fbpx
Wikipedia

Haplogroup E-Z827

April 12, 2024

E-Z827, also known as E1b1b1b,[4] is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is the parent lineage to the E-Z830 and E-V257 subclades, and defines their common phylogeny. The former is predominantly found in the Middle East; the latter is most frequently observed in North Africa, with its E-M81 subclade observed among the ancient Guanche natives of the Canary Islands.[5] E-Z827 is also found at lower frequencies in Europe, and in isolated parts of Southeast Africa.

Haplogroup E-Z827
Possible time of origin24,100 BP[1]
Coalescence age23,500 BP[1]
Possible place of originNorthern Africa,[2]Middle East[3]
AncestorE-M35
DescendantsE-L19, E-Z830
Defining mutationsZ827

Subclades of E-Z827 and Distribution edit

Family Tree edit

The following phylogeny is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG.[6][7][8]

  • E-Z827 (Z827) - E1b1b1b[9]
    • E-V257/L19 (L19, V257) - E1b1b1b1[9]
      • E-PF2431 (PF2431)[10]
        • E-PF2438
          • E-Y10561
            • E-FGC18981
              • E-FGC38527
              • E-Y35933
              • E-FGC18960
                • E-Y33020
                • E-FGC18958
          • E-PF2440
            • E-PF2471
              • E-BY9805
      • E-M81 (M81)[11]
        • E-M81*
        • E-PF2546
          • E-PF2546*
          • E-CTS12227
            • E-MZ11
              • E-MZ12
          • E-A929
            • E-Z5009
              • E-Z5009*
              • E-Z5010
              • E-Z5013
                • E-Z5013*
                • E-A1152
            • E-A2227
              • E-A428
              • E-MZ16
            • E-PF6794
              • E-PF6794*
              • E-PF6789
                • E-MZ21
                • E-MZ23
                • E-MZ80
            • E-A930
            • E-Z2198/E-MZ46
              • E-A601
              • E-L351
    • E-Z830 (Z830) - E1b1b1b2[9]
      • E-M123 (M123)
        • E-M34 (M34)
          • E-M84 (M84)
            • E-M136 (M136)
          • E-M290 (M290)
          • E-V23 (V23)
          • E-L791 (L791,L792)
      • E-V1515
        • E-V1515*
        • E-V1486
          • E-V1486*
          • E-V2881
            • E-V2881*
            • E-V1792
            • E-V92
          • E-M293 (M293)
            • E-M293*
            • E-P72 (P72)
            • E-V3065*
        • E-V1700
          • E-V42 (V42)
          • E-V1785
            • E-V1785*
            • E-V6 (V6)

E-V257/L19 (E1b1b1b1) edit

  • "E-V257/L19*" individuals were found in published samples who were E-V257/L19, but not E-M81. several Middle Easterners and northafricans, a Corsican, a Sardinian, a Borana from Kenya, a southern Spaniard and a Cantabrian.[12]

Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in North Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe. An expansion of E-M35 carriers, possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other authors, and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern. However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis.

— [13]

E-PF2431 edit

PF2431 is the sister branch of M81 which was discovered in Paolo Francalacci (2011). Previously, it was designated L19*/V257*. This mutation has been discovered in North Africa (in Souss in Morocco, in central and eastern Algeria, West Nile in Egypt), the Sahel (Chad, Gambia), Western Europe (United Kingdom (Derbyshire), Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Italy) and Near Eastern (Turkey, Karabakh and Urmia). It would have formed 13800 years ago and is thought to originate from the "green" Sahara. Its TMRCA is estimated at 10600 years by yfull.

Archeology unearthed the remains of a member of the Hungarian conquering elite was analyzed from branch E-FGC19010, it had been discovered in Sandorfalva in Hungary and is dated to the second half of the tenth century.[14] A skeleton was discovered at the Monastery of San Pietro, Villa Magna in Italy, whose DNA belongs to the same branch and lived around 1180CE.[15] Scientists have examined the DNA of a mass grave of victims of the bubonic plague in Ellwangen in Germany, this one dates from the 16th century and belongs to another branch E-FGC18981.[16]

E-M81 edit

E-V257's dominant sub-clade E-M81 is thought to have originated in the area of the northwest of Africa 7,000 years ago,[17] but all Yfull members are M183 and have a TMRCA just 2700 years ago.[18]

 
Regional distribution for haplogroup E-M81.

E-M81 is the most common subclade of haplogroup E-L19/V257. It is concentrated in North Africa, and is dominated by its E-M183 subclade. E-M183 is believed to have originated in the Northwest of Africa, and has an estimated age of 2284-2984 ybp.[19]

The E-M183 sub haplogroup reaches a mean frequency of 42% in North Africa. It decreases in frequency from 100% in some populations to approximately 28.6% to the east of this range in Egypt.[3][20][21] The E-M81 subclade is predominant among North African Berber-speaking populations. In Tunisia, it reached 100% frequency among a sample of Arabs from Zriba,[22] 89.5% in Andalusians (Qalaat-al-Andalous), and 100% in Berbers from Chenini-Douiret, Jradou and Takrouna.[22] It is generally found at frequencies around 45% in coastal cities of the Maghreb (Oran, Tunis, Algiers).[3][23]

 
Diagram displaying the geographic frequency.

It is also prevalent among other Berber populations and reaches frequency of 72.4% in Marrakesh Berbers,[24] 80% in Mozabite, and 71% in Middle Atlas Berbers (Moyen). It also reaches high levels (77.8%) among the Tuareg population inhabiting the Sahara in Burkina Faso, near Gor it reaches a much lower frequency of 11.1% in the vicinity of Tanut in the Republic of Niger.

In this key area from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean,[3] report a pattern of decreasing STR haplotype variation (implying decreasing lineage age in those areas) from East to West (but[25] reports West to East for M183), accompanied by a substantial increasing frequency. At the eastern extreme of this core range,[21] M81 is found in 28.6% (10 out of 35 men) in El-Hayez in the Western desert in Egypt

The pattern of distribution and variance to be consistent with the hypothesis of a post Paleolithic "demic diffusion" from the Middle East.[3] The ancestral lineage of E-M81 in their hypothesis could have been linked with the spread of Neolithic food-producing technologies from the Fertile Crescent via the Nile, although pastoralism rather than agriculture. E-M81 and possibly proto-Afroasiatic language may have been carried either all the way from Asia, or they may represent a "local contribution to the North African Neolithic transition".

The E-M81 subclade has been found in ancient Guanche (Bimbapes) fossils excavated in Punta Azul, El Hierro, Canary Islands, which are dated to the 10th century (~44%).[5] Also found in ifri n'ammar that makes the Northwest African origin the likely origin of where it expanded, and not the Middle East.

Europe edit

In Europe, E-M81 has a widespread distribution at very low frequencies but is common mostly in the Iberian Peninsula, where unlike in the rest of Europe,[26] shows an average frequency of 4.3% (49/1140) in the Iberian Peninsula with frequencies reaching 4% and 9% in two separate surveys of Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile. However this study also includes 153 individuals from Majorca, Minorca and Ibiza islands as well as 24 individuals from Gascony which are not in the Iberian Peninsula. Without these 177 individuals, real average for Iberian Peninsula is 4.9% (47/963)[26] it is more common than E-M78, with an average frequency around 5%. Its frequencies are higher in the western half of the peninsula with frequencies reaching 8% in Extremadura and South Portugal, 4% in one study and 9% in another in Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile and 9% to 17% in Cantabria.[26][27][28][29][30] The highest frequencies of this clade found so far in Europe were observed in the Pasiegos from Cantabria, ranging from 18% (8/45)[30] to 41% (23/56).[24] An average frequency of 8.28% (54/652) has also been reported in the Spanish Canary Islands with frequencies over 10% in the three largest islands of Tenerife (10.68%), Gran Canaria (11.54%) and Fuerteventura (13.33%).[31]

E-M81 is also found in other parts of Europe, such as Britain – especially Wales and Scotland – and France, where it has an overall incidence of 2.7% (15/555), with frequencies surpassing 5.0% in Auvergne (5/89) and Île-de-France (5/91).[32][33][34] E-M81 was also observed in Italy with frequencies of 0,7% to 5,8% in Sardinia,[35][36] approximately 2.12% overall in Sicily (but up to 7.14% in Piazza Armerina),[37] and in very much lower frequency near Lucera (1.7%), in continental Italy,[38] possibly due to ancient migrations during the Islamic, Roman, and Carthaginian empires. In a 2014 study by Stefania Sarno et al. with 326 samples from Cosenza, Reggio Calabria, Lecce and five Sicilian provinces, E-M81 shows an average frequency of 1.53%, but the typical Maghrebin core haplotype 13-14-30-24-9-11-13 has been found in only two out of the five E-M81 individuals. These results, along with the negligible contribution from North-African populations revealed by the admixture-like plot analysis, suggest only a marginal impact of trans-Mediterranean gene flows on the current SSI genetic pool.[37][39]

Latin America edit

As a result of Spanish and Portuguese colonization of the Americas, this sub-clade is found throughout Latin America, for example 6.1% in Cuba, (8 out of 132),[40] 5.4% in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) (6 out of 112), "The presence of chromosomes of North African origin (E3b1b-M81;[24] can also be explained by a Portuguese-mediated influx, since this haplogroup reaches a frequency of 5.6% in Portugal,[28] quite similar to the frequency found in Rio de Janeiro (5.4%) among European contributors."[41] and among Hispanic men from California and Hawaii 2.4% (7 out of 295),[42]

Others edit

In smaller numbers, E-M81 men can be found in areas in contact with the Maghreb, both around the Sahara, in places like Sudan, and around the Mediterranean in places like Lebanon, Turkey, and amongst Sephardic Jews.

Distribution edit

The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for E-M81, showing where its distribution is greater than 1% in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Latin America.

