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Hare

Hares and jackrabbits are mammals belonging to the genus Lepus. They are herbivores, and live solitarily or in pairs. They nest in slight depressions called forms, and their young are able to fend for themselves shortly after birth. The genus includes the largest lagomorphs. Most are fast runners with long, powerful hind legs, and large ears to dissipate body heat.[1] Hare species are native to Africa, Eurasia and North America. A hare less than one year old is called a "leveret". A group of hares is called a "husk", a "down", or a "drove".

Hares
Scrub hare (Lepus saxatilis)
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Lagomorpha
Family: Leporidae
Genus: Lepus
Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Lepus timidus
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

See text

Members of the Lepus genus are considered true hares, distinguishing them from rabbits which make up the rest of the Leporidae family. However, there are five leporid species with "hare" in their common names which are not considered true hares: the hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus), and four species known as red rock hares (Pronolagus). Conversely, several Lepus species are called "jackrabbits", but classed as hares rather than rabbits. The pet known as the Belgian hare is a domesticated European rabbit which has been selectively bred to resemble a hare.[2]

Biology edit

Hares are swift animals and can run up to 80 km/h (50 mph) over short distances.[3] Over longer distances, the European hare (Lepus europaeus) can run up to 55 km/h (35 mph).[4][5] The five species of jackrabbits found in central and western North America are able to run at 65 km/h (40 mph) over longer distances, and can leap up to 3 m (10 ft) at a time.[6]

Normally a shy animal, the European brown hare changes its behavior in spring, when it can be seen in daytime chasing other hares. This appears to be competition between males (called bucks) to attain dominance for breeding. During this spring frenzy, animals of both sexes can be seen "boxing", one hare striking another with its paws. This behavior gives rise to the idiom "mad as a March hare".[7] This is present not only in intermale competition, but also among females (called does) toward males to prevent copulation.[8][9]

Differences from rabbits edit

Hares are generally larger than rabbits, with longer ears, and have black markings on their fur. Hares, like all leporids, have jointed, or kinetic, skulls, unique among mammals. They have 48 chromosomes,[10] while rabbits have 44.[11] Hares have not been domesticated, while some rabbits are raised for food and kept as pets.

Some rabbits live and give birth underground in burrows, with many burrows in an area forming a warren. Other rabbits and hares live and give birth in simple forms (shallow depression or flattened nest of grass) above the ground. Hares usually do not live in groups. Young hares are adapted to the lack of physical protection, relative to that afforded by a burrow, by being born fully furred and with eyes open. They are hence precocial, able to fend for themselves soon after birth. By contrast, rabbits are altricial, being born blind and hairless.[12]

Diet edit

Easily digestible food is processed in the gastrointestinal tract, expelling the waste as regular feces. For nutrients that are harder to extract, hares, like all lagomorphs, ferment fiber in the cecum and expel the mass as cecotropes, which they ingest again, a practice called cecotrophy. The cecotropes are absorbed in the small intestine to use the nutrients.[1]

Classification edit

The 34 species listed are:

 
Hare
 
Brooklyn Museum - California Hare - John J. Audubon
 
Cape hare (Lepus capensis)
 
European hare (above) and mountain hare

In human culture edit

Food edit

Meat edit

 
Young Hare, a watercolour, 1502, by Albrecht Dürer

Hares and rabbits are plentiful in many areas, adapt to a wide variety of conditions, and reproduce quickly, so hunting is often less regulated than for other varieties of game. In rural areas of North America and particularly in pioneer times,[15] they were a common source of meat. Because of their extremely low fat content, they are a poor choice as a survival food.[16]

Hares can be prepared in the same manner as rabbits—commonly roasted or parted for breading and frying.

Hasenpfeffer (also spelled Hasenfeffer) is a traditional German stew made from marinated rabbit or hare. Pfeffer here means not only the obvious spicing with pepper and other spices, but also means a dish in which the animal's blood is used as a thickening agent for the sauce. Wine or vinegar is also a prominent ingredient, to lend a sourness to the recipe.

Lagos stifado (Λαγός στιφάδο)—hare stew with pearl onions, vinegar, red wine, and cinnamon—is a much-prized dish enjoyed in Greece and Cyprus and communities in the diaspora.

