conspirators the report also found that these actions were instrumental to the revolution s success and that the revolution was carried out against the wishes of a majority of the population of the Hawaiian Kingdom and or its royalty 21 nbsp Native Hawaiians activists and supporters commemorate January 17 annually On December 14 1893 Albert Willis arrived unannounced in Honolulu aboard the USRC Corwin bringing with him an anticipation of an American invasion in order to restore the monarchy which became known as the Black Week Willis was Blount s successor as United States Minister to Hawaii With the hysteria of a military assault he staged a mock invasion with the USS Adams and USS Philadelphia directing their guns toward the capital He also ordered Rear Admiral John Irwin to organize a landing operation using troops on the two American ships which were joined by the Japanese Naniwa and the British HMS Champion On January 11 1894 Willis revealed the invasion to be a hoax 22 23 After the arrival of the Corwin the provisional government and citizens of Hawaii were ready to rush to arms if necessary but it was widely believed that Willis s threat of force was a bluff 24 25 On December 16 the British Minister to Hawaii was given permission to land marines from HMS Champion for the protection of British interests the ship s captain predicted that the U S military would restore the Queen and Sovereign ruler Lili uokalani 24 25 In a November 1893 meeting with Willis Lili uokalani said she wanted the revolutionaries punished and their property confiscated despite Willis s desire for her to grant them amnesty 26 In a December 19 1893 meeting with the leaders of the provisional government Willis presented a letter by Liliuokalani in which she agreed to grant the revolutionaries amnesty if she were restored as queen During the conference Willis told the provisional government to surrender to Liliuokalani and allow Hawaii to return to its previous condition but the leader of the provisional government President Sanford Dole refused claiming that he was not subject to the authority of the United States 25 27 28 The Blount Report was followed in 1894 by the Morgan Report which contradicted Blount s report by concluding that all participants except for Queen Lili uokalani were not guilty 29 648 On January 10 1894 U S Secretary of State Walter Q Gresham announced that the settlement of the situation in Hawaii would be up to Congress following Willis s unsatisfactory progress Cleveland said that Willis had carried out the letter of his directions rather than their spirit 24 Domestic response to Willis s and Cleveland s efforts was largely negative The New York Herald wrote If Minister Willis has not already been ordered to quit meddling in Hawaiian affairs and mind his own business no time should be lost in giving him emphatic instructions to that effect The New York World wrote Is it not high time to stop the business of interference with the domestic affairs of foreign nations Hawaii is 2000 miles from our nearest coast Let it alone The New York Sun said Mr Cleveland lacks the first essential qualification of a referee or arbitrator The New York Tribune called Willis s trip a forlorn and humiliating failure to carry out Mr Cleveland s outrageous project The New York Recorder wrote The idea of sending out a minister accredited to the President of a new republic having him present his credentials to that President and address him as Great and Good Friend and then deliberately set to work to organize a conspiracy to overthrow his Government and re establish the authority of the deposed Queen is repugnant to every man who holds American honor and justice in any sort of respect The New York Times was one of the few New York newspapers to defend Cleveland s decisions writing Mr Willis discharged his duty as he understood it 24 After the overthrow the Provisional Government of Hawaii became the Republic of Hawaii in 1894 and in 1898 the U S annexed the Republic of Hawaii in the Newlands Resolution making it the Territory of Hawaii 30 31 The territory was then given a territorial government in an Organic Act in 1900 While there was much opposition to the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and many attempts to restore it Hawaii became a U S territory in 1898 without any input from Native Hawaiians 17 It became a U S state on March 18 1959 following a referendum in which at least 93 of voters approved of