Country/Region Sampling n %E-M81 Source
Mauretania Arabs 17 94 [43]
Algeria Arabs 60 80 [44]
Tunisia Arabs from Zriba 32 100 [45]
Tunisia Arabs from Djerba 47 93.7 [46]
Algeria Mozabite Berbers 67 86.6 [47]
Algeria Mozabite Berbers 20 80 [24]
Algeria Oran 102 45.1 [23]
Algeria Algiers 35 42.9 [3]
Algeria Kabyles from Tizi Ouzou 19 47.4 [3]
Algeria Arabs and Berbers 156 44.2 [48]
Algeria Zenata 35 48.6 [49]
Brazil Rio de Janeiro 112 5.4 [41]
Burkina Faso Tuaregs 38 77.8 [50]
Canary Islands Fuerteventura 75 13.3 [31]
Canary Islands Gran Canaria 78 11.5 [31]
Canary Islands Tenerife 178 10.7 [31]
Canary Islands Lanzarote 97 6.2 [31]
Canary Islands La Palma 85 5.9 [31]
Canary Islands Gomera 92 4.4 [31]
Canary Islands Hierro 47 2.1 [31]
Cuba 132 6.1 [40]
Cyprus Turkish Cypriots 46 8.7 [24]
Egypt Northern Egyptians 21 4.8 [24]
Egypt Western Desert 35 28.6 [21]
Egypt 147 8.2 [27]
Egypt Arabs 370 11.8 [48]
France 85 3.5 [24]
France Auvergne 89 5.6 [32]
France Île-de-France 91 5.5 [32]
France Nord-Pas-de-Calais 68 4.4 [32]
France Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 45 2.2 [32]
France Midi-Pyrénées 67 1.5 [32]
France Béarnais 56 1.8 [33]
France Bigorre 44 2.3 [33]
Iberia Spain, Portugal 655 5.2 [31]
Iberia Spain, Portugal 1140 4.3 [26]
Israel Bedouins 28 3.6 [24]
Italy Central Italians 89 2.2 [24]
Italy Northern Italians 67 1.5 [24]
Italy East Campania 84 1.2 [29]
Italy Lucera 60 1.7 [29]
Italy Peninsular Italy 915 0.3 [29]
Italy Sicily 236 2.1 [51]
Italy Sicilians 136 0.7 [24]
Italy Sardinians 367 0.3 [24]
Italy Sardinia 1204 5.8 [36]
Jordan Arabs 101 4 [27]
Lebanon Arabs 104 1.9 [27]
Lebanon Arabs 914 1.2 [52]
Libya Tuaregs 47 48.9 [53]
Libya Arabs 215 35.9 [54]
Libya Arabs and Berbers 83 45.7 [48]
Mauritania Arabs and Berbers 189 55.5 [48]
Morocco Marrakesh Berbers 29 72.4 [24]
Morocco Southern Moroccan Berbers 187 98.5 [55]
Morocco Moyen Atlas Berbers 69 71 [24]
Morocco Moroccan Arabs 54 31.5 [24]
Morocco Marrakesh (Amizmiz Valley) 33 84.8 [20]
Morocco Northern Moroccans (Beni Snassen) 67 79.1 [47]
Morocco Northern Moroccans (Rhiraya) 54 79.6 [47]
Morocco Immigrants resident in Italy 51 54.9 [56]
Morocco Arabs and Berbers 221 65 [31]
Morocco Arabs and Berbers 760 67.3 [48]
Morocco Saharawi 29 76 [57]
Niger Tuaregs 22 9.1 [24]
Niger Tuaregs 31 11.1 [50]
North Africa Sahara 89 59.6 [31]
North Africa Algeria, Tunisia 202 39.1 [31]
Portugal North 109 5.5 [58]
Portugal South 49 12.2 [24]
Portugal North 50 4 [24]
Portugal South 78 7.7 [26]
Portugal North 60 3.3 [26]
Portugal 303 5.6 [59]
Portugal North 101 6 [59]
Portugal Center 102 4.9 [59]
Portugal South 100 6 [59]
Portugal Madeira 129 5.4 [59]
Portugal Açores 121 5 [59]
Portugal 657 5.6 [28]
Portugal Entre Douro e Minho 228 6.6 [28]
Portugal Tras os Montes 64 3.1 [28]
Portugal Beira Litoral 116 5.2 [28]
Portugal Beira Interior 58 5.3 [28]
Portugal Estremadura 43 4.6 [28]
Portugal Lisboa e Setubal 62 6.5 [28]
Portugal Alentejo 65 7.7 [28]
Portugal Coruche 64 9.4 [50]
Portugal Pias 46 4.3 [50]
Portugal Alcacer do Sal 21 4.8 [50]
Portugal Tras-os-Montes (Jews) 57 5.3 [60]
Portugal Tras-os-Montes (Non Jews) 30 10 [60]
Somalia 201 1.5 [27]
Spain Pasiegos from Cantabria 19 36.8 [61]
Spain Pasiegos from Cantabria 56 41.1 [24]
Spain Pasiegos from Cantabria 45 17.8 [30]
Spain Spanish Basques 55 3.6 [24]
Spain Asturians 90 2.2 [24]
Spain Southern Spaniards 62 1.6 [24]
Spain Castile, NorthWest 100 10 [26]
Spain Andalucia, West 73 9.6 [26]
Spain Galicia 19 10.5 [58]
Spain Galicia 292 4.1 [62]
Spain Galicia 88 9.1 [26]
Spain Galicia 44 9.1 [63]
Spain Galicia 164 9.1 [64]
Spain Extremadura 52 7.7 [26]
Spain Valencia 73 4.1 [26]
Spain Castile, NorthEast 31 3.2 [26]
Spain Aragon 34 2.9 [26]
Spain Minorca 37 2.7 [26]
Spain Andalucia, East 95 2.1 [26]
Spain Majorca 62 1.6 [26]
Spain Castile, La Mancha 63 1.6 [26]
Spain Catalonia 80 1.3 [26]
Spain Catalonia 111 3.6 [63]
Spain Cantabria 161 13 [29]
Spain Malaga 26 11.5 [58]
Spain Cantabria 70 8.6 [58]
Spain Cordoba 27 7.4 [58]
Spain Valencia 31 6.5 [58]
Spain Valencia 59 5.1 [63]
Spain Almeria 36 5.6 [63]
Spain Leon 60 5 [58]
Spain Castile 21 4.8 [58]
Spain Seville 155 4.5 [58]
Spain Huelva 22 4.5 [58]
Spain Basques 45 2.2 [58]
Spain Huelva 167 3 [65]
Spain Granada 250 3.6 [65]
Spain Pedroches Valley 68 1.5 [20]
Spain Andalucia 94 2.1 [20]
Spain Zamora 235 5.5 [66]
Tunisia Tunis 148 37.9 [3]
Tunisia Immigrants resident in Italy 52 32.7 [56]
Tunisia Berbers from Bou Omrane 40 87.5 [67]
Tunisia Berbers from Bou Saad 40 92.5 [67]
Tunisia Arabs from Djerba 46 60.8 [67]
Tunisia Berbers from Djerba 47 76.6 [67]
Tunisia Berbers from Chenini–Douiret 27 100 [68]
Tunisia Berbers from Sened 35 65.7 [68]
Tunisia Arabs from Jradou 32 100 [68]
Tunisia Andalusians from Zaghouan 32 40.6 [68]
Tunisia Cosmopolitan Tunis 33 54.4 [68]
Tunisia Arabs 601 62.7 [48]
Turkey Istanbul Turkish 35 5.7 [24]
Turkey Sephardi Turkish 19 5.3 [24]
Turkey Southwestern Turkish 40 2.5 [24]
Turkey Northeastern Turkish 41 2.4 [24]
Egypt Berbers 93 1.1 [69]

E-Z830 (E1b1b1b2) edit

A recently confirmed sub-clade of E-Z827, Z830, includes the confirmed sub-clades of E-M123, E-M293, and E-V42, and is a sibling clade to E-L19. Currently, the E-M35 phylogeny project recognizes four distinct clusters of Z830* carriers, two of which are exclusively Jewish in origin. The remaining two are significantly smaller, and include scattered individuals in Germany, Spain, Latin America, Egypt, and Ethiopia.[70][71][72][73]

E-M123 edit

Main article: Haplogroup E-M123 (Y-DNA)

E-M123 is mostly known for its major subclade E-M34, which dominates this clade.[74]

E-V1515 edit

A new clade (E-V1515) was defined by Trombetta et al. 2015, which originated about 12 kya (95% CI 8.6-16.4) in eastern Africa where it is currently mainly distributed. This clade includes all the sub-Saharan haplogroups (E-V42, E-M293, E-V92, E-V6) reported as E-M35 basal clades in a previous phylogeny.[2]

We observed the highest frequency and diversity of this haplogroup in the northern part of the Horn of Africa (present day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia), where the majority of the deepest E-V1515 subhaplogroups and paragroups were found. In the southern part of the Horn (southern Ethiopia, Somalia and northern Kenya), haplogroup E-V1515 is almost exclusively represented by the recent (3.5 ka; 95% CI: 1.7–5.9 ka) subhaplogroup E-V1486. Further south, in southern Kenya and southern Africa, a single E-V1486 terminal clade, known as E-M293 (Henn et al. 2008), was found (fig. 3). This phylogeographic pattern is strongly suggestive of human movements from the northern part of the Horn to the Ethiopian/Kenyan borders between 12 ka (the coalescence of E-V1515) and 3.5 ka (the coalescence of E-V1486), and from here toward southern Africa across the equatorial belt in more recent times.[2]

Multiple instances of commercially observed E-V1515 have also been detected in Arabia.[75]

E-M293 edit

E-M293 is a subclade of E-V1515. It was identified by ISOGG as the second clade within E-Z830. It was discovered before E-Z830 and is associated with the spread of pastoralism from Eastern Africa by South Cushites into Southern Africa.[76] So far high levels have been found in specific ethnic groups in Tanzania and Southern Africa. Highest were the Datog (43%), Khwe (Kxoe) (31%), Burunge (28%), and Sandawe (24%). Two Bantu-speaking Kenyan males were found with the M293 mutation.[76] Other E-M215 subclades are rare in Southern Africa. The authors state...

Without information about M293 in the Maasai, Hema, and other populations in Kenya, Sudan, and Ethiopia, we cannot pinpoint the precise geographic source of M293 with greater confidence. However, the available evidence points to present-day Tanzania as an early and important geographic locus of M293 evolution.

They also say that "M293 is only found in sub-Saharan Africa, indicating a separate phylogenetic history for M35.1 * (former) samples further north". E-P72.[7] This is a subclade of E-M293.[13]

E-V42 edit

E-V42 was discovered in two Ethiopian Jews.[13] It was suggested that it may be restricted to the region around Ethiopia. However, further testing by commercial DNA testing companies confirmed positive results for this subclade in Arabia as well.[77]

E-V6 edit

The E-V6 subclade of E-V1515 is defined by V6 and has been identified a significant presence of these lineages in Ethiopia, and also some in the neighboring Somali population.[24] Among the Ethiopian and Somali samples, the highest were 14.7% among the Ethiopian Amhara, and 16.7% among the Ethiopian Wolayta.

E-V92 edit

E-V92 was discovered in two Ethiopian Amhara.[13] Like E-V6 and E-V42 it possibly only exists in the area of Ethiopia.

Phylogenetics edit

Phylogenetic History edit

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
E-P29 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E* E E E E E E E E E E
E-M33 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E1* E1 E1a E1a E1 E1 E1a E1a E1a E1a E1a
E-M44 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E1a E1a E1a1 E1a1 E1a E1a E1a1 E1a1 E1a1 E1a1 E1a1
E-M75 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E2a E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2
E-M54 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E2b E2b E2b E2b1 - - - - - - -
E-P2 25 III 4 14 Eu3 H2 B E3* E3 E1b E1b1 E3 E3 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1
E-M2 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a* E3a E1b1 E1b1a E3a E3a E1b1a E1b1a E1b1a E1b1a1 E1b1a1
E-M58 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a1 E3a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E3a1 E3a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1a1a E1b1a1a1a
E-M116.2 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a2 E3a2 E1b1a2 E1b1a2 E3a2 E3a2 E1b1a2 E1b1a2 E1ba12 removed removed
E-M149 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a3 E3a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E3a3 E3a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a1a1c E1b1a1a1c
E-M154 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a4 E3a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E3a4 E3a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a1a1g1c E1b1a1a1g1c
E-M155 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a5 E3a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E3a5 E3a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a1a1d E1b1a1a1d
E-M10 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a6 E3a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E3a6 E3a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a1a1e E1b1a1a1e
E-M35 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b* E3b E1b1b1 E1b1b1 E3b1 E3b1 E1b1b1 E1b1b1 E1b1b1 removed removed
E-M78 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b1* E3b1 E1b1b1a E1b1b1a1 E3b1a E3b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a1 E1b1b1a1
E-M148 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b1a E3b1a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a1c1 E3b1a3a E3b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a1c1 E1b1b1a1c1
E-M81 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2* E3b2 E1b1b1b E1b1b1b1 E3b1b E3b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a
E-M107 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2a E3b2a E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a E3b1b1 E3b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a E1b1b1b1a1
E-M165 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2b E3b2b E1b1b1b2 E1b1b1b1b1 E3b1b2 E3b1b2 E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b1a2a
E-M123 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b3* E3b3 E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E3b1c E3b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1b2a
E-M34 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b3a* E3b3a E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E3b1c1 E3b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1b2a1
E-M136 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3ba1 E3b3a1 E1b1b1c1a E1b1b1c1a1 E3b1c1a E3b1c1a E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1b2a1a1

Original Research Publications edit

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

See also edit

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Haplogroup E-Z827.