The hare (and in recent times, the rabbit) is a staple of Maltese cuisine. The dish was presented to the island's Grandmasters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, as well as Renaissance Inquisitors resident on the island, several of whom went on to become pope.

According to Jewish tradition, the hare is among mammals deemed not kosher, and therefore not eaten by observant Jews. Muslims deem coney meat (rabbit, pika, hyrax) to be halal, and in Egypt, hare and rabbit are popular meats for mulukhiyah (jute leaf soup), especially in Cairo.[17]

Blood edit

The blood of a freshly killed hare can be collected for consumption in a stew or casserole in a cooking process known as jugging. First the entrails are removed from the hare carcass before it is hung in a larder by its hind legs, which causes blood to accumulate in the chest cavity. One method of preserving the blood after draining it from the hare (since the hare is usually hung for a week or more) is to mix it with red wine vinegar to prevent coagulation, and then to store it in a freezer.[18][19]

Jugged hare, known as civet de lièvre in France, is a whole hare, cut into pieces, marinated, and cooked with red wine and juniper berries in a tall jug that stands in a pan of water. It traditionally is served with the hare's blood (or the blood is added right at the end of the cooking process) and port wine.[20][21][22][23]

Jugged hare is described in an influential 18th-century English cookbook, The Art of Cookery by Hannah Glasse, with a recipe titled, "A Jugged Hare", that begins, "Cut it into little pieces, lard them here and there ..." The recipe goes on to describe cooking the pieces of hare in water in a jug set within a bath of boiling water to cook for three hours.[24] In the 19th century, a myth arose that Glasse's recipe began with the words "First, catch your hare."[21]

Many other British cookbooks from before the middle of the 20th century have recipes for jugged hare. Merle and Reitch[25] have this to say about jugged hare, for example:

The best part of the hare, when roasted, is the loin and the thick part of the hind leg; the other parts are only fit for stewing, hashing, or jugging. It is usual to roast a hare first, and to stew or jug the portion which is not eaten the first day. ...
To Jug A Hare. This mode of cooking a hare is very desirable when there is any doubt as to its age, as an old hare, which would be otherwise uneatable, may be made into an agreeable dish.

In 2006, a survey of 2021 people for the UKTV Food television channel found only 1.6% of the people under 25 recognized jugged hare by name. Seven of ten stated they would refuse to eat jugged hare if it were served at the house of a friend or a relative.[26]

In England, a now rarely served dish is potted hare. The hare meat is cooked, then covered in at least one inch (preferably more) of butter. The butter is a preservative (excludes air); the dish can be stored for up to several months. It is served cold, often on bread or as an appetizer.

Taming edit

No extant domesticated hares exist. However, hare remains have been found in a wide range of human settlement sites, some showing signs of use beyond simple hunting and eating:[27]

  • A European brown hare was buried alongside an older woman in Hungary mid fifth millennium BC.
  • 12 Mountain hare metapodials were found in a Swedish grave from third millennium BC.
  • The Tolai hare (originally described as a Cape hare, amended according to range) was tamed by northern Chinese people in the neolithic period (~third millennium BC) and fed millets.

In mythology and folklore edit

The hare in African folk tales is a trickster; some of the stories about the hare were retold among enslaved Africans in America and are the basis of the Br'er Rabbit stories. The hare appears in English folklore in the saying "as mad as a March hare" and in the legend of the White Hare that alternatively tells of a witch who takes the form of a white hare and goes out looking for prey at night or of the spirit of a broken-hearted maiden who cannot rest and who haunts her unfaithful lover.[28][29]

The constellation Lepus is taken to represent a hare.

The hare was once regarded as an animal sacred to Aphrodite and Eros because of its high libido. Live hares were often presented as a gift of love.[30] In European witchcraft, hares were either witches' familiars or a witch who had transformed themself into a hare. Now pop mythology associates the hare with the Anglo-Saxon goddess Ēostre as an explanation for the Easter Bunny, but is wholly modern in origin and has no authentic basis.[citation needed]

In European tradition, the hare symbolises the two qualities of swiftness[31] and timidity.[32] The latter once gave the European hare the Linnaean name Lepus timidus[33] that is now limited to the mountain hare. Several ancient fables depict the Hare in flight; in one concerning The Hares and the Frogs they even decide to commit mass suicide until they come across a creature so timid that it is even frightened of them. Conversely, in The Tortoise and the Hare, perhaps the best-known among Aesop's Fables, the hare loses a race through being too confident in its swiftness. In Irish folklore, the hare is often associated with the Aos sí or other pagan elements. In these stories, characters who harm hares often suffer dreadful consequences.