statehood By then most voters were not Native Hawaiian The 1959 referendum did not have an option for independence from the United States After Hawaii s admission as a state the United Nations removed Hawaii from its list of non self governing territories a list of territories subject to the decolonization process 32 The U S constitution recognizes Native American tribes as domestic dependent nations with inherent rights of self determination through the U S government as a trust responsibility which was extended to include Eskimos Aleuts and Native Alaskans with the passing of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Through enactment of 183 federal laws over 90 years the U S has entered into an implicit rather than explicit trust relationship that does not formally recognize a sovereign people with the right of self determination Without an explicit law Native Hawaiians may not be eligible for entitlements funds and benefits afforded to other U S indigenous peoples 33 Native Hawaiians are recognized by the U S government through legislation with a unique status 17 Proposals have been made to treat Native Hawaiians as a tribe similar to Native Americans opponents to the tribal approach argue that it is not a legitimate path to nationhood 34 Historical groups edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2016 Royal Order of Kamehameha I edit nbsp Members of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I in 2012 The Royal Order of Kamehameha I is a Knightly Order established by His Majesty Kamehameha V Lot Kapuaiwa Kalanikapuapaikalaninui Ali iolani Kalanimakua in 1865 to promote and defend the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi s sovereignty Established by the 1864 Constitution the Order of Kamehameha I is the first order of its kind in Hawaii After Lot Kapuaiwa took the throne as King Kamehameha V he established by special decree 35 the Order of Kamehameha I on April 11 1865 named to honor his grandfather Kamehameha I founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the House of Kamehameha Its purpose is to promote and defend the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hawaii Until the reign of Kalakaua this was the only Order instituted 36 The Royal Order of Kamehameha I continues its work in observance and preservation of some native Hawaiian rituals and customs established by the leaders of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi It is often consulted by the U S government the state of Hawaiʻi and Hawaiʻi s county governments in native Hawaiian sensitive rites performed at state functions 37 Hui Kalai aina edit Main article Hui Kalaiʻaina This organization existed before the overthrow to support a new constitution and was based in Honolulu 38 Hui Aloha Aina edit Main article Hui Aloha ʻAina nbsp Opposition to the overthrow and annexation included Hui Aloha Aina A highly organized group formed in 1883 from the various islands with a name that reflected Hawaiian cultural beliefs 38 Liberal Patriotic Association edit The Liberal Patriotic Association was a rebel group formed by Robert William Wilcox to overturn the Bayonet Constitution The faction was financed by Chinese businessmen who lost rights under the 1887 Constitution The movement initiated what became known as the Wilcox Rebellion of 1889 ending in failure with seven dead and 70 captured citation needed Home Rule Party of Hawaii edit Main article Home Rule Party of Hawaii After Hawaii s annexation Wilcox formed the Home Rule Party of Hawaii on June 6 1900 The party was generally more radical than the Democratic Party of Hawaii It dominated the Territorial Legislature between 1900 and 1902 But due to its radical and extreme philosophy of Hawaiian nationalism infighting was prominent This in addition to its refusal to work with other parties meant that it was unable to pass any legislation After the 1902 election it steadily declined until disbanding in 1912 citation needed Democratic Party of Hawaii edit Main article Democratic Party of Hawaii On April 30 1900 John H Wilson John S McGrew Charles J McCarthy David Kawananakoa and Delbert Metzger established the Democratic Party of Hawaii The party was generally more pragmatic than the Home Rule Party and gained sponsorship from the American Democratic Party It attempted to bring representation to Native Hawaiians in the territorial government and effectively lobbied to set aside 200 000 acres 810 km2 under