Genetics edit

Y-DNA E Subclades edit

Y-DNA Backbone Tree edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "YFull YTree v6.02". YFull: Y-Chr Sequence Interpretation Service.
  2. ^ a b c Trombetta B, D'Atanasio E, Massaia A, Ippoliti M, Coppa A, Candilio F, et al. (June 2015). "Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent". Genome Biology and Evolution. 7 (7): 1940–50. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv118. PMC 4524485. PMID 26108492.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, Zerjal T, Fathallah DM, Makrelouf M, Pascali VL, Novelletto A, Tyler-Smith C (August 2004). "A predominantly neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (2): 338–45. doi:10.1086/423147. PMC 1216069. PMID 15202071.
  4. ^ ISOGG (2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2015
  5. ^ a b Ordóñez AC, Fregel R, Trujillo-Mederos A, Hervella M, de-la-Rúa C, Arnay-de-la-Rosa M (2017). "Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands)". Journal of Archaeological Science. 78: 20–28. Bibcode:2017JArSc..78...20O. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004.
  6. ^ ISOGG (2008). "Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2008". International Society of Genetic Genealogists "ISOGG".
  7. ^ a b c Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (May 2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
  8. ^ Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" (February 2002). "A nomenclature system for the tree of human Y-chromosomal binary haplogroups". Genome Research. 12 (2): 339–48. doi:10.1101/gr.217602. PMC 155271. PMID 11827954.
  9. ^ a b c ISOGG 2015
  10. ^ "E-PF2431 YTree".
  11. ^ "E-M81 YTree". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
  12. ^ "E-L19 YTree". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
  13. ^ a b c d Trombetta B, Cruciani F, Sellitto D, Scozzari R (January 2011). MacAulay V (ed.). "A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms". PLOS ONE. 6 (1): e16073. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...616073T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016073. PMC 3017091. PMID 21253605.
  14. ^ Maroti at al. 2022, Whole genome analysis sheds light on the genetic origin of Huns, Avars and conquering Hungarians https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476915v1
  15. ^ Antonio et al. 2019, Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean
  16. ^ Immel et al. 2021, Analysis of Genomic DNA from Medieval Plague Victims Suggests Long-Term Effect of Yersinia pestis on Human Immunity Genes
  17. ^ Arredi, Barbara; Poloni, Estella S.; Paracchini, Silvia; Zerjal, Tatiana; Fathallah, Dahmani M.; Makrelouf, Mohamed; Pascali, Vincenzo L.; Novelletto, Andrea; Tyler-Smith, Chris (August 2004). "A predominantly neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (2): 338–345. doi:10.1086/423147. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1216069. PMID 15202071.
  18. ^ "E-M81 YTree". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2016-07-10.
  19. ^ Solé-Morata N, García-Fernández C, Urasin V, Bekada A, Fadhlaoui-Zid K, Zalloua P, Comas D, Calafell F (November 2017). "Whole Y-chromosome sequences reveal an extremely recent origin of the most common North African paternal lineage E-M183 (M81)". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 15941. Bibcode:2017NatSR...715941S. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16271-y. PMC 5698413. PMID 29162904.
  20. ^ a b c d Alvarez L, Santos C, Montiel R, Caeiro B, Baali A, Dugoujona JM, Dugoujon JM, Aluja MP (2009). "Y-chromosome variation in South Iberia: insights into the North African contribution". American Journal of Human Biology. 21 (3): 407–9. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20888. PMID 19213004. S2CID 7041905.
  21. ^ a b c Kujanová M, Pereira L, Fernandes V, Pereira JB, Cerný V (October 2009). "Near eastern neolithic genetic input in a small oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 140 (2): 336–46. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21078. PMID 19425100.
  22. ^ a b Elkamel, Sarra; Marques, Sofia L.; Alvarez, Luis; Gomes, Veronica; Boussetta, Sami; Mourali-Chebil, Soufia; Khodjet-El-Khil, Houssein; Cherni, Lotfi; Benammar-Elgaaied, Amel; Prata, Maria J. (2021-08-03). "Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: high prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15728. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1115728E. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8333252. PMID 34344940.
  23. ^ a b Robino C, Crobu F, Di Gaetano C, Bekada A, Benhamamouch S, Cerutti N, Piazza A, Inturri S, Torre C (May 2008). "Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 122 (3): 251–5. doi:10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5. PMID 17909833. S2CID 11556974.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Cruciani F, La Fratta R, Santolamazza P, Sellitto D, Pascone R, Moral P, Watson E, Guida V, Colomb EB, Zaharova B, Lavinha J, Vona G, Aman R, Cali F, Akar N, Richards M, Torroni A, Novelletto A, Scozzari R (May 2004). "Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E-M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1014–22. doi:10.1086/386294. PMC 1181964. PMID 15042509.
  25. ^ Solé-Morata N, García-Fernández C, Urasin V, Bekada A, Fadhlaoui-Zid K, Zalloua P, et al. (November 2017). "Whole Y-chromosome sequences reveal an extremely recent origin of the most common North African paternal lineage E-M183 (M81)". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 15941. Bibcode:2017NatSR...715941S. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16271-y. PMC 5698413. PMID 29162904.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, López-Parra AM, Aler M, Grifo MS, Brion M, Carracedo A, Lavinha J, Martínez-Jarreta B, Quintana-Murci L, Picornell A, Ramon M, Skorecki K, Behar DM, Calafell F, Jobling MA (December 2008). "The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–36. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMC 2668061. PMID 19061982.
  27. ^ a b c d e Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Karadsheh N, Gonzalez AM (2005). "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan". Journal of Human Genetics. 50 (9): 435–41. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4. PMID 16142507.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Beleza S, Gusmão L, Lopes A, Alves C, Gomes I, Giouzeli M, Calafell F, Carracedo A, Amorim A (March 2006). "Micro-phylogeographic and demographic history of Portuguese male lineages". Annals of Human Genetics. 70 (Pt 2): 181–94. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00221.x. PMID 16626329. S2CID 4652154.
  29. ^ a b c d e Capelli C, Onofri V, Brisighelli F, Boschi I, Scarnicci F, Masullo M, et al. (June 2009). "Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (6): 848–52. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.258. PMC 2947089. PMID 19156170.
  30. ^ a b c Maca-Meyer N, Sánchez-Velasco P, Flores C, Larruga JM, González AM, Oterino A, Leyva-Cobián F (July 2003). "Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA characterization of Pasiegos, a human isolate from Cantabria (Spain)". Annals of Human Genetics. 67 (Pt 4): 329–39. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.584.4253. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00045.x. PMID 12914567. S2CID 40355653.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fregel R, Gomes V, Gusmão L, González AM, Cabrera VM, Amorim A, Larruga JM (August 2009). "Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 181. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181. PMC 2728732. PMID 19650893.
  32. ^ a b c d e f Ramos-Luis E, Blanco-Verea A, Brión M, Van Huffel V, Carracedo A, Sánchez-Diz P (December 2009). "Phylogeography of French male lineages". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 2 (1): 439–441. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.09.026.
  33. ^ a b c Martínez-Cruz B, Harmant C, Platt DE, Haak W, Manry J, Ramos-Luis E, Soria-Hernanz DF, Bauduer F, Salaberria J, Oyharçabal B (March 2012). "Evidence of Pre-Roman Tribal Genetic Structure in Basques from Uniparentally Inherited Markers". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 29 (9): 2211–2222. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss091. hdl:10261/112478. PMID 22411853.
  34. ^ Only men with French surname were analysed, in order to try to exclude more recent immigrants.
  35. ^ Grugni V, Raveane A, Colombo G, Nici C, Crobu F, Ongaro L, et al. (November 2019). "Y-chromosome and Surname Analyses for Reconstructing Past Population Structures: The Sardinian Population as a Test Case". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20 (22): 5763. doi:10.3390/ijms20225763. PMC 6888588. PMID 31744094.
  36. ^ a b Francalacci et al. (2013), Low-Pass DNA Sequencing of 1200 Sardinians Reconstructs European Y-Chromosome Phylogeny
  37. ^ a b Di Gaetano et al. (2009)
  38. ^ Capelli et al. (2009)
  39. ^ Sarno S, Boattini A, Carta M, Ferri G, Alù M, Yao DY, et al. (2014). "An ancient Mediterranean melting pot: investigating the uniparental genetic structure and population history of sicily and southern Italy". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e96074. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...996074S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096074. PMC 4005757. PMID 24788788.   This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.
  40. ^ a b Mendizabal I, Sandoval K, Berniell-Lee G, Calafell F, Salas A, Martínez-Fuentes A, Comas D (July 2008). "Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8: 213. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-213. PMC 2492877. PMID 18644108.
  41. ^ a b Silva DA, Carvalho E, Costa G, Tavares L, Amorim A, Gusmão L (2006). "Y-chromosome genetic variation in Rio de Janeiro population". American Journal of Human Biology. 18 (6): 829–37. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20567. PMID 17039481. S2CID 23778828.
  42. ^ Paracchini S, Pearce CL, Kolonel LN, Altshuler D, Henderson BE, Tyler-Smith C (November 2003). "A Y chromosomal influence on prostate cancer risk: the multi-ethnic cohort study". Journal of Medical Genetics. 40 (11): 815–9. doi:10.1136/jmg.40.11.815. PMC 1735314. PMID 14627670.
  43. ^ "E-M81 YTree". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
  44. ^ Bekada A, Arauna LR, Deba T, Calafell F, Benhamamouch S, Comas D (2015-09-24). "Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0138453. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1038453B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138453. PMC 4581715. PMID 26402429.
  45. ^ Cherni L, Pereira L, Goios A, Loueslati BY, Khodjet el Khil H, Gomes I, et al. (August 2005). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in three ethnic groups and one cosmopolitan population from Tunisia". Forensic Science International. 152 (1): 95–99. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.02.007. PMID 15939181.
  46. ^ Manni F, Leonardi P, Patin É, Berrebi A, Khodjet el Khil H, Skorecki K, et al. (June 2005). "A Y-chromosome portrait of the population of Jerba (Tunisia) to elucidate its complex demographic history". Bulletins et mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris. BMSAP. 17 (1–2): 103–114. doi:10.4000/bmsap.956. ISSN 0037-8984.
  47. ^ a b c Dugoujon JM, Philippson G (2005). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-25.
  48. ^ a b c d e f Bekada A, Fregel R, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM, Pestano J, Benhamamouch S, González AM (February 2013). "Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles into the North African landscape". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56775. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856775B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. PMC 3576335. PMID 23431392.
  49. ^ Bekada, Asmahan; Arauna, Lara R.; Deba, Tahria; Calafell, Francesc; Benhamamouch, Soraya; Comas, David (2015-09-24). "Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0138453. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138453. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4581715. PMID 26402429.
  50. ^ a b c d e Pereira L, Cerný V, Cerezo M, Silva NM, Hájek M, Vasíková A, Kujanová M, Brdicka R, Salas A (August 2010). "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (8): 915–23. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21. PMC 2987384. PMID 20234393.
  51. ^ Di Gaetano C, Cerutti N, Crobu F, Robino C, Inturri S, Gino S, et al. (January 2009). "Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (1): 91–9. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120. PMC 2985948. PMID 18685561.
  52. ^ Genographic Consortium, Zalloua PA, Platt DE, El Sibai M, Khalife J, Makhoul N, et al. (November 2008). "Identifying genetic traces of historical expansions: Phoenician footprints in the Mediterranean". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (5): 633–42. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012. PMC 2668035. PMID 18976729.
  53. ^ Ottoni C, Larmuseau MH, Vanderheyden N, Martínez-Labarga C, Primativo G, Biondi G, Decorte R, Rickards O (May 2011). "Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg: a genetic survey of their paternal heritage". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 145 (1): 118–24. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21473. PMID 21312181.
  54. ^ Fadhlaoui-Zid K, Haber M, Martínez-Cruz B, Zalloua P, Benammar Elgaaied A, Comas D (2013). "Genome-wide and paternal diversity reveal a recent origin of human populations in North Africa". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80293. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880293F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080293. PMC 3842387. PMID 24312208.
  55. ^ Reguig A, Harich N, Barakat A, Rouba H (2014). "Phylogeography of E1b1b1b-M81 haplogroup and analysis of its subclades in Morocco". Human Biology. 86 (2): 105–12. doi:10.3378/027.086.0204. PMID 25397701. S2CID 11334895.
  56. ^ a b Onofri V, Alessandrini F, Turchi C, Pesaresi M, Tagliabracci A (August 2008). "Y-chromosome markers distribution in Northern Africa: High-resolution SNP and STR analysis in Tunisia and Morocco populations". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 1 (1): 235–236. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.173.
  57. ^ Bosch, Elena; Calafell, Francesc; Comas, David; Oefner, Peter J.; Underhill, Peter A.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (April 2001). "High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Variation Shows a Sharp Discontinuity and Limited Gene Flow between Northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (4): 1019–1029. doi:10.1086/319521. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1275654. PMID 11254456.
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, González AM, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Pérez JA, Rojas A, Larruga JM, Underhill PA (October 2004). "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (10): 855–63. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225. PMID 15280900.
  59. ^ a b c d e f Gonçalves R, Freitas A, Branco M, Rosa A, Fernandes AT, Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Kivisild T, Brehm A (July 2005). "Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (Pt 4): 443–54. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x. hdl:10400.13/3018. PMID 15996172. S2CID 3229760.
  60. ^ a b Nogueiro I, Manco L, Gomes V, Amorim A, Gusmão L (March 2010). "Phylogeographic analysis of paternal lineages in NE Portuguese Jewish communities". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 141 (3): 373–81. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21154. PMID 19918998.
  61. ^ Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Pangrazio A, Santolamazza P, Vona G, Moral P, Latini V, Varesi L, Memmi MM, Romano V, De Leo G, Gennarelli M, Jaruzelska J, Villems R, Parik J, Macaulay V, Torroni A (September 2001). "Human Y-chromosome variation in the western Mediterranean area: implications for the peopling of the region" (PDF). Human Immunology. 62 (9): 871–84. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.408.4857. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00286-5. PMID 11543889.
  62. ^ Brion M, Quintans B, Zarrabeitia M, Gonzalez-Neira A, Salas A, Lareu V, Tyler-Smith C, Carracedo A (March 2004). "Micro-geographical differentiation in Northern Iberia revealed by Y-chromosomal DNA analysis". Gene. 329: 17–25. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2003.12.035. PMID 15033525.
  63. ^ a b c d Santos C, Fregel R, Cabrera VM, Alvarez L, Larruga JM, Ramos A, López MA, Pilar Aluja M, González AM (2014). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome structure at the Mediterranean and Atlantic façades of the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Biology. 26 (2): 130–41. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22497. PMID 24375863. S2CID 205303141.
  64. ^ Regueiro M, Garcia-Bertrand R, Fadhlaoui-Zid K, Álvarez J, Herrera RJ (June 2015). "From Arabia to Iberia: A Y chromosome perspective". Gene. 564 (2): 141–52. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.042. PMID 25701402.
  65. ^ a b Ambrosio B, Dugoujon JM, Hernández C, De La Fuente D, González-Martín A, Fortes-Lima CA, Novelletto A, Rodríguez JN, Calderón R (2010). "The Andalusian population from Huelva reveals a high diversification of Y-DNA paternal lineages from haplogroup E: Identifying human male movements within the Mediterranean space". Annals of Human Biology. 37 (1): 86–107. doi:10.3109/03014460903229155. PMID 19939195. S2CID 1667431.
  66. ^ Alvarez L, Ciria E, Marques SL, Santos C, Aluja MP (2014). "Y-chromosome analysis in a Northwest Iberian population: unraveling the impact of Northern African lineages". American Journal of Human Biology. 26 (6): 740–6. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22602. PMID 25123837. S2CID 205303372.
  67. ^ a b c d Ennafaa H, Fregel R, Khodjet-El-Khil H, González AM, Mahmoudi HA, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM, Benammar-Elgaaïed A (October 2011). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome microstructure in Tunisia". Journal of Human Genetics. 56 (10): 734–41. doi:10.1038/jhg.2011.92. PMID 21833004.
  68. ^ a b c d e Fadhlaoui-Zid K, Martinez-Cruz B, Khodjet-el-khil H, Mendizabal I, Benammar-Elgaaied A, Comas D (October 2011). "Genetic structure of Tunisian ethnic groups revealed by paternal lineages". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 146 (2): 271–80. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21581. PMID 21915847.
  69. ^ Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Coudray, Clotilde; Torroni, Antonio; Cruciani, Fulvio; Scozzari, Rosaria; Moral, Pedro; Louali, Naima; Kossmann, Maarten (2009-12-17), d'Errico, Francesco; Hombert, Jean-Marie (eds.), "Genetic and linguistic diversities: The Berber and the Berbers", Becoming Eloquent: Advances in the emergence of language, human cognition, and modern cultures, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 123–146, ISBN 978-90-272-3269-4, retrieved 2023-07-24
  70. ^ . haplozone.net. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
  71. ^ . haplozone.net. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
  72. ^ . haplozone.net. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
  73. ^ . haplozone.net. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
  74. ^ "E-M35 phylogeny project". As of 11 November 2008 for example, the E-M35 phylogeny project had records of four E-M123* tests, compared to 93 test results with E-M34.[permanent dead link]
  75. ^ "E-CTS10880 YTree".
  76. ^ a b Henn BM, Gignoux C, Lin AA, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Tishkoff SA, Mountain JL, Underhill PA (August 2008). "Y-chromosomal evidence of a pastoralist migration through Tanzania to southern Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (31): 10693–8. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10510693H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801184105. PMC 2504844. PMID 18678889.
  77. ^ . haplozone.net. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
  78. ^ Jobling MA, Tyler-Smith C (August 2000). "New uses for new haplotypes the human Y chromosome, disease and selection". Trends in Genetics. 16 (8): 356–62. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6. PMID 10904265.
  79. ^ Kalaydjieva L, Calafell F, Jobling MA, Angelicheva D, de Knijff P, Rosser ZH, Hurles ME, Underhill P, Tournev I, Marushiakova E, Popov V (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597. PMID 11313742.
  80. ^ Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, Jin L, Passarino G, Yang WH, et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–61. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480. S2CID 12893406.
  81. ^ Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Redd AJ, Jarjanazi H, Santachiara-Benerecetti S, Soodyall H, Zegura SL (July 2001). "Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–203. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906. PMID 11420360.
  82. ^ Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ, Lin AA, Arbuzova S, Beckman LE, et al. (November 2000). "The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–9. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453.
  83. ^ Su B, Xiao J, Underhill P, Deka R, Zhang W, Akey J, Huang W, Shen D, Lu D, Luo J, Chu J, Tan J, Shen P, Davis R, Cavalli-Sforza L, Chakraborty R, Xiong M, Du R, Oefner P, Chen Z, Jin L (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome evidence for a northward migration of modern humans into Eastern Asia during the last Ice Age". American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–24. doi:10.1086/302680. PMC 1288383. PMID 10577926.
  84. ^ Capelli C, Wilson JF, Richards M, Stumpf MP, Gratrix F, Oppenheimer S, Underhill P, Pascali VL, Ko TM, Goldstein DB (February 2001). "A predominantly indigenous paternal heritage for the Austronesian-speaking peoples of insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–43. doi:10.1086/318205. PMC 1235276. PMID 11170891.

