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Halite

February 08, 2023

"Rock salt" redirects here. For edible coarse salt, see Kosher salt.
For the market widely known as "Halite", see Central Sofia Market Hall.
For conjugate base of a halous acid, see Halite (oxyanion).

Halite (/ˈhælaɪt, ˈheɪlaɪt/),[7][8][9] commonly known as rock salt, is a type of salt, the mineral (natural) form of sodium chloride (NaCl). Halite forms isometric crystals.[10] The mineral is typically colorless or white, but may also be light blue, dark blue, purple, pink, red, orange, yellow or gray depending on inclusion of other materials, impurities, and structural or isotopic abnormalities in the crystals.[11] It commonly occurs with other evaporite deposit minerals such as several of the sulfates, halides, and borates. The name halite is derived from the Ancient Greek word for "salt", ἅλς (háls).[3]

Halite
Halite from the Wieliczka salt mine, Małopolskie, Poland
General
CategoryHalide mineral
Formula
(repeating unit)		NaCl
IMA symbolHl[1]
Strunz classification3.AA.20
Crystal systemCubic[2]
Crystal classHexoctahedral (m3m)
H-M symbol: (4/m 3 2/m)
Space groupFm3m
Unit cella = 5.6404(1) Å; Z = 4
Identification
Formula mass58.433 g/mol
ColorColorless or white when pure. Impurities produce any color but usually yellow, gray, black, brown, red (Depends on isotopes and purity for various colours)[2]
Crystal habitPredominantly cubes and in massive sedimentary beds, but also granular, fibrous and compact
CleavagePerfect {001}, three directions cubic
FractureConchoidal
TenacityBrittle
Mohs scale hardness2.0–2.5
LusterVitreous
StreakWhite
DiaphaneityTransparent to Translucent
Specific gravity2.17
Optical propertiesIsotropic
Refractive indexn = 1.544
Melting point800.7°C
SolubilityWater-soluble
Other characteristicsSalty flavor, fluorescent
References[3][4][5][6]

Occurrence

 
Halite cubes from the Stassfurt Potash Deposit, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany (size: 6.7 × 1.9 × 1.7 cm)

Halite dominantly occurs within sedimentary rocks where it has formed from the evaporation of seawater or salty lake water. Vast beds of sedimentary evaporite minerals, including halite, can result from the drying up of enclosed lakes and restricted seas. Such salt beds may be hundreds of meters thick and underlie broad areas.[12] Halite occurs at the surface today in playas in regions where evaporation exceeds precipitation such as in the salt flats of Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park.

In the United States and Canada extensive underground beds extend from the Appalachian basin of western New York through parts of Ontario and under much of the Michigan Basin. Other deposits are in Ohio, Kansas, New Mexico, Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan. The Khewra salt mine is a massive deposit of halite near Islamabad, Pakistan.

Salt domes are vertical diapirs or pipe-like masses of salt that have been essentially "squeezed up" from underlying salt beds by mobilization due to the weight of the overlying rock. Salt domes contain anhydrite, gypsum, and native sulfur, in addition to halite and sylvite. They are common along the Gulf coasts of Texas and Louisiana and are often associated with petroleum deposits. Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, Denmark, Romania and Iran also have salt domes.[13] Salt glaciers exist in arid Iran where the salt has broken through the surface at high elevation and flows downhill. In these cases, halite is said to be behaving like a rheid.

Unusual, purple, fibrous vein-filling halite is found in France and a few other localities. Halite crystals termed hopper crystals appear to be "skeletons" of the typical cubes, with the edges present and stairstep depressions on, or rather in, each crystal face. In a rapidly crystallizing environment, the edges of the cubes simply grow faster than the centers. Halite crystals form very quickly in some rapidly evaporating lakes resulting in modern artifacts with a coating or encrustation of halite crystals.[14] Halite flowers are rare stalactites of curling fibers of halite that are found in certain arid caves of Australia's Nullarbor Plain.[15] Halite stalactites and encrustations are also reported in the Quincy native copper mine of Hancock, Michigan.