the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act of 1920 for Hawaiians citation needed Sovereignty and cultural rights organizations editALOHA edit The Aboriginal Lands of Hawaiian Ancestry ALOHA and the Principality of Aloha 39 were organized sometime in the late 1960s or 1970s when Native Alaskan and American Indian activism was beginning Native Hawaiians began organizing groups based on their own national interests such as ceded lands free education reparations payments free housing reform of the Hawaiian Homelands Act and development within the islands 40 According to Budnick 41 Louisa Rice established the group in 1969 Charles Kauluwehi Maxwell claims that it was organized in 1972 42 ALOHA sought reparations for Native Hawaiians by hiring a former U S representative to write a bill that while not ratified did spawn a congressional study The study was allowed only six months and was accused of relying on biased information from a historian hired by the territorial government that overthrew the kingdom as well as from U S Navy historians The commission assigned to the study recommended against reparations 43 61 Ka Lahui edit Ka Lahui Hawaiʻi was formed in 1987 as a local grassroots initiative for Hawaiian sovereignty Mililani Trask was its first leader 44 Trask was elected the first kia aina governor of Ka Lahui 45 The organization has a constitution elected offices and representatives for each island 46 The group supports federal recognition independence from the United States 47 38 and inclusion of Native Hawaiians in federal Indian policy 43 62 It is considered the largest sovereignty movement group reporting a membership of 21 000 in 1997 One of its goals is to reclaim ceded lands In 1993 the group led 10 000 people on a march to the Iolani Palace on the 100th anniversary of the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani 48 Ka Lahui and many sovereignty groups oppose the Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2009 known as the Akaka Bill proposed by Senator Daniel Akaka which begins the process of federal recognition of a Native Hawaiian government with which the U S State Department would have government to government relations 49 The group believes that there are problems with the process and version of the bill 50 Still Trask supported the original Akaka Bill and was a member of a group that crafted it 51 Trask has been critical of the bill s 20 year limitation on all claims against the U S saying We would not be able to address the illegal overthrow address the breach of trust issues and We re looking at a terrible history That history needs to be remedied 52 The organization was a part of UNPO from 1993 through 2012 53 Ka Pakaukau edit People s International Tribunal redirects here For other uses see People s Tribunal Ka Pakaukau leader Kekuni Blaisdell 49 is a medical doctor and founding chair of the Department of Medicine at the University of Hawai i John Burns School of Medicine who advocates for Hawaiian independence 54 The group began in the late 1980s as the Pa Kaukau coalition with the aim to supply information that could support the sovereignty and independence movement 55 Blaisdell and the 12 groups that comprise the Ka Pakaukau believe in a nation within a nation concept as a start to independence and are willing to negotiate with the President of the United States as representatives of our nation as co equals 56 In 1993 Blaisdell convened Ka Ho okolokolonui Kanaka Maoli the People s International Tribunal which brought indigenous leaders from around the world to Hawaii to put the U S government on trial for the theft of Hawaii s sovereignty and other related violations of international law The tribunal found the U S guilty and published its findings in a lengthy document filed with the U N Committees on Human Rights and Indigenous Affairs 57 Nation of Hawaiʻi edit Main article Nation of Hawaiʻi organization The Nation of Hawaiʻi is the oldest Hawaiian independence organization 58 Dennis Puʻuhonua Bumpy Kanahele 59 self published source is the group s spokesperson and head of state 60 In contrast to other independence organizations that lean to the restoration of the monarchy it advocates a republican government In 1989 the group occupied the area surrounding the Makapuʻu lighthouse on Oʻahu In 1993 its members occupied Kaupo Beach near Makapuʻu Kanahele was a primary leader of the occupation He is a descendant of Kamehameha I 11 generations removed 