Wikipedia
Hallingmål-Valdris
Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual names Halling, Hallingdøl, or Valdresmål) is a group of Norwegian dialects traditionally spoken in the traditional districts Hallingdal, Buskerud and Valdres, Oppland.[a]
| Hallingmål-Valdris | |
|---|---|
| Halling, Hallingdøl, Valdresmål | |
| Native to | Norway |
| Region | Hallingdal, Valdres |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
Phonology edit
Consonants edit
- /rn/ is usually realized as a prestopped nasal [dn̩], while the allophone [ɳ] only occurs in words like baren ([bɑːɳ])[4] "the bar".[5][b]
- /rl/ also has a prestopped realization [dl].[5]
- The phoneme which is commonly called thick L (written /ɽ/ in IPA), exists in words that had either ⟨l⟩ or ⟨rð⟩ in Old Norse. In Vang, /ɽ/ occurs only in the first case.[7]
- The consonant clusters ⟨sk⟩, ⟨skj⟩, and ⟨sj⟩ were not pronounced as [ʂ], only ⟨-rs-⟩ was.[8] Sørbygdi in Flå pronounces ⟨sj⟩ as [ʂ], while Gulsvik pronounces it as [ʂj].[9]
- The consonant clusters ⟨sl⟩ and ⟨tl⟩ were mostly assimilated to [sl]. Hol and Ål assimilated these to [l̥],[10][11] and Sørbygdi in Flå assimilated ⟨sl⟩ to [ʂl].[9]
- The clusters ⟨-ld⟩, ⟨-nd⟩ and ⟨-mb⟩ are pronounced as spelled.[12][13][14]
- The Old Norse cluster ⟨-fn⟩ is pronounced as assimilated [bdn] or [bn].[13]
Vowels edit
- The back vowels [ʊ, uː] and [ɔ, oː] in older Hallingmål-Valdris were pronounced as in Old Norse, without the vowel shift to, respectively, [ʉ, ʉː] and [ʊ, uː] that is found in most other Norwegian dialects.[15][16]
- The short Old Norse vowels ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are pronounced as central [ɞ] almost everywhere, except for Ål (but not Torpo), where these are back [ɔ].[7][17][18] In Valdres (except for Vang), the schwa /ə/ can also be realized as [ɞ].[7]
- Traditionally, /æ, æː/ were pronounced as open-mid [ɛ, ɛː].[15]
- The words pronounced [e(ː)] and [ɛ(ː)] mean "I" and "am", respectively.[15]
- Itacism is found in southern Hallingdal (Flå, Nes and some in Gol), making the vowel /yː/ to be unrounded to [iː].[19]
- The Old Norse diphthongs ⟨ei⟩, ⟨ey⟩ and ⟨au⟩ are traditionally pronounced as [aɪ̯], [ɔʏ̯] ([eɪ̯] in southern Hallingdal)[19] and [aʊ̯]. This is occurs today especially in upper Valdres and Hol and Ål.[7][8]
Grammar edit
| Gender | Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Dative | Indefinite | Definite | Dative | ||
| Feminine | Strong (with i- declension) | [suːɽ] | [suːɽɛ] | [suːɳ] | [ˈsuːˈɽɛ],[d] [ˈsuːˈɽi][e] | [ˈsuːɽˈidn̩] | [ˈsuːˈɽu] |
| Strong (with a-decl.) | [jaɪ̯t] | [ˈjaɪ̯ˈtɛ] | [ˈjaɪ̯ˈtn̩] | [jaɪ̯ta] | [ˈjaɪ̯ˈtadn̩] | [ˈjaɪ̯ˈtu] | |
| Weak (with u-decl.) | [ˈjɛnˈtɛ] | [ˈjɛnˈta] | [ˈjɛnˈtʉn] | [ˈjɛnˈtʉ] | [ˈjɛnˈtʉdn̩] | [ˈjɛnˈtu] | |
| Masculine | Strong (with a-decl.) | [gʉːt] | [gʉːtn̩] | [gʉːta] | [ˈgʉːˈta] | [ˈgʉːˈtadn̩] | [ˈgʉːˈtu] |
| Strong (with i-decl.) | [griːs] | [griːsn̩] | [ˈgriːˈsɛ] | [ˈgriːˈsɛ],[d] [ˈgriːˈsi][e] | [ˈgriːˈsidn̩] | [griːsu] | |
| Weak (with a-decl.) | [ˈbakˈkɛ] | [ˈbakˈkin] | [ˈbakˈka] | [ˈbakˈka] | [ˈbakˈkadn̩] | [ˈbakˈku] | |
| Neutrum | Strong | [hʉːs] | [hʉːsɛ] | [ˈhʉːˈsɛ] | [hʉːs] | [hʉːsɛ] | |
| Weak | [aʊ̯ga] | [aʊ̯ga(ə)] | [aʊ̯gaɛ] | [aʊ̯gʉ],[f] [aʊ̯gu][d] | [aʊ̯gu],[f] [aʊ̯gʉdn̩][d] | [aʊ̯gu] | |
| Person | Subjective case | Objective case | Dative case | Possessive | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feminine | Masculine | Neuter | |||||||||||||
| Subj./Obj. | Dative | Subj./Obj. | Dative | Subj./Obj. | Dative | ||||||||||
| Sg. | Pl. | Sg. | Pl. | Sg. | Pl. | Sg. | Pl. | Sg. | Pl. | Sg. | Pl. | ||||
| 1st p. sg. | [eː] | [meː] | [meː] | [miː] | [ˈmiːˈnə] | [ˈmiːˈnə] | [miː] | [mɪn] | [ˈmiːˈnə] | [ˈmiːˈnə] | [miː] | [mɪt] | [ˈmiːˈnə] | [ˈmiːˈnə] | [miː] |