In literature and art edit

In fiction edit

In art edit

Three hares edit

 
Dreihasenfenster (Window of Three Hares) in Paderborn Cathedral

A study in 2004 followed the history and migration of a symbolic image of three hares with conjoined ears. In this image, three hares are seen chasing each other in a circle with their heads near its centre. While each of the animals appears to have two ears, only three ears are depicted. The ears form a triangle at the centre of the circle and each is shared by two of the hares. The image has been traced from Christian churches in the English county of Devon right back along the Silk Road to China, via western and eastern Europe and the Middle East. Before its appearance in China, it was possibly first depicted in the Middle East before being reimported centuries later. Its use is associated with Christian, Jewish, Islamic and Buddhist sites stretching back to about 600 CE.[34]

Place names edit

The hare has given rise to local place names, as they can often be observed in favoured localities. An example in Scotland is "Murchland", "murchen" being a Scots word for a hare.[35]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Smith, Andrew. "Hare". Britannica. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  2. ^ "Rabbit - Belgian Hare Small Breed Profile | PetPlanet.co.uk". PetPlanet.
  3. ^ Chapman, Joseph; Flux, John (1990). Rabbits, Hares and Pikas : Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC), Lagomorph Specialist Group. p. 2. ISBN 2831700191.
  4. ^ McKay, George; McGhee, Karen (10 October 2006). National Geographic Encyclopedia of Animals. National Geographic Books. p. 68. ISBN 9780792259367.
  5. ^ Vu, Alan. "Lepus europaeus: European hare". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  6. ^ . Animals.nationalgeographic.com. 11 April 2010. Archived from the original on February 7, 2010. Retrieved 2013-01-12.
  7. ^ "Definition of 'March hare'". Collins.
  8. ^ Holly, A.J.F. & Greenwood, P.J. (1984). "The myth of the mad March hare". Nature. 309 (5968): 549–550. Bibcode:1984Natur.309..549H. doi:10.1038/309549a0. PMID 6539424. S2CID 4275486.
  9. ^ Flux, J.E.C. (1987). "Myths and mad March hares". Nature. 325 (6106): 737–738. Bibcode:1987Natur.325..737F. doi:10.1038/325737a0. PMID 3821863. S2CID 4280664.
  10. ^ Hsu, T. C. (1967). An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes : Volume 1. Kurt Benirschke. New York, NY: Springer New York. ISBN 978-1-4615-6422-5. OCLC 851820869.
  11. ^ Painter, Theophilus S. (1926). "Studies in mammalian spermatogenesis VI. The chromosomes of the rabbit". Journal of Morphology. 43 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1002/jmor.1050430102. ISSN 0362-2525. S2CID 85002717.
  12. ^ Langley, Liz (19 December 2014). . National Geographic. Archived from the original on December 20, 2014.
  13. ^ Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 195–205. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  14. ^ Database, Mammal Diversity (2022-02-01), Mammal Diversity Database, doi:10.5281/zenodo.5945626, retrieved 2022-03-24
  15. ^ Brock (2009-05-18). "Mormon Pioneer Foodways: Rabbit, anyone?". Pioneerfoodie.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
  16. ^ Gary L. Benton. . Preparedness and Self-Reliance. Archived from the original on 2015-03-15. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
  17. ^ "Rabbit Molokhia". SBS Food. 10 December 2008.
  18. ^ Bill Deans. . Archived from the original on 2007-09-30.
  19. ^ John Seymour & Sally Seymour (September–October 1976). . Mother Earth News (41). Archived from the original on 2006-09-01.
  20. ^ Tom Jaine. "A Glossary of Cookery and other Terms". The History of English Cookery. Prospect Books.
  21. ^ a b "Chips are down for Britain's old culinary classics". The Guardian. 2006-07-25. p. 6.
  22. ^ "Jugged". The Great British Kitchen. The British Food Trust.
  23. ^ "Recipes: Game: Jugged Hare". The Great British Kitchen. The British Food Trust.
  24. ^ Glasse, Hannah (1747). The Art of Cookery, Made Plain and Easy. London. p. 50.
  25. ^ Gibbons Merle & John Reitch (1842). The domestic dictionary and housekeeper's manual. London: William Strange. p. 113.
  26. ^ "Hannah Glasse's Jugged Hare". Retrieved 2017-10-30.
  27. ^ Sheng, Pengfei; Hu, Yaowu; Sun, Zhouyong; Yang, Liping; Hu, Songmei; Fuller, Benjamin T.; Shang, Xue (June 2020). "Early commensal interaction between humans and hares in Neolithic northern China". Antiquity. 94 (375): 622–636. doi:10.15184/aqy.2020.36. S2CID 219423073.
  28. ^ "The White Hare". Folk-this.tripod.com. 1969-05-13. Retrieved 2013-01-12.
  29. ^ "Legends of Britain: The White Hare". Britannia.com. Retrieved 2013-01-12.
  30. ^ John Layard, The Lady of the Hare, "The Hare in Classical Antiquity", pp.208 - 21
  31. ^ "Similes". www.englishdaily626.com.
  32. ^ Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Cambridge University 2014, p.32
  33. ^ The Popular Encyclopaedia 3.2., Glasgow 1836, p.634
  34. ^ Chris Chapman (2004). "The three hares project". Retrieved 2008-11-11.
  35. ^ Warrack, Alexander, ed. (1984). Chambers Scots dictionary. Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers. ISBN 9780550118011.