Further reading edit

  • Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N, Olivieri A, Pala M, Myres NM, King RJ, Rootsi S, Marjanovic D, Primorac D, Hadziselimovic R, Vidovic S, Drobnic K, Durmishi N, Torroni A, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Underhill PA, Semino O (June 2009). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (6): 820–30. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC 2947100. PMID 19107149.
  • Bird S (2007). . Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 3 (2). Archived from the original on 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2011-06-17.
  • Bosch E, Calafell F, González-Neira A, Flaiz C, Mateu E, Scheil HG, Huckenbeck W, Efremovska L, Mikerezi I, Xirotiris N, Grasa C, Schmidt H, Comas D (July 2006). "Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns". Annals of Human Genetics. 70 (Pt 4): 459–87. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00251.x. PMID 16759179. S2CID 23156886. Archived from the original on 2012-12-10.
  • Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (March 2008). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (3): 374–86. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. PMID 17928816.
  • Capelli C, Redhead N, Abernethy JK, Gratrix F, Wilson JF, Moen T, et al. (May 2003). "A Y chromosome census of the British Isles" (PDF). Current Biology. 13 (11): 979–84. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00373-7. PMID 12781138. S2CID 526263.
  • Caratti S, Gino S, Torre C, Robino C (July 2009). "Subtyping of Y-chromosomal haplogroup E-M78 (E1b1b1a) by SNP assay and its forensic application". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 123 (4): 357–60. doi:10.1007/s00414-009-0350-y. PMID 19430804. S2CID 5657112.
  • Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P, Macaulay V, Moral P, Olckers A, Modiano D, Holmes S, Destro-Bisol G, Coia V, Wallace DC, Oefner PJ, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Scozzari R, Underhill PA (May 2002). "A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (5): 1197–214. doi:10.1086/340257. PMC 447595. PMID 11910562.
  • Cruciani F, La Fratta R, Torroni A, Underhill PA, Scozzari R (August 2006). "Molecular dissection of the Y chromosome haplogroup E-M78 (E3b1a): a posteriori evaluation of a microsatellite-network-based approach through six new biallelic markers". Human Mutation. 27 (8): 831–2. doi:10.1002/humu.9445. PMID 16835895. S2CID 26886757.
  • Cruciani F, La Fratta R, Trombetta B, Santolamazza P, Sellitto D, Colomb EB, et al. (June 2007). "Tracing past human male movements in northern/eastern Africa and western Eurasia: new clues from Y-chromosomal haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (6): 1300–11. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm049. PMID 17351267.
  • Di Giacomo F, Luca F, Anagnou N, Ciavarella G, Corbo RM, Cresta M, Cucci F, Di Stasi L, Agostiano V, Giparaki M, Loutradis A, Mammi' C, Michalodimitrakis EN, Papola F, Pedicini G, Plata E, Terrenato L, Tofanelli S, Malaspina P, Novelletto A (September 2003). (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (3): 387–95. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00016-2. PMID 12927125. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2011-06-17.
  • Firasat S, Khaliq S, Mohyuddin A, Papaioannou M, Tyler-Smith C, Underhill PA, Ayub Q (January 2007). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675.
  • Hassan HY, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Ibrahim ME (November 2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 316–23. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876. PMID 18618658.
  • King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Triantaphyllidis C, Kouvatsi A, Lin AA, Chow CE, Zhivotovsky LA, Michalodimitrakis M, Underhill PA (March 2008). "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (Pt 2): 205–14. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x. PMID 18269686. S2CID 22406638.
  • King R, Underhill PA (2002). "Congruent distribution of Neolithic painted pottery and ceramic figurines with Y-chromosome lineages". Antiquity. 76 (293): 707–14. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00091158. S2CID 160359661.
  • Lancaster A (2009). (PDF). Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 5 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2011-06-17.
  • Onofri V, Alessandrini F, Turchi C, Pesaresi M, Buscemi L, Tagliabracci A (February 2006). "Development of multiplex PCRs for evolutionary and forensic applications of 37 human Y chromosome SNPs" (PDF). Forensic Science International. 157 (1): 23–35. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.03.014. PMID 15896936.[permanent dead link]
  • Pelotti S, Ceccardi S, Lugaresi F, Trane R, Falconi M, Bini C, Willuweit S, Roewer L (2008). "Microgeographic genetic variation of Y chromosome in a population sample of Ravenna's area in the Emilia-Romagna region (North of Italy)". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 1 (1): 242–243. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.025.
  • Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, Rootsi S, Janićijevic B, Rudan I, Terzić R, Colak I, Kvesić A, Popović D, Sijacki A, Behluli I, Dordevic D, Efremovska L, Bajec DD, Stefanović BD, Villems R, Rudan P (October 2005). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (10): 1964–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443.
  • Pontikos D. "Phylogeographic refinement of haplogroup E" http://dienekes.blogspot.ru/2015/07/phylogeographic-refinement-of.html
  • Rosa A, Ornelas C, Jobling MA, Brehm A, Villems R (July 2007). "Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 124. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-124. PMC 1976131. PMID 17662131.
  • Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, Adojaan M, Alavantic D, Amorim A, et al. (December 2000). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language". American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (6): 1526–43. doi:10.1086/316890. PMC 1287948. PMID 11078479.
  • Sanchez JJ, Hallenberg C, Børsting C, Hernandez A, Morling N (July 2005). "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males". European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (7): 856–66. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390. PMID 15756297.
  • Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA (January 2002). (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (1): 265–8. doi:10.1086/338306. PMC 384897. PMID 11719903. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-03-15.
  • Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, et al. (May 2004). "Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.
  • Shen P, Lavi T, Kivisild T, Chou V, Sengun D, Gefel D, Shpirer I, Woolf E, Hillel J, Feldman MW, Oefner PJ (September 2004). "Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation" (PDF). Human Mutation. 24 (3): 248–60. doi:10.1002/humu.20077. PMID 15300852. S2CID 1571356. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2011-06-17.
  • Thomas MG, Stumpf MP, Härke H (October 2006). (PDF). Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 273 (1601): 2651–7. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3627. PMC 1635457. PMID 17002951. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-05.
  • Hassan HY, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Ibrahim ME (November 2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 316–23. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876. PMID 18618658.
  • Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA, Shen P, Mirazón Lahr M, Foley RA, Oefner PJ, Cavalli-Sforza LL (January 2001). "The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations". Annals of Human Genetics. 65 (Pt 1): 43–62. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6510043.x. PMID 11415522. S2CID 9441236.
  • Underhill PA (2002). "Inference of Neolithic Population Histories using Y-chromosome Haplotypes". In Bellwood PS, Renfrew C (eds.). Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. ISBN 978-1-902937-20-5.
  • Underhill PA, Kivisild T (2007). "Use of y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA population structure in tracing human migrations". Annual Review of Genetics. 41 (1): 539–64. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130407. PMID 18076332.
  • Weale ME, Weiss DA, Jager RF, Bradman N, Thomas MG (July 2002). "Y chromosome evidence for Anglo-Saxon mass migration". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19 (7): 1008–21. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004160. PMID 12082121.
  • Weale (September 1, 2003). "Rare Deep-Rooting Y Chromosome Lineages in Humans: Lessons for Phylogeography". Genetics. 165 (1): 229–234. doi:10.1093/genetics/165.1.229. PMC 1462739. PMID 14504230.

External links edit

  • Ftdna E-PF2431 Project
  • E-M35 Phylogeny Project Wiki
  • E-M35 Phylogeny Project (all labs site)
  • E-M35 Phylogeny Project Public Forum
  • FamilyTreeDNA - E-PF2431 Project
  • FamilyTreeDNA - E-M81 Project