| 2nd person sg. | [dʉː] | [deː] | [deː] | [diː] | [ˈdiːˈnə] | [ˈdiːˈnə] | [diː] | [dɪn] | [ˈdiːˈnə] | [ˈdiːˈnə] | [diː] | [dɪt] | [ˈdiːˈnə] | [ˈdiːˈnə] | [diː] |
| 3rd p. sg. f. | [huː], [ˈhuːˈna] | [huː], [ˈhuːˈna] | [ˈhɛnˈnɛ], [n] | [ˈhɛnˈnɛ(r)] ([ˈhɛnˈnar]),[g] [ˈhɛnˈnɛs][h] | |||||||||||
| 3rd p. sg. m. | [han], [n] | [han], [n] | [huːnu], [u] | [has] | |||||||||||
| 3rd p. sg. n. | [dɛ] | [dɛ] | [di] | [siː] | [ˈsiːˈnə] | [ˈsiːˈnə] | [siː] | [sɪn] | [ˈsiːˈnə] | [ˈsiːˈnə] | [siː] | [sɪt] | [ˈsiːˈnə] | [ˈsiːˈnə] | [siː] |
| 1st p. pl. | [meː], [mɞː][i] | [ʉs], [ɞs][j] | [ʉs], [ɞs][j] | [voːr] | [voʈ] | [ˈvoːˈre][k] | [ˈvoːˈru] | ||||||||
| 2nd p. pl. | [deː], [dɞː][i] | [ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)][l] | [ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)][l] | [ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)][l] | |||||||||||
| 3rd p. pl | [daɪ̯] | [daɪ̯] | [daɪ̯] | [ˈdaɪ̯ˈris], [ˈdeːˈris], [ˈdeːˈres][j] | |||||||||||
Citations edit
Notes edit
- ^ The southern villages Begnadalen and Hedalen in Sør-Aurdal, Valdres don't speak Valdris,[2] as their dialect is closer to the Ringerike dialect.[3]
- ^ It may also be realized as [tn̩] in Hemsedal, Gol and the southern villages in Valdres, although this only occurs in plural definite form.[6][5]
- ^ a b The IPA used here is with the traditional diphthongs, and the vowel shift.
- ^ a b c d Only used in Valdres.[21]
- ^ a b Only used in Hallingdal and the southern villages in Valdres.[21]
- ^ a b Only used in Hallingdal.[21]
- ^ These forms are used interchangeably,[24] though Hallingdal only uses the first, without the r.[25]
- ^ Only used in Aurdal and Etnedal.[24]
- ^ a b Only used in Valdres, except for Vang.[24]
- ^ a b c Only used in Sør-Aurdal.[24]
- ^ In the older dialects of Vang and Slidre, [ˈvoːˈra] has been used for feminine, but is not used today.[26]
- ^ a b c Only used in Hol and Ål.[27]
References edit
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Older Runic". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. from the original on 2022-11-13. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
- ^ Kvåle 1999, p. 7.
- ^ Jahr 1990, p. 57.
- ^ Kvåle 1999, p. 12.
- ^ a b c Skjekkeland 1997, p. 116.
- ^ Kvåle 1999, p. 19, 21.
- ^ a b c d Jahr 1990, p. 58.
- ^ a b Kvåle 1999, p. 17.
- ^ a b Venås 1977, p. 36.
- ^ Ross 1907, p. 20.
- ^ Venås 1977, p. 16.
- ^ Kvåle 1999, p. 18.
- ^ a b Skjekkeland 1997, p. 216.
- ^ Venås 1977, p. 48.
- ^ a b c Kvåle 1999, p. 15.
- ^ Skjekkeland 1997, p. 47.
- ^ Kvåle 1999, p. 16.
- ^ Venås, Kjell. "dialekter i Hallingdal". snl.no. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ a b Jahr 1990, p. 56.
- ^ Kvåle 1999, p. 20-25.
- ^ a b c d Ross 1907, p. 22.
- ^ Kvåle 1999, p. 32-34.
- ^ Venås 1977, p. 127-133.
- ^ a b c d Kvåle 1999, p. 32.
- ^ Venås 1977, p. 127-128.
- ^ Kvåle 1999, p. 34.
- ^ Venås 1977, p. 129.
Literature edit
- Jahr, Ernst Håkon (1990). Den Store dialektboka (in Norwegian). Oslo: Novus. ISBN 8270991678.
- Kvåle, Karen Marie (1999). Dè è'kji gøtt veta ko dai saia: talemålsendring i Valdres (in Norwegian). Oslo: Valdreslaget i Oslo. ISBN 8299538505.
- Ross, Hans (1907). Norske bygdemaal. 3-6: Oust-telemaal o numedalsmaal; Hallingmaal o valdresmaal; Gudbrandsdalsmaal; Upplandsmaal (in Norwegian). Christiania: Kommission hos Jacob Dybwad.
- Skjekkeland, Martin (1997). Dei norske dialektane: tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla (in Norwegian). Kristiansand: Høyskoleforlaget. ISBN 8276341039.
- Strand, Thea Randina (2009). Varieties in Dialogue: Dialect Use and Change in Rural Valdres, Norway. The University of Arizona. ISBN 978-1109104257.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Venås, Kjell (1977). Hallingmålet (in Norwegian). Oslo: Samlaget. ISBN 8252107176.