Further reading edit

  • William George Black, F.S.A.Scot. "The Hare in Folk-lore" The Folk-Lore Journal. Volume 1, 1883
  • Gibbons, J. S., Herbert, K., Lascelles, G., Longman, J. H., Macpherson, H. A., & Richardson, C. 1896. The Hare: Natural history. [1]
  • Palmer, TS. Jack Rabbits of the United States 1896. Washington,: Govt. Print. Off.[2]
  • Edwards, P. J., M. R. Fletcher, and P. Berny. Review of the factors affecting the decline of the European brown hare, Lepus europaeus (Pallas, 1778) and the use of wildlife incident data to evaluate the significance of paraquat. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment 79.2-3 (2000): 95-103.[3]
  • Vaughan, Nancy, et al. Habitat associations of European hares Lepus europaeus in England and Wales: implications for farmland management Journal of Applied Ecology 40.1 (2003): 163-175.[4]
  • Smith, Rebecca K., et al. Conservation of European hares Lepus europaeus in Britain: is increasing habitat heterogeneity in farmland the answer? Journal of Applied Ecology 41.6 (2004): 1092-1102.[5]
  • Reid, Neil. Conservation ecology of the Irish hare (Lepus timidus hibernicus). Diss. Queen's University of Belfast, 2006[6]
  • Natasha E. McGowan, Neal McDermott, Richard Stone, Liam Lysaght, S. Karina Dingerkus, Anthony Caravaggi, Ian Kerr, Neil Reid, National Hare Survey & Population Assessment 2017-2019, [report], National Parks and Wildlife Service. Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, 2019-11, Irish wildlife manuals, No.113, 2019[7]
  • Kane, Eloise C. Beyond the Pale: the historical archaeology of hare hunting, 1603-1831. Diss. University of Bristol, 2021.[8]
  • Reid, Neil. Survival, movements, home range size and dispersal of hares after coursing and/or translocation. PloS one 18.6 (2023): e0286771.[9]