April 12, 2024
haplogroup, z827, z827, also, known, e1b1b1b, major, human, chromosome, haplogroup, parent, lineage, z830, v257, subclades, defines, their, common, phylogeny, former, predominantly, found, middle, east, latter, most, frequently, observed, north, africa, with, . E Z827 also known as E1b1b1b 4 is a major human Y chromosome DNA haplogroup It is the parent lineage to the E Z830 and E V257 subclades and defines their common phylogeny The former is predominantly found in the Middle East the latter is most frequently observed in North Africa with its E M81 subclade observed among the ancient Guanche natives of the Canary Islands 5 E Z827 is also found at lower frequencies in Europe and in isolated parts of Southeast Africa Haplogroup E Z827Possible time of origin24 100 BP 1 Coalescence age23 500 BP 1 Possible place of originNorthern Africa 2 Middle East 3 AncestorE M35DescendantsE L19 E Z830Defining mutationsZ827 Contents 1 Subclades of E Z827 and Distribution 1 1 Family Tree 1 2 E V257 L19 E1b1b1b1 1 2 1 E PF2431 1 2 2 E M81 1 2 2 1 Europe 1 2 2 2 Latin America 1 2 2 3 Others 1 2 2 4 Distribution 1 3 E Z830 E1b1b1b2 1 3 1 E M123 1 3 2 E V1515 1 3 2 1 E M293 1 3 2 2 E V42 1 3 2 3 E V6 1 3 2 4 E V92 2 Phylogenetics 2 1 Phylogenetic History 2 1 1 Original Research Publications 3 See also 3 1 Genetics 3 2 Y DNA E Subclades 3 3 Y DNA Backbone Tree 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksSubclades of E Z827 and Distribution editFamily Tree edit The following phylogeny is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG 6 7 8 E Z827 Z827 E1b1b1b 9 E V257 L19 L19 V257 E1b1b1b1 9 E PF2431 PF2431 10 E PF2438 E Y10561 E FGC18981 E FGC38527 E Y35933 E FGC18960 E Y33020 E FGC18958 E PF2440 E PF2471 E BY9805 E M81 M81 11 E M81 E PF2546 E PF2546 E CTS12227 E MZ11 E MZ12 E A929 E Z5009 E Z5009 E Z5010 E Z5013 E Z5013 E A1152 E A2227 E A428 E MZ16 E PF6794 E PF6794 E PF6789 E MZ21 E MZ23 E MZ80 E A930 E Z2198 E MZ46 E A601 E L351 E Z830 Z830 E1b1b1b2 9 E M123 M123 E M34 M34 E M84 M84 E M136 M136 E M290 M290 E V23 V23 E L791 L791 L792 E V1515 E V1515 E V1486 E V1486 E V2881 E V2881 E V1792 E V92 E M293 M293 E M293 E P72 P72 E V3065 E V1700 E V42 V42 E V1785 E V1785 E V6 V6 E V257 L19 E1b1b1b1 edit E V257 L19 individuals were found in published samples who were E V257 L19 but not E M81 several Middle Easterners and northafricans a Corsican a Sardinian a Borana from Kenya a southern Spaniard and a Cantabrian 12 Within E M35 there are striking parallels between two haplogroups E V68 and E V257 Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in North Africa E M78 and E M81 respectively and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe An expansion of E M35 carriers possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other authors and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea would explain this geographic pattern However the absence of E V68 and E V257 in the Middle East makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis 13 E PF2431 edit PF2431 is the sister branch of M81 which was discovered in Paolo Francalacci 2011 Previously it was designated L19 V257 This mutation has been discovered in North Africa in Souss in Morocco in central and eastern Algeria West Nile in Egypt the Sahel Chad Gambia Western Europe United Kingdom Derbyshire Germany Switzerland Spain Italy and Near Eastern Turkey Karabakh and Urmia It would have formed 13800 years ago and is thought to originate from the green Sahara Its TMRCA is estimated at 10600 years by yfull Archeology unearthed the remains of a member of the Hungarian conquering elite was analyzed from branch E FGC19010 it had been discovered in Sandorfalva in Hungary and is dated to the second half of the tenth century 14 A skeleton was discovered at the Monastery of San Pietro Villa Magna in Italy whose DNA belongs to the same branch and lived around 1180CE 15 Scientists have examined the DNA of a mass grave of victims of the bubonic plague in Ellwangen in Germany this one dates from the 16th century and belongs to another branch E FGC18981 16 E M81 edit E V257 s dominant sub clade E M81 is thought to have originated in the area of the northwest of Africa 7 000 years ago 17 but all Yfull members are M183 and have a TMRCA just 2700 years ago 18 nbsp Regional distribution for haplogroup E M81 E M81 is the most common subclade of haplogroup E L19 V257 It is concentrated in North Africa and is dominated by its E M183 subclade E M183 is believed to have originated in the Northwest of Africa and has an estimated age of 2284 2984 ybp 19 The E M183 sub haplogroup reaches a mean frequency of 42 in North Africa It decreases in frequency from 100 in some populations to approximately 28 6 to the east of this range in Egypt 3 20 21 The E M81 subclade is predominant among North African Berber speaking populations In Tunisia it reached 100 frequency among a sample of Arabs from Zriba 22 89 5 in Andalusians Qalaat al Andalous and 100 in Berbers from Chenini Douiret Jradou and Takrouna 22 It is generally found at frequencies around 45 in coastal cities of the Maghreb Oran Tunis Algiers 3 23 nbsp Diagram displaying the geographic frequency It is also prevalent among other Berber populations and reaches frequency of 72 4 in Marrakesh Berbers 24 80 in Mozabite and 71 in Middle Atlas Berbers Moyen It also reaches high levels 77 8 among the Tuareg population inhabiting the Sahara in Burkina Faso near Gor it reaches a much lower frequency of 11 1 in the vicinity of Tanut in the Republic of Niger In this key area from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean 3 report a pattern of decreasing STR haplotype variation implying decreasing lineage age in those areas from East to West but 25 reports West to East for M183 accompanied by a substantial increasing frequency At the eastern extreme of this core range 21 M81 is found in 28 6 10 out of 35 men in El Hayez in the Western desert in EgyptThe pattern of distribution and variance to be consistent with the hypothesis of a post Paleolithic demic diffusion from the Middle East 3 The ancestral lineage of E M81 in their hypothesis could have been linked with the spread of Neolithic food producing technologies from the Fertile Crescent via the Nile although pastoralism rather than agriculture E M81 and possibly proto Afroasiatic language may have been carried either all the way from Asia or they may represent a local contribution to the North African Neolithic transition The E M81 subclade has been found in ancient Guanche Bimbapes fossils excavated in Punta Azul El Hierro Canary Islands which are dated to the 10th century 44 5 Also found in ifri n ammar that makes the Northwest African origin the likely origin of where it expanded and not the Middle East Europe edit In Europe E M81 has a widespread distribution at very low frequencies but is common mostly in the Iberian Peninsula where unlike in the rest of Europe 26 shows an average frequency of 4 3 49 1140 in the Iberian Peninsula with frequencies reaching 4 and 9 in two separate surveys of Galicia 10 in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile However this study also includes 153 individuals from Majorca Minorca and Ibiza islands as well as 24 individuals from Gascony which are not in the Iberian Peninsula Without these 177 individuals real average for Iberian Peninsula is 4 9 47 963 26 it is more common than E M78 with an average frequency around 5 Its frequencies are higher in the western half of the peninsula with frequencies reaching 8 in Extremadura and South Portugal 4 in one study and 9 in another in Galicia 10 in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile and 9 to 17 in Cantabria 26 27 28 29 30 The highest frequencies of this clade found so far in Europe were observed in the Pasiegos from Cantabria ranging from 18 8 45 30 to 41 23 56 24 An average frequency of 8 28 54 652 has also been reported in the Spanish Canary Islands with frequencies over 10 in the three largest islands of Tenerife 10 68 Gran Canaria 11 54 and Fuerteventura 13 33 31 E M81 is also found in other parts of Europe such as Britain especially Wales and Scotland and France where it has an overall incidence of 2 7 15 555 with frequencies surpassing 5 0 in Auvergne 5 89 and Ile de France 5 91 32 33 34 E M81 was also observed in Italy with frequencies of 0 7 to 5 8 in Sardinia 35 36 approximately 2 12 overall in Sicily but up to 7 14 in Piazza Armerina 37 and in very much lower frequency near Lucera 1 7 in continental Italy 38 possibly due to ancient migrations during the Islamic Roman and Carthaginian empires In a 2014 study by Stefania Sarno et al with 326 samples from Cosenza Reggio Calabria Lecce and five Sicilian provinces E M81 shows an average frequency of 1 53 but the typical Maghrebin core haplotype 13 14 30 24 9 11 13 has been found in only two out of the five E M81 individuals These results along with the negligible contribution from North African populations revealed by the admixture like plot analysis suggest only a marginal impact of trans Mediterranean gene flows on the current SSI genetic pool 37 39 Latin America edit As a result of Spanish and Portuguese colonization of the Americas this sub clade is found throughout Latin America for example 6 1 in Cuba 8 out of 132 40 5 4 in Brazil Rio de Janeiro 6 out of 112 The presence of chromosomes of North African origin E3b1b M81 24 can also be explained by a Portuguese mediated influx since this haplogroup reaches a frequency of 5 6 in Portugal 28 quite similar to the frequency found in Rio de Janeiro 5 4 among European contributors 41 and among Hispanic men from California and Hawaii 2 4 7 out of 295 42 Others edit In smaller numbers E M81 men can be found in areas in contact with the Maghreb both around the Sahara in places like Sudan and around the Mediterranean in places like Lebanon Turkey and amongst Sephardic Jews Distribution edit The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for E M81 showing where its distribution is greater than 1 in Europe North Africa the Middle East and Latin America Country Region Sampling n E M81 SourceMauretania Arabs 17 94 43 Algeria Arabs 60 80 44 Tunisia Arabs from Zriba 32 100 45 Tunisia Arabs from Djerba 47 93 7 46 Algeria Mozabite Berbers 67 86 6 47 Algeria Mozabite Berbers 20 80 24 Algeria Oran 102 45 1 23 Algeria Algiers 35 42 9 3 Algeria Kabyles from Tizi Ouzou 19 47 4 3 Algeria Arabs and Berbers 156 44 2 48 Algeria Zenata 35 48 6 49 Brazil Rio de Janeiro 112 5 4 41 Burkina Faso Tuaregs 38 77 8 50 Canary Islands Fuerteventura 75 13 3 31 Canary Islands Gran Canaria 78 11 5 31 Canary Islands Tenerife 178 10 7 31 Canary Islands Lanzarote 97 6 2 31 Canary Islands La Palma 85 5 9 31 Canary Islands Gomera 92 4 4 31 Canary Islands Hierro 47 2 1 31 Cuba 132 6 1 40 Cyprus Turkish Cypriots 46 8 7 24 Egypt Northern Egyptians 21 4 8 24 Egypt Western Desert 35 28 6 21 Egypt 147 8 2 27 Egypt Arabs 370 11 8 48 France 85 3 5 24 France Auvergne 89 5 6 32 France Ile de France 91 5 5 32 France Nord Pas de Calais 68 4 4 32 France Provence Alpes Cote d Azur 45 2 2 32 France Midi Pyrenees 67 1 5 32 France Bearnais 56 1 8 33 France Bigorre 44 2 3 33 Iberia Spain Portugal 655 5 2 31 Iberia Spain Portugal 1140 4 3 26 Israel Bedouins 28 3 6 24 Italy Central Italians 89 2 2 24 Italy Northern Italians 67 1 5 24 Italy East Campania 84 1 2 29 Italy Lucera 60 1 7 29 Italy Peninsular Italy 915 0 3 29 Italy Sicily 236 2 1 51 Italy Sicilians 136 0 7 24 Italy Sardinians 367 0 3 24 Italy Sardinia 1204 5 8 36 Jordan Arabs 101 4 27 Lebanon Arabs 104 1 9 27 Lebanon Arabs 914 1 2 52 Libya Tuaregs 47 48 9 53 Libya Arabs 215 35 9 54 Libya Arabs and Berbers 83 45 7 48 Mauritania Arabs and Berbers 189 55 5 48 Morocco Marrakesh Berbers 29 72 4 24 Morocco Southern Moroccan Berbers 187 98 5 55 Morocco Moyen Atlas Berbers 69 71 24 Morocco Moroccan Arabs 54 31 5 24 Morocco Marrakesh Amizmiz Valley 33 84 8 20 Morocco Northern Moroccans Beni Snassen 67 79 1 47 Morocco Northern Moroccans Rhiraya 54 79 6 47 Morocco Immigrants resident in Italy 51 54 9 56 Morocco Arabs and Berbers 221 65 31 Morocco Arabs and Berbers 760 67 3 48 Morocco Saharawi 29 76 57 Niger Tuaregs 22 9 1 24 Niger Tuaregs 31 11 1 50 North Africa Sahara 89 59 6 31 North Africa Algeria Tunisia 202 39 1 31 Portugal North 109 5 5 58 Portugal South 49 12 2 24 Portugal North 50 4 24 Portugal South 78 7 7 26 Portugal North 60 3 3 26 Portugal 303 5 6 59 Portugal North 101 6 59 Portugal Center 102 4 9 59 Portugal South 100 6 59 Portugal Madeira 129 5 4 59 Portugal Acores 121 5 59 Portugal 657 5 6 28 Portugal Entre Douro e Minho 228 6 6 28 Portugal Tras os Montes 64 3 1 28 Portugal Beira Litoral 116 5 2 28 Portugal Beira Interior 58 5 3 28 Portugal Estremadura 43 4 6 28 Portugal Lisboa e Setubal 62 6 5 28 Portugal Alentejo 65 7 7 28 Portugal Coruche 64 9 4 50 Portugal Pias 46 4 3 50 Portugal Alcacer do Sal 21 4 8 50 Portugal Tras os Montes Jews 57 5 3 60 Portugal Tras os Montes Non Jews 30 10 60 Somalia 201 1 5 27 Spain Pasiegos from Cantabria 19 36 8 61 Spain Pasiegos from Cantabria 56 41 1 24 Spain Pasiegos from Cantabria 45 17 8 30 Spain Spanish Basques 55 3 6 24 Spain Asturians 90 2 2 24 Spain Southern Spaniards 62 1 6 24 Spain Castile NorthWest 100 10 26 Spain Andalucia West 73 9 6 26 Spain Galicia 19 10 5 58 Spain Galicia 292 4 1 62 Spain Galicia 88 9 1 26 Spain Galicia 44 9 1 63 Spain Galicia 164 9 1 64 Spain Extremadura 52 7 