Mining

The world's largest underground salt mine is the Sifto Salt Mine. It produces over 7 million tons of rock salt per year using the room and pillar mining method. It is located half a kilometre under Lake Huron in Ontario, Canada.[16] In the United Kingdom there are three mines; the largest of these is at Winsford in Cheshire, producing, on average, one million tonnes of salt per year.

Uses

Salt is used extensively in cooking as a flavor enhancer, and to cure a wide variety of foods such as bacon and fish.[17] It is frequently used in food preservation methods across various cultures. Larger pieces can be ground in a salt mill or dusted over food from a shaker as finishing salt.

Halite is also often used both residentially and municipally for managing ice. Because brine (a solution of water and salt) has a lower freezing point than pure water, putting salt or saltwater on ice that is below 0 °C (32 °F) will cause it to melt—this effect is called freezing-point depression. It is common for homeowners in cold climates to spread salt on their sidewalks and driveways after a snow storm to melt the ice. It is not necessary to use so much salt that the ice is completely melted; rather, a small amount of salt will weaken the ice so that it can be easily removed by other means. Also, many cities will spread a mixture of sand and salt on roads during and after a snowstorm to improve traction. Using salt brine is more effective than spreading dry salt because moisture is necessary for the freezing-point depression to work and wet salt sticks to the roads better. Otherwise the salt can be wiped away by traffic.[18]

In addition to de-icing, rock salt is occasionally used in agriculture. An example of this would be inducing salt stress to suppress the growth of annual meadow grass in turf production. Other examples involve exposing weeds to salt water to dehydrate and kill them preventing them from affecting other plants. Salt is also used as a household cleaning product. Its coarse nature allows for its use in various cleaning scenarios including grease/oil removal, stain removal, dries out and hardens sticky spills for an easier clean.[citation needed]

Some cultures, especially in Africa and Brazil, prefer a wide variety of different rock salts for different dishes. Pure salt is avoided as particular colors of salt indicates the presence of different impurities. Many recipes call for particular kinds of rock salt, and imported pure salt often has impurities added to adapt to local tastes.[19] Historically, salt was used as a form of currency in barter systems and was exclusively controlled by authorities and their appointees. In some ancient civilizations the practice of salting the earth was done to make conquered land of an enemy infertile and inhospitable as an act of domination or spite. One biblical reference to this practice is in Judges 9:45: "he killed the people in it, pulled the wall down and sowed the site with salt."[20]

Polyhalite, a mineral fertiliser, is not an NaCl-polymer, but hydrated K2Ca2Mg-sulfate.

Shotgun shells containing rock salt (instead of metal pellets) are a less lethal deterrent.[21]

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
  2. ^ a b Geology.com: Halite
  3. ^ a b "Halite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. (PDF) from the original on June 28, 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  4. ^ . Mindat.org. Archived from the original on 2011-08-05.
  5. ^ . Webmineral. Archived from the original on 2004-11-24.
  6. ^ Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1439855119.
  7. ^ "halite". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  8. ^ "halite". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
  9. ^ . Random House Unabridged Dictionary. 1997. Archived from the original on 2015-10-02.
  10. ^ Bonewitz, Ronald Louis (2012). Rocks and Minerals. DK Publishing. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-7566-9042-7.
  11. ^ Sonnenfeld, Peter (January 1995). "The color of rock salt—A review". Sedimentary Geology. 94 (3–4): 267–276. Bibcode:1995SedG...94..267S. doi:10.1016/0037-0738(94)00093-A.
  12. ^ "halite | mineral | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
  13. ^ "What is a Salt Dome? How do they form?". geology.com. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
  14. ^ "HALITE (Sodium Chloride)". Galleries.com. from the original on 2015-12-16. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
  15. ^ Wales, University Of New South (2003). Beneath the Surface: A Natural History of Australian Caves. UNSW Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-595-7.
  16. ^ "Where is the World's Largest Underground Salt Mine". 14 November 2018. from the original on 2020-07-08. Retrieved 2019-04-10.
  17. ^ Bitterman, Mark (2010). Salted: A Manifesto on the World's Most Essential Mineral, With Recipes. Ten Speed Press. pp. 267–270. ISBN 978-1-58008-262-4.
  18. ^ Pre-wetting With Salt Brine. 1996. ISBN 978-0965231008. from the original on 2020-09-13. Retrieved 2019-04-10.
  19. ^ Kurlansky, Mark (2003). Salt: A World History. ISBN 9780786243891.
  20. ^ "Bible: Judges 9:45". Bible Hub. from the original on October 30, 2018. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
  21. ^ "Less Lethal Loadout: Rock Salt Shotgun Shells". 15 September 2020.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Halite.