External links edit

  • BBC Nature section about hares

hare, this, article, about, animal, other, uses, disambiguation, jackrabbit, disambiguation, lepus, disambiguation, leveret, disambiguation, jackrabbits, mammals, belonging, genus, lepus, they, herbivores, live, solitarily, pairs, they, nest, slight, depressio. This article is about the animal For other uses see Hare disambiguation Jackrabbit disambiguation Lepus disambiguation and Leveret disambiguation Hares and jackrabbits are mammals belonging to the genus Lepus They are herbivores and live solitarily or in pairs They nest in slight depressions called forms and their young are able to fend for themselves shortly after birth The genus includes the largest lagomorphs Most are fast runners with long powerful hind legs and large ears to dissipate body heat 1 Hare species are native to Africa Eurasia and North America A hare less than one year old is called a leveret A group of hares is called a husk a down or a drove HaresScrub hare Lepus saxatilis Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder LagomorphaFamily LeporidaeGenus LepusLinnaeus 1758Type speciesLepus timidusLinnaeus 1758SpeciesSee textMembers of the Lepus genus are considered true hares distinguishing them from rabbits which make up the rest of the Leporidae family However there are five leporid species with hare in their common names which are not considered true hares the hispid hare Caprolagus hispidus and four species known as red rock hares Pronolagus Conversely several Lepus species are called jackrabbits but classed as hares rather than rabbits The pet known as the Belgian hare is a domesticated European rabbit which has been selectively bred to resemble a hare 2 Contents 1 Biology 1 1 Differences from rabbits 1 2 Diet 1 3 Classification 2 In human culture 2 1 Food 2 1 1 Meat 2 1 2 Blood 2 2 Taming 2 3 In mythology and folklore 2 4 In literature and art 2 4 1 In fiction 2 4 2 In art 2 4 3 Three hares 2 5 Place names 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksBiology editHares are swift animals and can run up to 80 km h 50 mph over short distances 3 Over longer distances the European hare Lepus europaeus can run up to 55 km h 35 mph 4 5 The five species of jackrabbits found in central and western North America are able to run at 65 km h 40 mph over longer distances and can leap up to 3 m 10 ft at a time 6 Normally a shy animal the European brown hare changes its behavior in spring when it can be seen in daytime chasing other hares This appears to be competition between males called bucks to attain dominance for breeding During this spring frenzy animals of both sexes can be seen boxing one hare striking another with its paws This behavior gives rise to the idiom mad as a March hare 7 This is present not only in intermale competition but also among females called does toward males to prevent copulation 8 9 Differences from rabbits edit Main article Rabbit Hares are generally larger than rabbits with longer ears and have black markings on their fur Hares like all leporids have jointed or kinetic skulls unique among mammals They have 48 chromosomes 10 while rabbits have 44 11 Hares have not been domesticated while some rabbits are raised for food and kept as pets Some rabbits live and give birth underground in burrows with many burrows in an area forming a warren Other rabbits and hares live and give birth in simple forms shallow depression or flattened nest of grass above the ground Hares usually do not live in groups Young hares are adapted to the lack of physical protection relative to that afforded by a burrow by being born fully furred and with eyes open They are hence precocial able to fend for themselves soon after birth By contrast rabbits are altricial being born blind and hairless 12 Diet edit Further information Cecotrope Easily digestible food is processed in the gastrointestinal tract expelling the waste as regular feces For nutrients that are harder to extract hares like all lagomorphs ferment fiber in the cecum and expel the mass as cecotropes which they ingest again a practice called cecotrophy The cecotropes are absorbed in the small intestine to use the nutrients 1 Classification edit See also List of leporids The 34 species listed are nbsp Hare nbsp Brooklyn Museum California Hare John J Audubon nbsp Cape hare Lepus capensis nbsp European hare above and mountain hareGenus Lepus 13 14 Subgenus Macrotolagus Antelope jackrabbit Lepus alleni Subgenus Poecilolagus Snowshoe hare Lepus americanus Subgenus Lepus Arctic hare Lepus arcticus Alaskan hare Lepus othus Mountain hare Lepus timidus Subgenus Proeulagus Black jackrabbit Lepus insularis Desert hare Lepus tibetanus Tolai hare Lepus tolai Subgenus Eulagos Broom hare Lepus castroviejoi Yunnan hare