7 26 Spain Valencia 73 4 1 26 Spain Castile NorthEast 31 3 2 26 Spain Aragon 34 2 9 26 Spain Minorca 37 2 7 26 Spain Andalucia East 95 2 1 26 Spain Majorca 62 1 6 26 Spain Castile La Mancha 63 1 6 26 Spain Catalonia 80 1 3 26 Spain Catalonia 111 3 6 63 Spain Cantabria 161 13 29 Spain Malaga 26 11 5 58 Spain Cantabria 70 8 6 58 Spain Cordoba 27 7 4 58 Spain Valencia 31 6 5 58 Spain Valencia 59 5 1 63 Spain Almeria 36 5 6 63 Spain Leon 60 5 58 Spain Castile 21 4 8 58 Spain Seville 155 4 5 58 Spain Huelva 22 4 5 58 Spain Basques 45 2 2 58 Spain Huelva 167 3 65 Spain Granada 250 3 6 65 Spain Pedroches Valley 68 1 5 20 Spain Andalucia 94 2 1 20 Spain Zamora 235 5 5 66 Tunisia Tunis 148 37 9 3 Tunisia Immigrants resident in Italy 52 32 7 56 Tunisia Berbers from Bou Omrane 40 87 5 67 Tunisia Berbers from Bou Saad 40 92 5 67 Tunisia Arabs from Djerba 46 60 8 67 Tunisia Berbers from Djerba 47 76 6 67 Tunisia Berbers from Chenini Douiret 27 100 68 Tunisia Berbers from Sened 35 65 7 68 Tunisia Arabs from Jradou 32 100 68 Tunisia Andalusians from Zaghouan 32 40 6 68 Tunisia Cosmopolitan Tunis 33 54 4 68 Tunisia Arabs 601 62 7 48 Turkey Istanbul Turkish 35 5 7 24 Turkey Sephardi Turkish 19 5 3 24 Turkey Southwestern Turkish 40 2 5 24 Turkey Northeastern Turkish 41 2 4 24 Egypt Berbers 93 1 1 69 E Z830 E1b1b1b2 edit A recently confirmed sub clade of E Z827 Z830 includes the confirmed sub clades of E M123 E M293 and E V42 and is a sibling clade to E L19 Currently the E M35 phylogeny project recognizes four distinct clusters of Z830 carriers two of which are exclusively Jewish in origin The remaining two are significantly smaller and include scattered individuals in Germany Spain Latin America Egypt and Ethiopia 70 71 72 73 E M123 edit Main article Haplogroup E M123 Y DNA E M123 is mostly known for its major subclade E M34 which dominates this clade 74 E V1515 edit A new clade E V1515 was defined by Trombetta et al 2015 which originated about 12 kya 95 CI 8 6 16 4 in eastern Africa where it is currently mainly distributed This clade includes all the sub Saharan haplogroups E V42 E M293 E V92 E V6 reported as E M35 basal clades in a previous phylogeny 2 We observed the highest frequency and diversity of this haplogroup in the northern part of the Horn of Africa present day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia where the majority of the deepest E V1515 subhaplogroups and paragroups were found In the southern part of the Horn southern Ethiopia Somalia and northern Kenya haplogroup E V1515 is almost exclusively represented by the recent 3 5 ka 95 CI 1 7 5 9 ka subhaplogroup E V1486 Further south in southern Kenya and southern Africa a single E V1486 terminal clade known as E M293 Henn et al 2008 was found fig 3 This phylogeographic pattern is strongly suggestive of human movements from the northern part of the Horn to the Ethiopian Kenyan borders between 12 ka the coalescence of E V1515 and 3 5 ka the coalescence of E V1486 and from here toward southern Africa across the equatorial belt in more recent times 2 Multiple instances of commercially observed E V1515 have also been detected in Arabia 75 E M293 edit E M293 is a subclade of E V1515 It was identified by ISOGG as the second clade within E Z830 It was discovered before E Z830 and is associated with the spread of pastoralism from Eastern Africa by South Cushites into Southern Africa 76 So far high levels have been found in specific ethnic groups in Tanzania and Southern Africa Highest were the Datog 43 Khwe Kxoe 31 Burunge 28 and Sandawe 24 Two Bantu speaking Kenyan males were found with the M293 mutation 76 Other E M215 subclades are rare in Southern Africa The authors state Without information about M293 in the Maasai Hema and other populations in Kenya Sudan and Ethiopia we cannot pinpoint the precise geographic source of M293 with greater confidence However the available evidence points to present day Tanzania as an early and important geographic locus of M293 evolution They also say that M293 is only found in sub Saharan Africa indicating a separate phylogenetic history for M35 1 former samples further north E P72 7 This is a subclade of E M293 13 E V42 edit E V42 was discovered in two Ethiopian Jews 13 It was suggested that it may be restricted to the region around Ethiopia However further testing by commercial DNA testing companies confirmed positive results for this subclade in Arabia as well 77 E V6 edit The E V6 subclade of E V1515 is defined by V6 and has been identified a significant presence of these lineages in Ethiopia and also some in the neighboring Somali population 24 Among the Ethiopian and Somali samples the highest were 14 7 among the Ethiopian Amhara and 16 7 among the Ethiopian Wolayta E V92 edit E V92 was discovered in two Ethiopian Amhara 13 Like E V6 and E V42 it possibly only exists in the area of Ethiopia Phylogenetics editPhylogenetic History edit Main article Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups Prior to 2002 there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y Chromosome Phylogenetic tree This led to considerable confusion In 2002 the major research groups came together and formed the Y Chromosome Consortium YCC They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use Later a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures YCC 2002 2008 Shorthand a b g d e z h YCC 2002 Longhand YCC 2005 Longhand YCC 2008 Longhand YCC 2010r Longhand ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012E P29 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E E E E E E E E E E EE M33 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E1 E1 E1a E1a E1 E1 E1a E1a E1a E1a E1aE M44 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E1a E1a E1a1 E1a1 E1a E1a E1a1 E1a1 E1a1 E1a1 E1a1E M75 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E2a E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2E M54 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E2b E2b E2b E2b1 E P2 25 III 4 14 Eu3 H2 B E3 E3 E1b E1b1 E3 E3 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1E M2 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a E3a E1b1 E1b1a E3a E3a E1b1a E1b1a E1b1a E1b1a1 E1b1a1E M58 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a1 E3a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E3a1 E3a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1a1a E1b1a1a1aE M116 2 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a2 E3a2 E1b1a2 E1b1a2 E3a2 E3a2 E1b1a2 E1b1a2 E1ba12 removed removedE M149 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a3 E3a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E3a3 E3a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a1a1c E1b1a1a1cE M154 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a4 E3a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E3a4 E3a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a1a1g1c E1b1a1a1g1cE M155 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a5 E3a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E3a5 E3a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a1a1d E1b1a1a1dE M10 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a6 E3a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E3a6 E3a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a1a1e E1b1a1a1eE M35 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b E3b E1b1b1 E1b1b1 E3b1 E3b1 E1b1b1 E1b1b1 E1b1b1 removed removedE M78 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b1 E3b1 E1b1b1a E1b1b1a1 E3b1a E3b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a1 E1b1b1a1E M148 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b1a E3b1a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a1c1 E3b1a3a E3b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a1c1 E1b1b1a1c1E M81 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2 E3b2 E1b1b1b E1b1b1b1 E3b1b E3b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1aE M107 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2a E3b2a E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a E3b1b1 E3b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a E1b1b1b1a1E M165 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2b E3b2b E1b1b1b2 E1b1b1b1b1 E3b1b2 E3b1b2 E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b1a2aE M123 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b3 E3b3 E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E3b1c E3b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1b2aE M34 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b3a E3b3a E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E3b1c1 E3b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1b2a1E M136 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3ba1 E3b3a1 E1b1b1c1a E1b1b1c1a1 E3b1c1a E3b1c1a E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1b2a1a1Original Research Publications edit The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree a 78 79 b 80 g 81 d 7 e 82 z 83 h 84 See also editSemitic people Arabs Israelites nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Haplogroup E Z827 Genetics edit African admixture in Europe Genetic genealogy Haplogroup D Y DNA Haplogroup DE Y DNA Haplogroup Haplotype Human Y chromosome DNA haplogroup Molecular phylogenetics Paragroup Subclade Y chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world Y DNA haplogroups by ethnic group Y DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East Y DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa Y DNA E Subclades edit Haplogroup E L485 Y DNA Haplogroup E M123 Y DNA Haplogroup E M180 Y DNA Haplogroup E M215 Y DNA Haplogroup E M33 Y DNA Haplogroup E M521 Y DNA Haplogroup E M75 Y DNA Haplogroup E M96 Y DNA Haplogroup E P147 Y DNA Haplogroup E P177 Y DNA Haplogroup E P2 Y DNA Haplogroup E V12 Y DNA Haplogroup E V13 Y DNA Haplogroup E V22 Y DNA Haplogroup E V38 Y DNA Haplogroup E V65 Y DNA Haplogroup E V68 Y DNA Haplogroup E Z820 Y DNA Haplogroup E Z827 Y DNA Y DNA Backbone Tree editReferences edit a b YFull YTree v6 02 YFull Y Chr Sequence Interpretation Service a b c Trombetta B D Atanasio E Massaia A Ippoliti M Coppa A Candilio F et al June 2015 Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent Genome Biology and Evolution 7 7 1940 50 doi 10 1093 gbe evv118 PMC 4524485 PMID 26108492 a b c d e f g h Arredi B Poloni ES Paracchini S Zerjal T Fathallah DM Makrelouf M Pascali VL Novelletto A Tyler Smith C August 2004 A predominantly neolithic origin for Y chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa American Journal of Human Genetics 75 2 338 45 doi 10 1086 423147 PMC 1216069 PMID 15202071 ISOGG 2015 Y DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades 2015 a b Ordonez AC Fregel R Trujillo Mederos A Hervella M de la Rua C Arnay de la Rosa M 2017 Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave El Hierro Canary Islands Journal of Archaeological Science 78 20 28 Bibcode 2017JArSc 78 20O doi 10 1016 j jas 2016 11 004 ISOGG 2008 Y DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades 2008 International Society of Genetic Genealogists ISOGG a b c Karafet TM Mendez FL Meilerman MB Underhill PA Zegura SL Hammer MF May 2008 New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree Genome Research 18 5 830 8 doi 10 1101 gr 7172008 PMC 2336805 PMID 18385274 Y Chromosome Consortium YCC February 2002 A nomenclature system for the tree of human Y chromosomal binary haplogroups Genome Research 12 2 339 48 doi 10 1101 gr 217602 PMC 155271 PMID 11827954 a b c ISOGG 2015 E PF2431 YTree E M81 YTree www yfull com Retrieved 2016 07 09 E L19 YTree www yfull com Retrieved 2023 07 24 a b c d Trombetta B Cruciani F Sellitto D Scozzari R January 2011 MacAulay V ed A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 E P2 revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms PLOS ONE 6 1 e16073 Bibcode 2011PLoSO 616073T doi 10 1371 journal pone 0016073 PMC 3017091 PMID 21253605 Maroti at al 2022 Whole genome analysis sheds light on the genetic origin of Huns Avars and conquering Hungarians https www biorxiv org content 10 1101 2022 01 19 476915v1 Antonio et al 2019 Ancient Rome A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean Immel et al 2021 Analysis of Genomic DNA from Medieval Plague Victims Suggests Long Term Effect of Yersinia pestis on Human Immunity Genes Arredi Barbara Poloni Estella S Paracchini Silvia Zerjal Tatiana Fathallah Dahmani M Makrelouf Mohamed Pascali Vincenzo L Novelletto Andrea Tyler Smith Chris August 2004 A predominantly neolithic origin for Y chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa American Journal of Human Genetics 75 2 338 345 doi 10 1086 423147 ISSN 0002 9297 PMC 1216069 PMID 15202071 E M81 YTree www yfull com Retrieved 2016 07 10 Sole Morata N Garcia Fernandez C Urasin V Bekada A Fadhlaoui Zid K Zalloua P Comas D Calafell F November 2017 Whole Y chromosome sequences reveal an extremely recent origin of the most common North African paternal lineage E M183 M81 Scientific Reports 7 1 15941 Bibcode 2017NatSR 715941S doi 10 1038 s41598 017 16271 y PMC 5698413 PMID 29162904 a b c d Alvarez L Santos C Montiel R Caeiro B Baali A Dugoujona JM Dugoujon JM Aluja MP 2009 Y chromosome variation in South Iberia insights into the North African contribution American Journal of Human Biology 21 3 407 9 doi 10 1002 ajhb 20888 PMID 19213004 S2CID 7041905 a b c Kujanova M Pereira L Fernandes V Pereira JB Cerny V October 