61 The group ceased its occupation in exchange for the return of ceded lands in the adjacent community of Waimanalo where it established a village cultural center and puʻuhonua place of refuge 61 Kanahele made headlines again in 1995 when his group gave sanctuary to Nathan Brown a Native Hawaiian activist who had refused to pay federal taxes in protest against the U S presence in Hawaii Kanahele was arrested convicted and sentenced to eight months in federal prison along with a probation period in which he was barred from the puʻuhonua and participation in his sovereignty efforts 59 In 2015 Kanahele portrayed himself in the movie Aloha filmed on location in Hawaii at Puʻuhonua o Waimanalo 62 This was followed by a 2017 episode of Hawaii Five 0 titled Ka Laina Ma Ke One Line in the Sand 63 Mauna Kea Anaina Hou edit Kealoha Pisciotta is a former systems specialist for the joint British Dutch Canadian telescope 64 65 who became concerned that a stone family shrine she had built for her grandmother and family was removed and found at a dump 65 She is one of several people who sued to stop the construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope 66 and is the director of Mauna Kea Anaina Hou 67 Mauna Kea Anaina Hou People who pray for the mountain 68 self published source and its sister group Mauna Kea Hui are indigenous Native Hawaiian cultural groups with environmental concerns in Hawaii The group is described as a Native Hawaiian organization comprised of cultural and lineal descendants and traditional spiritual and religious practitioners of the sacred traditions of Mauna Kea The issue of cultural rights on the mountain was the focus of the documentary Mauna Kea Temple Under Siege which aired on PBS in 2006 and featured Pisciotta 65 The Hawaii State Constitution guarantees Native Hawaiians religious and cultural rights 69 Many of Hawaii s laws can be traced to Kingdom of Hawaii law Hawaiʻi Revised Statute 1 1 codifies Hawaiian custom and gives deference to native traditions 70 In the early 1970s managers of Mauna Kea did not seem to pay much attention to Native Hawaiians complaints about the mountain s sacredness Mauna Kea Anaina Hou the Royal Order of Kamehameha I and the Sierra Club united in opposition to the Keck s proposal to add six outrigger telescopes 71 Poka Laenui edit Hayden Burgess an attorney who goes by the Hawaiian name Poka Laenui heads the Institute for the Advancement of Hawaiian Affairs 72 Laenui argues that because of the four international treaties with the U S government 1826 1849 1875 and 1883 the U S armed invasion and overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy a friendly government was illegal in both American and international jurisprudence 73 Protect Kahoolawe Ohana PKO edit nbsp Aerial view of Kahoolawe Molokini and the Makena side of Maui In 1976 Walter Ritte and the group Protect Kahoolawe Ohana PKO filed suit in U S federal court to stop the Navy s use of Kahoolawe for bombardment training to require compliance with a number of new environmental laws and to ensure protection of cultural resources on the island In 1977 the U S District Court for the District of Hawaii allowed the Navy s use of this island to continue but directed the Navy to prepare an environmental impact statement and complete an inventory of historic sites on the island The effort to regain Kahoʻolawe from the U S Navy inspired new political awareness and activism in the Hawaiian community 74 Charles Maxwell and other community leaders began to plan a coordinated effort to land on the island which was still under Navy control The effort for the first landing began in Waikapu Maui on January 5 1976 Over 50 people from across the Hawaiian islands including a range of cultural leaders gathered on Maui with the goal of invading Kahoolawe on January 6 1976 The date was selected because of its association with the U S bicentennial As the larger group headed toward the island it was intercepted by military crafts The Kahoʻolawe Nine continued and landed on the island They were Ritte Emmett Aluli George Helm Gail Kawaipuna Prejean Stephen K Morse Kimo Aluli Aunty Ellen Miles Ian Lind and Karla Villalba of the Puyallup Muckleshoot tribe Washington State 75 The effort to retake Kahoʻolawe eventually claimed the lives of Helm and Kimo Mitchell Helm and Mitchell who were accompanied by Billy Mitchell no relation ran into severe weather and were unable to reach Kahoʻolawe Despite