Lepus comus Korean hare Lepus coreanus European hare Lepus europaeus Manchurian hare Lepus mandshuricus Ethiopian highland hare Lepus starcki Subgenus Sabanalagus Ethiopian hare Lepus fagani African savanna hare Lepus victoriae Subgenus Indolagus Hainan hare Lepus hainanus Indian hare Lepus nigricollis Burmese hare Lepus peguensis Subgenus Sinolagus nbsp Alaskan hare s skeletal system Museum of Osteology Chinese hare Lepus sinensis Subgenus Tarimolagus Yarkand hare Lepus yarkandensis Incertae sedis Tamaulipas jackrabbit Lepus altamirae Japanese hare Lepus brachyurus Black tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus White sided jackrabbit Lepus callotis Cape hare Lepus capensis Corsican hare Lepus corsicanus Tehuantepec jackrabbit Lepus flavigularis Granada hare Lepus granatensis Abyssinian hare Lepus habessinicus Woolly hare Lepus oiostolus West Sahara hare Lepus saharae Scrub hare Lepus saxatilis White tailed jackrabbit Lepus townsendiiIn human culture editFood edit Meat edit nbsp Young Hare a watercolour 1502 by Albrecht DurerHares and rabbits are plentiful in many areas adapt to a wide variety of conditions and reproduce quickly so hunting is often less regulated than for other varieties of game In rural areas of North America and particularly in pioneer times 15 they were a common source of meat Because of their extremely low fat content they are a poor choice as a survival food 16 Hares can be prepared in the same manner as rabbits commonly roasted or parted for breading and frying Hasenpfeffer also spelled Hasenfeffer is a traditional German stew made from marinated rabbit or hare Pfeffer here means not only the obvious spicing with pepper and other spices but also means a dish in which the animal s blood is used as a thickening agent for the sauce Wine or vinegar is also a prominent ingredient to lend a sourness to the recipe Lagos stifado Lagos stifado hare stew with pearl onions vinegar red wine and cinnamon is a much prized dish enjoyed in Greece and Cyprus and communities in the diaspora The hare and in recent times the rabbit is a staple of Maltese cuisine The dish was presented to the island s Grandmasters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta as well as Renaissance Inquisitors resident on the island several of whom went on to become pope According to Jewish tradition the hare is among mammals deemed not kosher and therefore not eaten by observant Jews Muslims deem coney meat rabbit pika hyrax to be halal and in Egypt hare and rabbit are popular meats for mulukhiyah jute leaf soup especially in Cairo 17 Blood edit The blood of a freshly killed hare can be collected for consumption in a stew or casserole in a cooking process known as jugging First the entrails are removed from the hare carcass before it is hung in a larder by its hind legs which causes blood to accumulate in the chest cavity One method of preserving the blood after draining it from the hare since the hare is usually hung for a week or more is to mix it with red wine vinegar to prevent coagulation and then to store it in a freezer 18 19 Jugged hare known as civet de lievre in France is a whole hare cut into pieces marinated and cooked with red wine and juniper berries in a tall jug that stands in a pan of water It traditionally is served with the hare s blood or the blood is added right at the end of the cooking process and port wine 20 21 22 23 Jugged hare is described in an influential 18th century English cookbook The Art of Cookery by Hannah Glasse with a recipe titled A Jugged Hare that begins Cut it into little pieces lard them here and there The recipe goes on to describe cooking the pieces of hare in water in a jug set within a bath of boiling water to cook for three hours 24 In the 19th century a myth arose that Glasse s recipe began with the words First catch your hare 21 Many other British cookbooks from before the middle of the 20th century have recipes for jugged hare Merle and Reitch 25 have this to say about jugged hare for example The best part of the hare when roasted is the loin and the thick part of the hind leg the other parts are only fit for stewing hashing or jugging It is usual to roast a hare first and to stew or jug the portion which is not eaten the first day To Jug A Hare This mode of cooking a hare is very desirable when there is any doubt as to its age as an old hare which would be otherwise uneatable may be made into an agreeable dish In 2006 a survey of 2021 people for the UKTV Food television channel found only 1 6 of the people under 25 recognized jugged hare by name Seven of ten stated they would refuse to eat jugged hare if it were served at the house of a friend or a relative 26 In England a now rarely served dish is potted hare The hare meat is cooked then