2009 Near eastern neolithic genetic input in a small oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert American Journal of Physical Anthropology 140 2 336 46 doi 10 1002 ajpa 21078 PMID 19425100 a b Elkamel Sarra Marques Sofia L Alvarez Luis Gomes Veronica Boussetta Sami Mourali Chebil Soufia Khodjet El Khil Houssein Cherni Lotfi Benammar Elgaaied Amel Prata Maria J 2021 08 03 Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia high prevalence of T M70 haplogroup in an Arab population Scientific Reports 11 1 15728 Bibcode 2021NatSR 1115728E doi 10 1038 s41598 021 95144 x ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 8333252 PMID 34344940 a b Robino C Crobu F Di Gaetano C Bekada A Benhamamouch S Cerutti N Piazza A Inturri S Torre C May 2008 Analysis of Y chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample International Journal of Legal Medicine 122 3 251 5 doi 10 1007 s00414 007 0203 5 PMID 17909833 S2CID 11556974 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Cruciani F La Fratta R Santolamazza P Sellitto D Pascone R Moral P Watson E Guida V Colomb EB Zaharova B Lavinha J Vona G Aman R Cali F Akar N Richards M Torroni A Novelletto A Scozzari R May 2004 Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b E M215 y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa American Journal of Human Genetics 74 5 1014 22 doi 10 1086 386294 PMC 1181964 PMID 15042509 Sole Morata N Garcia Fernandez C Urasin V Bekada A Fadhlaoui Zid K Zalloua P et al November 2017 Whole Y chromosome sequences reveal an extremely recent origin of the most common North African paternal lineage E M183 M81 Scientific Reports 7 1 15941 Bibcode 2017NatSR 715941S doi 10 1038 s41598 017 16271 y PMC 5698413 PMID 29162904 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Adams SM Bosch E Balaresque PL Ballereau SJ Lee AC Arroyo E Lopez Parra AM Aler M Grifo MS Brion M Carracedo A Lavinha J Martinez Jarreta B Quintana Murci L Picornell A Ramon M Skorecki K Behar DM Calafell F Jobling MA December 2008 The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance paternal lineages of Christians Jews and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula American Journal of Human Genetics 83 6 725 36 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2008 11 007 PMC 2668061 PMID 19061982 a b c d e Flores C Maca Meyer N Larruga JM Cabrera VM Karadsheh N Gonzalez AM 2005 Isolates in a corridor of migrations a high resolution analysis of Y chromosome variation in Jordan Journal of Human Genetics 50 9 435 41 doi 10 1007 s10038 005 0274 4 PMID 16142507 a b c d e f g h i j Beleza S Gusmao L Lopes A Alves C Gomes I Giouzeli M Calafell F Carracedo A Amorim A March 2006 Micro phylogeographic and demographic history of Portuguese male lineages Annals of Human Genetics 70 Pt 2 181 94 doi 10 1111 j 1529 8817 2005 00221 x PMID 16626329 S2CID 4652154 a b c d e Capelli C Onofri V Brisighelli F Boschi I Scarnicci F Masullo M et al June 2009 Moors and Saracens in Europe estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe European Journal of Human Genetics 17 6 848 52 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2008 258 PMC 2947089 PMID 19156170 a b c Maca Meyer N Sanchez Velasco P Flores C Larruga JM Gonzalez AM Oterino A Leyva Cobian F July 2003 Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA characterization of Pasiegos a human isolate from Cantabria Spain Annals of Human Genetics 67 Pt 4 329 39 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 584 4253 doi 10 1046 j 1469 1809 2003 00045 x PMID 12914567 S2CID 40355653 a b c d e f g h i j k l Fregel R Gomes V Gusmao L Gonzalez AM Cabrera VM Amorim A Larruga JM August 2009 Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene pool replacement of native lineages by European BMC Evolutionary Biology 9 181 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 9 181 PMC 2728732 PMID 19650893 a b c d e f Ramos Luis E Blanco Verea A Brion M Van Huffel V Carracedo A Sanchez Diz P December 2009 Phylogeography of French male lineages Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series 2 1 439 441 doi 10 1016 j fsigss 2009 09 026 a b c Martinez Cruz B Harmant C Platt DE Haak W Manry J Ramos Luis E Soria Hernanz DF Bauduer F Salaberria J Oyharcabal B March 2012 Evidence of Pre Roman Tribal Genetic Structure in Basques from Uniparentally Inherited Markers Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 9 2211 2222 doi 10 1093 molbev mss091 hdl 10261 112478 PMID 22411853 Only men with French surname were analysed in order to try to exclude more recent immigrants Grugni V Raveane A Colombo G Nici C Crobu F Ongaro L et al November 2019 Y chromosome and Surname Analyses for Reconstructing Past Population Structures The Sardinian Population as a Test Case International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20 22 5763 doi 10 3390 ijms20225763 PMC 6888588 PMID 31744094 a b Francalacci et al 2013 Low Pass DNA Sequencing of 1200 Sardinians Reconstructs European Y Chromosome Phylogeny a b Di Gaetano et al 2009 Capelli et al 2009 Sarno S Boattini A Carta M Ferri G Alu M Yao DY et al 2014 An ancient Mediterranean melting pot investigating the uniparental genetic structure and population history of sicily and southern Italy PLOS ONE 9 4 e96074 Bibcode 2014PLoSO 996074S doi 10 1371 journal pone 0096074 PMC 4005757 PMID 24788788 nbsp This article contains quotations from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International CC BY 4 0 license a b Mendizabal I Sandoval K Berniell Lee G Calafell F Salas A Martinez Fuentes A Comas D July 2008 Genetic origin admixture and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba BMC Evolutionary Biology 8 213 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 8 213 PMC 2492877 PMID 18644108 a b Silva DA Carvalho E Costa G Tavares L Amorim A Gusmao L 2006 Y chromosome genetic variation in Rio de Janeiro population American Journal of Human Biology 18 6 829 37 doi 10 1002 ajhb 20567 PMID 17039481 S2CID 23778828 Paracchini S Pearce CL Kolonel LN Altshuler D Henderson BE Tyler Smith C November 2003 A Y chromosomal influence on prostate cancer risk the multi ethnic cohort study Journal of Medical Genetics 40 11 815 9 doi 10 1136 jmg 40 11 815 PMC 1735314 PMID 14627670 E M81 YTree www yfull com Retrieved 2023 07 16 Bekada A Arauna LR Deba T Calafell F Benhamamouch S Comas D 2015 09 24 Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations PLOS ONE 10 9 e0138453 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1038453B doi 10 1371 journal pone 0138453 PMC 4581715 PMID 26402429 Cherni L Pereira L Goios A Loueslati BY Khodjet el Khil H Gomes I et al August 2005 Y chromosomal STR haplotypes in three ethnic groups and one cosmopolitan population from Tunisia Forensic Science International 152 1 95 99 doi 10 1016 j forsciint 2005 02 007 PMID 15939181 Manni F Leonardi P Patin E Berrebi A Khodjet el Khil H Skorecki K et al June 2005 A Y chromosome portrait of the population of Jerba Tunisia to elucidate its complex demographic history Bulletins et memoires de la Societe d Anthropologie de Paris BMSAP 17 1 2 103 114 doi 10 4000 bmsap 956 ISSN 0037 8984 a b c Dugoujon JM Philippson G 2005 The Berbers Linguistic and genetic diversity PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2012 03 25 a b c d e f Bekada A Fregel R Cabrera VM Larruga JM Pestano J Benhamamouch S Gonzalez AM February 2013 Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome profiles into the North African landscape PLOS ONE 8 2 e56775 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 856775B doi 10 1371 journal pone 0056775 PMC 3576335 PMID 23431392 Bekada Asmahan Arauna Lara R Deba Tahria Calafell Francesc Benhamamouch Soraya Comas David 2015 09 24 Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations PLOS ONE 10 9 e0138453 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0138453 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 4581715 PMID 26402429 a b c d e Pereira L Cerny V Cerezo M Silva NM Hajek M Vasikova A Kujanova M Brdicka R Salas A August 2010 Linking the sub Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel European Journal of Human Genetics 18 8 915 23 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2010 21 PMC 2987384 PMID 20234393 Di Gaetano C Cerutti N Crobu F Robino C Inturri S Gino S et al January 2009 Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome European Journal of Human Genetics 17 1 91 9 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2008 120 PMC 2985948 PMID 18685561 Genographic Consortium Zalloua PA Platt DE El Sibai M Khalife J Makhoul N et al November 2008 Identifying genetic traces of historical expansions Phoenician footprints in the Mediterranean American Journal of Human Genetics 83 5 633 42 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2008 10 012 PMC 2668035 PMID 18976729 Ottoni C Larmuseau MH Vanderheyden N Martinez Labarga C Primativo G Biondi G Decorte R Rickards O May 2011 Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg a genetic survey of their paternal heritage American Journal of Physical Anthropology 145 1 118 24 doi 10 1002 ajpa 21473 PMID 21312181 Fadhlaoui Zid K Haber M Martinez Cruz B Zalloua P Benammar Elgaaied A Comas D 2013 Genome wide and paternal diversity reveal a recent origin of human populations in North Africa PLOS ONE 8 11 e80293 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 880293F doi 10 1371 journal pone 0080293 PMC 3842387 PMID 24312208 Reguig A Harich N Barakat A Rouba H 2014 Phylogeography of E1b1b1b M81 haplogroup and analysis of its subclades in Morocco Human Biology 86 2 105 12 doi 10 3378 027 086 0204 PMID 25397701 S2CID 11334895 a b Onofri V Alessandrini F Turchi C Pesaresi M Tagliabracci A August 2008 Y chromosome markers distribution in Northern Africa High resolution SNP and STR analysis in Tunisia and Morocco populations Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series 1 1 235 236 doi 10 1016 j fsigss 2007 10 173 Bosch Elena Calafell Francesc Comas David Oefner Peter J Underhill Peter A Bertranpetit Jaume April 2001 High Resolution Analysis of Human Y Chromosome Variation Shows a Sharp Discontinuity and Limited Gene Flow between Northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula American Journal of Human Genetics 68 4 1019 1029 doi 10 1086 319521 ISSN 0002 9297 PMC 1275654 PMID 11254456 a b c d e f g h i j k Flores C Maca Meyer N Gonzalez AM Oefner PJ Shen P Perez JA Rojas A Larruga JM Underhill PA October 2004 Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y chromosome analysis implications for population demography European Journal of Human Genetics 12 10 855 63 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201225 PMID 15280900 a b c d e f Goncalves R Freitas A Branco M Rosa A Fernandes AT Zhivotovsky LA Underhill PA Kivisild T Brehm A July 2005 Y chromosome lineages from Portugal Madeira and Acores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry Annals of Human Genetics 69 Pt 4 443 54 doi 10 1111 j 1529 8817 2005 00161 x hdl 10400 13 3018 PMID 15996172 S2CID 3229760 a b Nogueiro I Manco L Gomes V Amorim A Gusmao L March 2010 Phylogeographic analysis of paternal lineages in NE Portuguese Jewish communities American Journal of Physical Anthropology 141 3 373 81 doi 10 1002 ajpa 21154 PMID 19918998 Scozzari R Cruciani F Pangrazio A Santolamazza P Vona G Moral P Latini V Varesi L Memmi MM Romano V De Leo G Gennarelli M Jaruzelska J Villems R Parik J Macaulay V Torroni A September 2001 Human Y chromosome variation in the western Mediterranean area implications for the peopling of the region PDF Human Immunology 62 9 871 84 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 408 4857 doi 10 1016 S0198 8859 01 00286 5 PMID 11543889 Brion M Quintans B Zarrabeitia M Gonzalez Neira A Salas A Lareu V Tyler Smith C Carracedo A March 2004 Micro geographical differentiation in Northern Iberia revealed by Y chromosomal DNA analysis Gene 329 17 25 doi 10 1016 j gene 2003 12 035 PMID 15033525 a b c d Santos C Fregel R Cabrera VM Alvarez L Larruga JM Ramos A Lopez MA Pilar Aluja M Gonzalez AM 2014 Mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome structure at the Mediterranean and Atlantic facades of the Iberian Peninsula American Journal of Human Biology 26 2 130 41 doi 10 1002 ajhb 22497 PMID 24375863 S2CID 205303141 Regueiro M Garcia Bertrand R Fadhlaoui Zid K Alvarez J Herrera RJ June 2015 From Arabia to Iberia A Y chromosome perspective Gene 564 2 141 52 doi 10 1016 j gene 2015 02 042 PMID 25701402 a b Ambrosio B Dugoujon JM Hernandez C De La Fuente D Gonzalez Martin A Fortes Lima CA Novelletto A Rodriguez JN Calderon R 2010 The Andalusian population from Huelva reveals a high diversification of Y DNA paternal lineages from haplogroup E Identifying human male movements within the Mediterranean space Annals of Human Biology 37 1 86 107 doi 10 3109 03014460903229155 PMID 19939195 S2CID 1667431 Alvarez L Ciria E Marques SL Santos C Aluja MP 2014 Y chromosome analysis in a Northwest Iberian population unraveling the impact of Northern African lineages American Journal of Human Biology 26 6 740 6 doi 10 1002 ajhb 22602 PMID 25123837 S2CID 205303372 a b c d Ennafaa H Fregel R Khodjet El Khil H Gonzalez AM Mahmoudi HA Cabrera VM Larruga JM Benammar Elgaaied A October 2011 Mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome microstructure in Tunisia