extensive rescue and recovery efforts they were never recovered Ritte became a leader in the Hawaiian community coordinating community efforts including for water rights opposition to land development and the protection of marine animals 76 and ocean resources 76 He now leads the effort to create state legislation requiring the labeling of genetically modified organisms in Hawaiʻi 77 Hawaiian Kingdom edit David Keanu Sai and Kamana Beamer are two Hawaiian scholars whose works use international law to argue for the rights of a Hawaiian Kingdom existing today and call for an end to U S occupation of the islands 47 394 Trained as a U S military officer Sai uses the title of chairman of the Acting Council of Regency of the Hawaiian Kingdom organization 78 He has done extensive historical research especially on the treaties between Hawaii and other nations and on military occupation and the laws of war Sai teaches Hawaiian Studies at Windward Community College 79 Sai claimed to represent the Hawaiian Kingdom in Larsen v Hawaiian Kingdom a case brought before the World Court s Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague in 2000 80 81 Although Sai and Lance Paul Larsen agreed to the arbitration with Larsen suing Sai for not protecting his rights as a Hawaiian Kingdom subject his actual goal was to have U S rule in Hawaii declared a breach of mutual treaty obligations and international law The case s arbiters affirmed that there was no dispute they could decide because the U S was not a party to the arbitration As stated in the award from the arbitration panel in the absence of the United States of America the Tribunal can neither decide that Hawaii is not part of the USA nor proceed on the assumption that it is not To take either course would be to disregard a principle which goes to heart of the arbitral function in international law 82 In a 2000 arbitration hearing before the Permanent Court of Arbitration the Hawaiian flag was raised at the same height at and alongside other countries 83 But the court accepts arbitration from private entities and a hearing before it does not mean international recognition 84 Hawaiian Kingdom Government edit About 70 members of one separatist group the Hawaiian Kingdom Government which claimed about 1 000 members in 2008 chained the gates and blocked the entrance to ʻIolani Palace for about two hours disrupting tours on April 30 2008 85 The incident ended without violence or arrests 86 Led by Mahealani Kahau who has taken the title of queen and Jessica Wright who has taken the title of princess it has been meeting daily to conduct government business and demand sovereignty for Hawaii and restoration of the monarchy It negotiated rights to be on the lawn of the grounds during regular hours normally open to the public by applying for a public assembly permit Kahau said that protest and sovereignty group mischaracterize the group but that it is a seat of government 87 Hawaiian sovereignty activists and advocates edit nbsp Cultural practitioner Joshua Lanakila Mangauil along with Kahoʻokahi Kanuha and Hawaiian sovereignty supporters block the access road to Mauna Kea in October 2014 demonstrating against the building of the Thirty Meter Telescope Owana Salazar claimant to the throne of Hawaiʻi and member of the House of Laʻanui Abigail Kinoiki Kekaulike Kawananakoa was a member of the House of Kawananakoa Francis Boyle professor of international law University of Illinois College of Law and Consultant on Independence Hawaiian Sovereignty Advisory Commission State of Hawaii 1993 88 George Helm musician and Kimo Mitchell both d 1977 Israel Kamakawiwoʻole musician d 1997 Bumpy Kanahele Hawaiian nationalist leader militant activist and head of the Nation of Hawaiʻi Kahoʻokahi Kanuha activist and protector of Mauna Kea in opposition to the construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope Kanuha defended himself after arrests in the native Hawaiian language or ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi He chanted his genealogy going back to Umi a Liloa and his protection of the mountain and was found not guilty on January 16 2016 89 Joshua Lanakila Mangauil Hawaiian cultural practitioner and leader of the international movement to protect Mauna Kea 90 Kawaipuna Prejean d 1992 Hawaiian nationalist activist advocate for the Hawaiian sovereignty movement and founder of the Hawaiian Coalition of Native Claims now known as the Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation 91 Noenoe K Silva political scientist University of Hawaii at Manoa 92 Haunani Kay Trask founder of Hawaiian Studies department chair at University of Hawai i at Manoa sovereignty activist and poet 93 Mililani Trask Sudden Rush Hawaiian rap hip hop na mele paleoleo musical group 94 Kauka Lukini Russian revolutionary who became the president of the Senate of HawaiiReaction editIn 1993 the State of Hawaiʻi adopted Act 359 to acknowledge and recognize the unique status the native Hawaiian people bear to the State of Hawaii and to the United States and to facilitate the efforts of native Hawaiians to be governed by an indigenous sovereign nation of their own choosing The act created the Hawaiian Sovereignty Advisory Committee to provide guidance with 1 Conducting special elections related to this Act 2 Apportioning voting districts 3 Establishing the eligibility of convention delegates 4 Conducting educational activities for Hawaiian voters a voter registration drive and research activities in preparation for the convention 5 Establishing the size and composition of the convention delegation and 6 Establishing the dates for the special election Act 200 amended Act 359 establishing the Hawaiʻi Sovereignty Elections Council 95 Those involved with the Advisory Committee forums believed that the question of the political status for Native Hawaiians has become difficult But in 2000 a panel of the committee stated that Native Hawaiians have maintained a unique community Federal and state programs have been designated to improve Native Hawaiians conditions including health education employment and training children s services conservation programs fish and wildlife protection agricultural programs and native language immersion programs 95 Congress created the Hawaiian Homes Commission HHC in 1921 The Office of Hawaiian Affairs OHA was the result of a 1978 amendment to the Hawaiʻi State Constitution and controls over 1 billion from the Ceded Lands Trust spending millions to address Native Hawaiians needs Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation Executive Director Mahealani Kamauʻu has said that only in the last 25 years have Native Hawaiians had a modicum of political empowerment and been able to exercise direct responsibility for their own affairs that progress has been made in so many areas These programs have opposition and critics who believe they are ineffective and badly managed 95 The Apology Bill and the Akaka Bill edit Main article Akaka Bill Native Hawaiians growing frustration over Hawaiian homelands and the 100th anniversary of the overthrow pushed the Hawaiian sovereignty movement to the forefront of politics in Hawaii In 1993 President Bill Clinton signed United States Public Law 103 150 known as the Apology Bill for U S involvement in the 1893 overthrow The bill makes a commitment to reconciliation 17 96 U S census information shows approximately 401 162 Native Hawaiians living in the U S in 2000 Sixty percent live in the continental U S and forty percent in Hawaii 17 Between 1990 and 2000 people identifying as Native Hawaiian had grown by 90 000 while those identifying as pure Hawaiian had declined to under 10 000 17 In 2009 Senator Daniel Akaka sponsored The Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2009 S1011 HR2314 a bill to create the legal framework to establish a Hawaiian government President Barack Obama supported the bill 97 The bill is considered a reconciliation process but it has not had that effect instead being the subject of much controversy and political fighting in many arenas American opponents argue that Congress is disregarding U S citizens for special interests and sovereignty activists believe this will further erode their rights as the 1921 blood quantum rule of the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act did 98 In 2011 a governor appointed committee began to gather and verify Native Hawaiians names for the purpose of voting on a Native Hawaiian nation 99 In June 2014 the US Department of the Interior announced plans to hold hearings to establish the possibility of federal recognition of Native Hawaiians as an Indian tribe 100 101 Opposition edit There has also been opposition to the concept of ancestry based sovereignty which critics maintain is tantamount to racial exclusion 102 In 1996 in Rice v Cayetano one Big Island rancher sued to win the right to vote in OHA elections asserting that every