covered in at least one inch preferably more of butter The butter is a preservative excludes air the dish can be stored for up to several months It is served cold often on bread or as an appetizer Taming edit No extant domesticated hares exist However hare remains have been found in a wide range of human settlement sites some showing signs of use beyond simple hunting and eating 27 A European brown hare was buried alongside an older woman in Hungary mid fifth millennium BC 12 Mountain hare metapodials were found in a Swedish grave from third millennium BC The Tolai hare originally described as a Cape hare amended according to range was tamed by northern Chinese people in the neolithic period third millennium BC and fed millets In mythology and folklore edit The hare in African folk tales is a trickster some of the stories about the hare were retold among enslaved Africans in America and are the basis of the Br er Rabbit stories The hare appears in English folklore in the saying as mad as a March hare and in the legend of the White Hare that alternatively tells of a witch who takes the form of a white hare and goes out looking for prey at night or of the spirit of a broken hearted maiden who cannot rest and who haunts her unfaithful lover 28 29 The constellation Lepus is taken to represent a hare The hare was once regarded as an animal sacred to Aphrodite and Eros because of its high libido Live hares were often presented as a gift of love 30 In European witchcraft hares were either witches familiars or a witch who had transformed themself into a hare Now pop mythology associates the hare with the Anglo Saxon goddess Eostre as an explanation for the Easter Bunny but is wholly modern in origin and has no authentic basis citation needed In European tradition the hare symbolises the two qualities of swiftness 31 and timidity 32 The latter once gave the European hare the Linnaean name Lepus timidus 33 that is now limited to the mountain hare Several ancient fables depict the Hare in flight in one concerning The Hares and the Frogs they even decide to commit mass suicide until they come across a creature so timid that it is even frightened of them Conversely in The Tortoise and the Hare perhaps the best known among Aesop s Fables the hare loses a race through being too confident in its swiftness In Irish folklore the hare is often associated with the Aos si or other pagan elements In these stories characters who harm hares often suffer dreadful consequences In literature and art edit In fiction edit Main article List of fictional rabbits and hares In art edit Main article Rabbits and hares in art Three hares edit Main article Three hares nbsp Dreihasenfenster Window of Three Hares in Paderborn CathedralA study in 2004 followed the history and migration of a symbolic image of three hares with conjoined ears In this image three hares are seen chasing each other in a circle with their heads near its centre While each of the animals appears to have two ears only three ears are depicted The ears form a triangle at the centre of the circle and each is shared by two of the hares The image has been traced from Christian churches in the English county of Devon right back along the Silk Road to China via western and eastern Europe and the Middle East Before its appearance in China it was possibly first depicted in the Middle East before being reimported centuries later Its use is associated with Christian Jewish Islamic and Buddhist sites stretching back to about 600 CE 34 Place names edit The hare has given rise to local place names as they can often be observed in favoured localities An example in Scotland is Murchland murchen being a Scots word for a hare 35 See also edit nbsp Lagomorpha portal nbsp Mammal portal nbsp Animal portalLagomorphaReferences edit a b Smith Andrew Hare Britannica Retrieved 6 February 2022 Rabbit Belgian Hare Small Breed Profile PetPlanet co uk PetPlanet Chapman Joseph Flux John 1990 Rabbits Hares and Pikas Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan IUCN Species Survival Commission SSC Lagomorph Specialist Group p 2 ISBN 2831700191 McKay George McGhee Karen 10 October 2006 National Geographic Encyclopedia of Animals National Geographic Books p 68 ISBN 9780792259367 Vu Alan Lepus europaeus European hare Animal Diversity Web University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Retrieved 9 January 2013 Jackrabbits Jackrabbit Pictures Jackrabbit Facts National Geographic Animals nationalgeographic com 11 April 2010 Archived from the original on February 7 2010 Retrieved 2013 01 12 Definition of March hare Collins Holly A J F amp Greenwood P J 1984 The myth of the mad March hare Nature 309 5968 549 550 Bibcode 1984Natur 309 549H doi 10 1038 309549a0 PMID 6539424 S2CID 4275486 