Journal of Human Genetics 56 10 734 41 doi 10 1038 jhg 2011 92 PMID 21833004 a b c d e Fadhlaoui Zid K Martinez Cruz B Khodjet el khil H Mendizabal I Benammar Elgaaied A Comas D October 2011 Genetic structure of Tunisian ethnic groups revealed by paternal lineages American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146 2 271 80 doi 10 1002 ajpa 21581 PMID 21915847 Dugoujon Jean Michel Coudray Clotilde Torroni Antonio Cruciani Fulvio Scozzari Rosaria Moral Pedro Louali Naima Kossmann Maarten 2009 12 17 d Errico Francesco Hombert Jean Marie eds Genetic and linguistic diversities The Berber and the Berbers Becoming Eloquent Advances in the emergence of language human cognition and modern cultures John Benjamins Publishing Company pp 123 146 ISBN 978 90 272 3269 4 retrieved 2023 07 24 E M35 Project Data haplozone net Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2012 05 22 E M35 Project Data haplozone net Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2012 05 22 E M35 Project Data haplozone net Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2012 05 22 E M35 Project Data haplozone net Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2012 05 22 E M35 phylogeny project As of 11 November 2008 for example the E M35 phylogeny project had records of four E M123 tests compared to 93 test results with E M34 permanent dead link E CTS10880 YTree a b Henn BM Gignoux C Lin AA Oefner PJ Shen P Scozzari R Cruciani F Tishkoff SA Mountain JL Underhill PA August 2008 Y chromosomal evidence of a pastoralist migration through Tanzania to southern Africa Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 31 10693 8 Bibcode 2008PNAS 10510693H doi 10 1073 pnas 0801184105 PMC 2504844 PMID 18678889 E M35 Project Data haplozone net Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2013 01 16 Jobling MA Tyler Smith C August 2000 New uses for new haplotypes the human Y chromosome disease and selection Trends in Genetics 16 8 356 62 doi 10 1016 S0168 9525 00 02057 6 PMID 10904265 Kalaydjieva L Calafell F Jobling MA Angelicheva D de Knijff P Rosser ZH Hurles ME Underhill P Tournev I Marushiakova E Popov V February 2001 Patterns of inter and intra group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages European Journal of Human Genetics 9 2 97 104 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5200597 PMID 11313742 Underhill PA Shen P Lin AA Jin L Passarino G Yang WH et al November 2000 Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations Nature Genetics 26 3 358 61 doi 10 1038 81685 PMID 11062480 S2CID 12893406 Hammer MF Karafet TM Redd AJ Jarjanazi H Santachiara Benerecetti S Soodyall H Zegura SL July 2001 Hierarchical patterns of global human Y chromosome diversity Molecular Biology and Evolution 18 7 1189 203 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals molbev a003906 PMID 11420360 Semino O Passarino G Oefner PJ Lin AA Arbuzova S Beckman LE et al November 2000 The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans a Y chromosome perspective Science 290 5494 1155 9 Bibcode 2000Sci 290 1155S doi 10 1126 science 290 5494 1155 PMID 11073453 Su B Xiao J Underhill P Deka R Zhang W Akey J Huang W Shen D Lu D Luo J Chu J Tan J Shen P Davis R Cavalli Sforza L Chakraborty R Xiong M Du R Oefner P Chen Z Jin L December 1999 Y Chromosome evidence for a northward migration of modern humans into Eastern Asia during the last Ice Age American Journal of Human Genetics 65 6 1718 24 doi 10 1086 302680 PMC 1288383 PMID 10577926 Capelli C Wilson JF Richards M Stumpf MP Gratrix F Oppenheimer S Underhill P Pascali VL Ko TM Goldstein DB February 2001 A predominantly indigenous paternal heritage for the Austronesian speaking peoples of insular Southeast Asia and Oceania American Journal of Human Genetics 68 2 432 43 doi 10 1086 318205 PMC 1235276 PMID 11170891 Further reading editBattaglia V Fornarino S Al Zahery N Olivieri A Pala M Myres NM King RJ Rootsi S Marjanovic D Primorac D Hadziselimovic R Vidovic S Drobnic K Durmishi N Torroni A Santachiara Benerecetti AS Underhill PA Semino O June 2009 Y chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe European Journal of Human Genetics 17 6 820 30 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2008 249 PMC 2947100 PMID 19107149 Bird S 2007 Haplogroup E3b1a2 as a Possible Indicator of Settlement in Roman Britain by Soldiers of Balkan Origin Journal of Genetic Genealogy 3 2 Archived from the original on 2016 04 22 Retrieved 2011 06 17 Bosch E Calafell F Gonzalez Neira A Flaiz C Mateu E Scheil HG Huckenbeck W Efremovska L Mikerezi I Xirotiris N Grasa C Schmidt H Comas D July 2006 Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers except for the isolated Aromuns Annals of Human Genetics 70 Pt 4 459 87 doi 10 1111 j 1469 1809 2005 00251 x PMID 16759179 S2CID 23156886 Archived from the original on 2012 12 10 Cadenas AM Zhivotovsky LA Cavalli Sforza LL Underhill PA Herrera RJ March 2008 Y chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman European Journal of Human Genetics 16 3 374 86 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201934 PMID 17928816 Capelli C Redhead N Abernethy JK Gratrix F Wilson JF Moen T et al May 2003 A Y chromosome census of the British Isles PDF Current Biology 13 11 979 84 doi 10 1016 S0960 9822 03 00373 7 PMID 12781138 S2CID 526263 Caratti S Gino S Torre C Robino C July 2009 Subtyping of Y chromosomal haplogroup E M78 E1b1b1a by SNP assay and its forensic application International Journal of Legal Medicine 123 4 357 60 doi 10 1007 s00414 009 0350 y PMID 19430804 S2CID 5657112 Cruciani F Santolamazza P Shen P Macaulay V Moral P Olckers A Modiano D Holmes S Destro Bisol G Coia V Wallace DC Oefner PJ Torroni A Cavalli Sforza LL Scozzari R Underhill PA May 2002 A back migration from Asia to sub Saharan Africa is supported by high resolution analysis of human Y chromosome haplotypes American Journal of Human Genetics 70 5 1197 214 doi 10 1086 340257 PMC 447595 PMID 11910562 Cruciani F La Fratta R Torroni A Underhill PA Scozzari R August 2006 Molecular dissection of the Y chromosome haplogroup E M78 E3b1a a posteriori evaluation of a microsatellite network based approach through six new biallelic markers Human Mutation 27 8 831 2 doi 10 1002 humu 9445 PMID 16835895 S2CID 26886757 Cruciani F La Fratta R Trombetta B Santolamazza P Sellitto D Colomb EB et al June 2007 Tracing past human male movements in northern eastern Africa and western Eurasia new clues from Y chromosomal haplogroups E M78 and J M12 Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 6 1300 11 doi 10 1093 molbev msm049 PMID 17351267 Di Giacomo F Luca F Anagnou N Ciavarella G Corbo RM Cresta M Cucci F Di Stasi L Agostiano V Giparaki M Loutradis A Mammi C Michalodimitrakis EN Papola F Pedicini G Plata E Terrenato L Tofanelli S Malaspina P Novelletto A September 2003 Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects PDF Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28 3 387 95 doi 10 1016 S1055 7903 03 00016 2 PMID 12927125 Archived from the original PDF on 2009 03 05 Retrieved 2011 06 17 Firasat S Khaliq S Mohyuddin A Papaioannou M Tyler Smith C Underhill PA Ayub Q January 2007 Y chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan European Journal of Human Genetics 15 1 121 6 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201726 PMC 2588664 PMID 17047675 Hassan HY Underhill PA Cavalli Sforza LL Ibrahim ME November 2008 Y chromosome variation among Sudanese restricted gene flow concordance with language geography and history American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137 3 316 23 doi 10 1002 ajpa 20876 PMID 18618658 King RJ Ozcan SS Carter T Kalfoglu E Atasoy S Triantaphyllidis C Kouvatsi A Lin AA Chow CE Zhivotovsky LA Michalodimitrakis M Underhill PA March 2008 Differential Y chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic Annals of Human Genetics 72 Pt 2 205 14 doi 10 1111 j 1469 1809 2007 00414 x PMID 18269686 S2CID 22406638 King R Underhill PA 2002 Congruent distribution of Neolithic painted pottery and ceramic figurines with Y chromosome lineages Antiquity 76 293 707 14 doi 10 1017 s0003598x00091158 S2CID 160359661 Lancaster A 2009 Y Haplogroups Archaeological Cultures and Language Families a Review of the Multidisciplinary Comparisons using the case of E M35 PDF Journal of Genetic Genealogy 5 1 Archived from the original PDF on 2016 05 06 Retrieved 2011 06 17 Onofri V Alessandrini F Turchi C Pesaresi M Buscemi L Tagliabracci A February 2006 Development of multiplex PCRs for evolutionary and forensic applications of 37 human Y chromosome SNPs PDF Forensic Science International 157 1 23 35 doi 10 1016 j forsciint 2005 03 014 PMID 15896936 permanent dead link Pelotti S Ceccardi S Lugaresi F Trane R Falconi M Bini C Willuweit S Roewer L 2008 Microgeographic genetic variation of Y chromosome in a population sample of Ravenna s area in the Emilia Romagna region North of Italy Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series 1 1 242 243 doi 10 1016 j fsigss 2007 10 025 Pericic M Lauc LB Klaric IM Rootsi S Janicijevic B Rudan I Terzic R Colak I Kvesic A Popovic D Sijacki A Behluli I Dordevic D Efremovska L Bajec DD Stefanovic BD Villems R Rudan P October 2005 High resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations Molecular Biology and Evolution 22 10 1964 75 doi 10 1093 molbev msi185 PMID 15944443 Pontikos D Phylogeographic refinement of haplogroup E http dienekes blogspot ru 2015 07 phylogeographic refinement of html Rosa A Ornelas C Jobling MA Brehm A Villems R July 2007 Y chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea Bissau a multiethnic perspective BMC Evolutionary Biology 7 1 124 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 7 124 PMC 1976131 PMID 17662131 Rosser ZH Zerjal T Hurles ME Adojaan M Alavantic D Amorim A et al December 2000 Y chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography rather than by language American Journal of Human Genetics 67 6 1526 43 doi 10 1086 316890 PMC 1287948 PMID 11078479 Sanchez JJ Hallenberg C Borsting C Hernandez A Morling N July 2005 High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1 DYS19 11 DYS392 12 in Somali males European Journal of Human Genetics 13 7 856 66 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201390 PMID 15756297 Semino O Santachiara Benerecetti AS Falaschi F Cavalli Sforza LL Underhill PA January 2002 Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y chromosome phylogeny PDF American Journal of Human Genetics 70 1 265 8 doi 10 1086 338306 PMC 384897 PMID 11719903 Archived from the original PDF on 2006 03 15 Semino O Magri C Benuzzi G Lin AA Al Zahery N Battaglia V et al May 2004 Origin diffusion and differentiation of Y chromosome haplogroups E and J inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area American Journal of Human Genetics 74 5 1023 34 doi 10 1086 386295 PMC 1181965 PMID 15069642 Shen P Lavi T Kivisild T Chou V Sengun D Gefel D Shpirer I Woolf E Hillel J Feldman MW Oefner PJ September 2004 Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation PDF Human Mutation 24 3 248 60 doi 10 1002 humu 20077 PMID 15300852 S2CID 1571356 Archived from the original PDF on 2009 03 05 Retrieved 2011 06 17 Thomas MG Stumpf MP Harke H October 2006 Evidence for an apartheid like social structure in early Anglo Saxon England PDF Proceedings Biological Sciences 273 1601 2651 7 doi 10 1098 rspb 2006 3627 PMC 1635457 PMID 17002951 Archived from the original PDF on 2009 03 05 Hassan HY Underhill PA Cavalli Sforza LL Ibrahim ME November 2008 Y chromosome variation among Sudanese restricted gene flow concordance with language geography and history PDF American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137 3 316 23 doi 10 1002 ajpa 20876 PMID 18618658 Underhill PA Passarino G Lin AA Shen P Mirazon Lahr M Foley RA Oefner PJ Cavalli Sforza LL January 2001 The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations Annals of Human Genetics 65 Pt 1 43 62 doi 10 1046 j 1469 1809 2001 6510043 x PMID 11415522 S2CID 9441236 Underhill PA 2002 Inference of Neolithic Population Histories using Y chromosome Haplotypes In Bellwood PS Renfrew C eds Examining the farming language dispersal hypothesis McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research Cambridge McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research ISBN 978 1 902937 20 5 Underhill PA Kivisild T 2007 Use of y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA population structure in tracing human migrations Annual Review of Genetics 41 1 539 64 doi 10 1146 annurev genet 41 110306 130407 PMID 18076332 Weale ME Weiss DA Jager RF Bradman N Thomas MG July 2002 Y chromosome evidence for Anglo Saxon mass migration Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 7 1008 21 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals molbev a004160 PMID 12082121 Weale September 1 2003 Rare Deep Rooting Y Chromosome Lineages in Humans Lessons for Phylogeography Genetics 165 1 229 234 doi 10 1093 genetics 165 1 229 PMC 1462739 PMID 14504230 External links editFtdna E PF2431 Project E M35 Phylogeny Project Wiki E M35 Phylogeny Project all labs site E M35 Phylogeny Project Public Forum FamilyTreeDNA E PF2431 Project FamilyTreeDNA E M81 Project Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Haplogroup E Z827 amp oldid 1193857807, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.