Hawaiian citizen regardless of racial background should be able to vote for state offices and that limiting the vote to Native Hawaiians is racist In 2000 the U S Supreme Court ruled in his favor and OHA elections are now open to all registered voters In its decision the court wrote the ancestral inquiry mandated by the State is forbidden by the Fifteenth Amendment for the further reason that the use of racial classifications is corruptive of the whole legal order democratic elections seek to preserve Distinctions between citizens solely because of their ancestry are by their very nature odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality 103 Proposed United States federal recognition of Native Hawaiians edit Main article United States federal recognition of Native Hawaiians The year of hearings found most speakers with strong opposition to the U S government s involvement in Hawaiian sovereignty 104 with opponents arguing that tribal recognition of Native Hawaiians is not a legitimate path to Hawaiian nationhood and that the U S government should not be involved in reestablishing Hawaiian sovereignty 34 On September 29 2015 the United States Department of the Interior announced a procedure to recognize a Native Hawaiian government 104 105 The Native Hawaiian Roll Commission was created to find and register Native Hawaiians 106 The nine member commission has prepared a roll of registered individuals of Hawaiian heritage 107 The nonprofit organization Naʻi Aupuni will organize the constitutional convention and election of delegates using the roll which began collecting names in 2011 Grassroot Institute of Hawaii CEO Kelii Akina filed suit to see the names on the roll won and found serious flaws The Native Hawaiian Roll Commission has since purged the list of names of deceased persons as well as those whose mailing or email addresses could not be verified Akina again filed suit to stop the election because funding of the project comes from a grant from the Office of Hawaiian Affairs and because of a Supreme Court decision prohibiting states from conducting race based elections 108 In October 2015 a federal judge declined to stop the process The case was appealed with a formal emergency request to stop the voting until the appeal was heard the request was denied 109 On November 24 the emergency request was made again to Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy 110 On November 27 Kennedy stopped the election tallying and naming of delegates The decision did not stop the voting itself and a spokesman for the Naʻi Aupuni continued to encourage those eligible to vote before the November 30 2015 deadline 111 The election was expected to cost about 150 000 and voting was carried out by Elections America a firm based in Washington D C The constitutional convention has an estimated cost of 2 6 million 108 See also editAloha ʻAina Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Hawaiian home land Hawaiian Kingdom United States relations History of Hawaii KKCR Legal status of Hawaii Nation building Opposition to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom Puerto Rican independence movement Republic of Texas group Right to exist Self determination State formation Treaty of Manila Tribal sovereignty United States involvement in regime change Universal Declaration of Human RightsReferences edit Spencer Thomas P 1895 Kaua Kuloko 1895 Honolulu Papapai Mahu Press Publishing Company OCLC 19662315 Michael Kioni Dudley Keoni Kealoha Agard January 1993 A call for Hawaiian sovereignty Na Kane O Ka Malo Press p 167 ISBN 978 1 878751 09 6 Kanahele group pushes plan for sovereign nation hawaii nation org Archived from the original on March 9 2016 Retrieved November 13 2016 The Rape of Paradise The Second Century Hawai ians Grope Toward Sovereignty As The U S President Apologizes Archived March 3 2016 at the Wayback Machine 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Intervenes in Native Hawaiian Election The New York Times Associated Press November 27 2015 Archived from the original on July 2 2019 Retrieved November 28 2015 Further reading editAndrade Jr Ernest 1996 Unconquerable Rebel Robert W Wilcox and Hawaiian Politics 1880 1903 University Press of Colorado ISBN 0 87081 417 6 Budnick Rich 1992 Stolen Kingdom An American Conspiracy Honolulu Aloha Press ISBN 0 944081 02 9 Churchill Ward Venne Sharon H 2004 Islands in Captivity The International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians Hawaiian language editor Lilikala Kameʻeleihiwa Boston South End Press ISBN 0 89608 738 7 Coffman Tom 2003 Nation Within The Story of America s Annexation of the Nation of Hawaii Epicenter ISBN 1 892122 00 6 Coffman Tom 2003 The Island Edge of America A Political History of Hawaiʻi University of Hawaii Press ISBN 0 8248 2625 6 ISBN 0 8248 2662 0 Conklin Kenneth R Hawaiian Apartheid Racial Separatism and Ethnic Nationalism in the Aloha State ISBN 1 59824 461 2 Daws Gavan 1968 Shoal of Time A History of the Hawaiian Islands Macmillan New York 1968 Paperback edition University of Hawaii Press Honolulu 1974 Dougherty Michael 2000 To Steal a Kingdom Island Style Press ISBN 0 9633484 0 X Dudley Michael K and Agard Keoni Kealoha 1993 reprint A Call for Hawaiian Sovereignty Na Kane O Ka Malo Press ISBN 1 878751 09 3 J Kehaulani Kauanui 2018 Paradoxes of Hawaiian Sovereignty Land Sex and the Colonial Politics of State Nationalism Duke University Press Kameʻeleihiwa Lilikala 1992 Native Land and Foreign Desires Bishop Museum Press ISBN 0 930897 59 5 Liliʻuokalani 1991 reprint Hawaii s Story by Hawaii s Queen Mutual Publishing ISBN 0 935180 85 0 Osorio Jonathan Kay Kamakawiwoʻole 2002 Dismembering Lahui A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887 University of Hawaii Press ISBN 0 8248 2549 7 Silva Noenoe K 2004 Aloha Betrayed Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism Duke University Press ISBN 0 8223 3349 X Twigg Smith Thurston 2000 Hawaiian Sovereignty Do the Facts Matter Goodale Publishing ISBN 0 9662945 1 3External links editNative Hawaiians Study Commission December 7 2006 Native Hawaiians Study Commission Report GrassrootWiki Honolulu HI Grassroot Institute of Hawaii Retrieved April 30 2012 morganreport org Online images and transcriptions of the entire Morgan Report Historic Hawaiian language newspapers Ulukau Hawaiian Electronic Library Hoʻolaupaʻi Hawaiian Nupepa Collection Hui Aloha Aina Anti Annexation Petitions 1897 1898 Politics edit Hawaiian Journal of Law and Politics Honolulu HI University of Hawaii at Manoa ISSN 1550 6177 OCLC 55488821 Archived from the original on February 12 2012 Retrieved January 12 2012 Hawaiian Society of Law and Politics Archived from the original on August 19 2012 Retrieved January 12 2013 Office of Hawaiian Affairs Ka Lahui Archived October 5 2006 at the Wayback Machine Nation of Hawaiʻi Media edit Michael Tsai August 9 2009 Pride in Hawaiian Culture Reawakened Seeds of Sovereignty Movement Sown during 1960s 70s Renaissance Honolulu Advertiser Archived from the original on July 8 2011 Native Hawaiians battle in the courts and in Congress Archived February 19 2006 at the Wayback Machine Honolulu Advertiser chronology of legislative and legal events relating to Hawaiian sovereignty since 1996 Political tsunami hits Hawaii by Rubellite Kawena Kinney Johnson Blog of articles and documents on Hawaiian sovereignty Indigenous students silent no more Archived November 25 2007 at the Wayback Machine article from Honolulu Star Bulletin on Native Hawaiian student activism at the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa Sovereign Stories 100 Years of Subjugation Archived March 11 2005 at the Wayback Machine article from Honolulu Weekly Resolution on Kanaka Maoli Self Determination and Reinscription of Ka Pae ʻAina Hawaiʻi on the U N list of Non Self Governing Territories In Motion Magazine Connection between Hawaiian health and sovereignty Archived May 16 2005 at the Wayback Machine paper by Dr Kekuni Blaisdell presented August 24 1991 at a panel on Puʻuhonua in Hawaiian Culture Na Maka O Ka ʻAina award winning documentary film video resources and sovereignty related A V tools 2004 Presentation given by Umi Perkins at a Kamehameha Schools research conference Archived January 10 2005 at the Wayback Machine Noho Hewa Documentary by Anne Keala Kelly Opposition edit Documents and essays opposing sovereignty collected or written by Kenneth R Conklin Ph D Grassroot Institute of Hawaii co founded by Richard O Rowland and Hawaii Reporter publisher Malia Zimmerman Aloha for All co founded by H William Burgess and Thurston Twigg Smith Hawaii Reporter Hawaii Reporter March 21 2003 Archived from the original on May 22 2006 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hawaiian sovereignty movement amp oldid 1222063127, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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