Flux J E C 1987 Myths and mad March hares Nature 325 6106 737 738 Bibcode 1987Natur 325 737F doi 10 1038 325737a0 PMID 3821863 S2CID 4280664 Hsu T C 1967 An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes Volume 1 Kurt Benirschke New York NY Springer New York ISBN 978 1 4615 6422 5 OCLC 851820869 Painter Theophilus S 1926 Studies in mammalian spermatogenesis VI The chromosomes of the rabbit Journal of Morphology 43 1 1 43 doi 10 1002 jmor 1050430102 ISSN 0362 2525 S2CID 85002717 Langley Liz 19 December 2014 What s the Difference Between Rabbits and Hares National Geographic Archived from the original on December 20 2014 Hoffman R S Smith A T 2005 Order Lagomorpha In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press pp 195 205 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 Database Mammal Diversity 2022 02 01 Mammal Diversity Database doi 10 5281 zenodo 5945626 retrieved 2022 03 24 Brock 2009 05 18 Mormon Pioneer Foodways Rabbit anyone Pioneerfoodie blogspot com Retrieved 2010 03 20 Gary L Benton Vitamins Minerals and Survival Preparedness and Self Reliance Archived from the original on 2015 03 15 Retrieved 2017 10 30 Rabbit Molokhia SBS Food 10 December 2008 Bill Deans Hares Brown Blue or White Archived from the original on 2007 09 30 John Seymour amp Sally Seymour September October 1976 Farming for Self Sufficiency Independence on a 5 acre Farm Mother Earth News 41 Archived from the original on 2006 09 01 Tom Jaine A Glossary of Cookery and other Terms The History of English Cookery Prospect Books a b Chips are down for Britain s old culinary classics The Guardian 2006 07 25 p 6 Jugged The Great British Kitchen The British Food Trust Recipes Game Jugged Hare The Great British Kitchen The British Food Trust Glasse Hannah 1747 The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy London p 50 Gibbons Merle amp John Reitch 1842 The domestic dictionary and housekeeper s manual London William Strange p 113 Hannah Glasse s Jugged Hare Retrieved 2017 10 30 Sheng Pengfei Hu Yaowu Sun Zhouyong Yang Liping Hu Songmei Fuller Benjamin T Shang Xue June 2020 Early commensal interaction between humans and hares in Neolithic northern China Antiquity 94 375 622 636 doi 10 15184 aqy 2020 36 S2CID 219423073 The White Hare Folk this tripod com 1969 05 13 Retrieved 2013 01 12 Legends of Britain The White Hare Britannia com Retrieved 2013 01 12 John Layard The Lady of the Hare The Hare in Classical Antiquity pp 208 21 Similes www englishdaily626 com Ebenezer Cobham Brewer Dictionary of Phrase and Fable Cambridge University 2014 p 32 The Popular Encyclopaedia 3 2 Glasgow 1836 p 634 Chris Chapman 2004 The three hares project Retrieved 2008 11 11 Warrack Alexander ed 1984 Chambers Scots dictionary Edinburgh W amp R Chambers ISBN 9780550118011 Further reading editWindling Terri The Symbolism of Rabbits and Hares William George Black F S A Scot The Hare in Folk lore The Folk Lore Journal Volume 1 1883 Gibbons J S Herbert K Lascelles G Longman J H Macpherson H A amp Richardson C 1896 The Hare Natural history 1 Palmer TS Jack Rabbits of the United States 1896 Washington Govt Print Off 2 Edwards P J M R Fletcher and P Berny Review of the factors affecting the decline of the European brown hare Lepus europaeus Pallas 1778 and the use of wildlife incident data to evaluate the significance of paraquat Agriculture ecosystems amp environment 79 2 3 2000 95 103 3 Vaughan Nancy et al Habitat associations of European hares Lepus europaeus in England and Wales implications for farmland management Journal of Applied Ecology 40 1 2003 163 175 4 Smith Rebecca K et al Conservation of European hares Lepus europaeus in Britain is increasing habitat heterogeneity in farmland the answer Journal of Applied Ecology 41 6 2004 1092 1102 5 Reid Neil Conservation ecology of the Irish hare Lepus timidus hibernicus Diss Queen s University of Belfast 2006 6 Natasha E McGowan Neal McDermott Richard Stone Liam Lysaght S Karina Dingerkus Anthony Caravaggi Ian Kerr Neil Reid National Hare Survey amp Population Assessment 2017 2019 report National Parks and Wildlife Service Department of Culture Heritage and the Gaeltacht 2019 11 Irish wildlife manuals No 113 2019 7 Kane Eloise C Beyond the Pale the historical archaeology of hare hunting 1603 1831 Diss University of Bristol 2021 8 Reid Neil Survival movements home range size and dispersal of hares after coursing and or translocation PloS one 18 6 2023 e0286771 9 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lepus nbsp Look up hare in Wiktionary the free dictionary BBC Nature section about hares Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hare amp oldid 1218527987, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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