External links

  • Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York ISBN 0-471-80580-7
  • Anthony, John W; Bideaux, R.A.; Bladh, K.W.; Nicois, M.C. (1997). Handbook of Mineralogy: Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides, Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson ISBN 0-9622097-2-4
  • Minerals.net 2008-12-21 at the Wayback Machine
  • Material Safety Data Sheet 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine
  • Desert USA 2007-12-14 at the Wayback Machine
  • Halite stalactites 2007-12-22 at the Wayback Machine

February 08, 2023
halite, rock, salt, redirects, here, edible, coarse, salt, kosher, salt, market, widely, known, central, sofia, market, hall, conjugate, base, halous, acid, oxyanion, commonly, known, rock, salt, type, salt, mineral, natural, form, sodium, chloride, nacl, form. Rock salt redirects here For edible coarse salt see Kosher salt For the market widely known as Halite see Central Sofia Market Hall For conjugate base of a halous acid see Halite oxyanion Halite ˈ h ae l aɪ t ˈ h eɪ l aɪ t 7 8 9 commonly known as rock salt is a type of salt the mineral natural form of sodium chloride NaCl Halite forms isometric crystals 10 The mineral is typically colorless or white but may also be light blue dark blue purple pink red orange yellow or gray depending on inclusion of other materials impurities and structural or isotopic abnormalities in the crystals 11 It commonly occurs with other evaporite deposit minerals such as several of the sulfates halides and borates The name halite is derived from the Ancient Greek word for salt ἅls hals 3 HaliteHalite from the Wieliczka salt mine Malopolskie PolandGeneralCategoryHalide mineralFormula repeating unit NaClIMA symbolHl 1 Strunz classification3 AA 20Crystal systemCubic 2 Crystal classHexoctahedral m3 m H M symbol 4 m 3 2 m Space groupFm3 mUnit cella 5 6404 1 A Z 4IdentificationFormula mass58 433 g molColorColorless or white when pure Impurities produce any color but usually yellow gray black brown red Depends on isotopes and purity for various colours 2 Crystal habitPredominantly cubes and in massive sedimentary beds but also granular fibrous and compactCleavagePerfect 001 three directions cubicFractureConchoidalTenacityBrittleMohs scale hardness2 0 2 5LusterVitreousStreakWhiteDiaphaneityTransparent to TranslucentSpecific gravity2 17Optical propertiesIsotropicRefractive indexn 1 544Melting point800 7 CSolubilityWater solubleOther characteristicsSalty flavor fluorescentReferences 3 4 5 6 Contents 1 Occurrence 2 Mining 3 Uses 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksOccurrence Edit Halite cubes from the Stassfurt Potash Deposit Saxony Anhalt Germany size 6 7 1 9 1 7 cm Halite dominantly occurs within sedimentary rocks where it has formed from the evaporation of seawater or salty lake water Vast beds of sedimentary evaporite minerals including halite can result from the drying up of enclosed lakes and restricted seas Such salt beds may be hundreds of meters thick and underlie broad areas 12 Halite occurs at the surface today in playas in regions where evaporation exceeds precipitation such as in the salt flats of Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park In the United States and Canada extensive underground beds extend from the Appalachian basin of western New York through parts of Ontario and under much of the Michigan Basin Other deposits are in Ohio Kansas New Mexico Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan The Khewra salt mine is a massive deposit of halite near Islamabad Pakistan Salt domes are vertical diapirs or pipe like masses of salt that have been essentially squeezed up from underlying salt beds by mobilization due to the weight of the overlying rock Salt domes contain anhydrite gypsum and native sulfur in addition to halite and sylvite They are common along the Gulf coasts of Texas and Louisiana and are often associated with petroleum deposits Germany Spain the Netherlands Denmark Romania and Iran also have salt domes 13 Salt glaciers exist in arid Iran where the salt has broken through the surface at high elevation and flows downhill In these cases halite is said to be behaving like a rheid Unusual purple fibrous vein filling halite is found in France and a few other localities Halite crystals termed hopper crystals appear to be skeletons of the typical cubes with the edges present and stairstep depressions on or rather in each crystal face In a rapidly crystallizing environment the edges of the cubes simply grow faster than the centers Halite crystals form very quickly in some rapidly evaporating lakes resulting in modern artifacts with a coating or encrustation of halite crystals 14 Halite flowers are rare stalactites of curling fibers of halite that are found in certain arid caves of Australia s Nullarbor Plain 15 Halite stalactites and encrustations are also reported in the Quincy native copper mine of Hancock Michigan Mining EditThe world s largest underground salt mine is the Sifto Salt Mine It produces over 7 million tons of rock salt per year using the room and pillar mining method It is located half a kilometre under Lake Huron in Ontario Canada 16 In the United Kingdom there are three mines the largest of these is at Winsford in Cheshire producing on average one million tonnes of salt per year Uses EditSalt is used extensively in cooking as a flavor enhancer and to cure a wide variety of foods such as bacon and fish 17 It is frequently used in food preservation methods across various cultures Larger pieces can be ground in a salt mill or dusted over food from a shaker as finishing salt Halite is also often used both residentially and municipally for managing ice Because brine a solution of water and salt has a lower freezing point than pure water putting salt or saltwater on ice that is below 0 C 32 F will cause it to melt this effect is called freezing point depression It is common for homeowners in cold climates to spread salt on their sidewalks and driveways after a snow storm to melt the ice It is not necessary to use so much salt that the ice is completely melted rather a small amount of salt will weaken the ice so that it can be easily removed by other means Also many cities will spread a mixture of sand and salt on roads during and after a snowstorm to improve traction Using salt brine is more effective than spreading dry salt because moisture is necessary for the freezing point depression to work and wet salt sticks to the roads better Otherwise the salt can be wiped away by traffic 18 In addition to de icing rock salt is occasionally used in agriculture An example of this would be inducing salt stress to suppress the growth of annual meadow grass in turf production Other examples involve exposing weeds to salt water to dehydrate and kill them preventing them from affecting other plants Salt is also used as a household cleaning product Its coarse nature allows for its use in various cleaning scenarios including grease oil removal stain removal dries out and hardens sticky spills for an easier clean citation needed Some cultures especially in Africa and Brazil prefer a wide variety of different rock salts for different dishes Pure salt is avoided as particular colors of salt indicates the presence of different impurities Many recipes call for particular kinds of rock salt and imported pure salt often has impurities added to adapt to local tastes 19 Historically salt was used as a form of currency in barter systems and was exclusively controlled by authorities and their appointees In some ancient civilizations the practice of salting the earth was done to make conquered land of an enemy infertile and inhospitable as an act of domination or spite One biblical reference to this practice is in Judges 9 45 he killed the people in it pulled the wall down and sowed the site with salt 20 Polyhalite a mineral fertiliser is not an NaCl polymer but hydrated K2Ca2Mg sulfate Shotgun shells containing rock salt instead of metal pellets are a less lethal deterrent 21 Gallery Edit Unusual halite crystals from Faiyum Egypt Hopper crystal cast of halite in a Jurassic rock Carmel Formation Utah Sharp halite crystals that have this green color from inclusions of malachite Large natural crystal of halite showing cubic crystal form Pink color halite on a matrix covered with minute nahcolite Halite from Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan Mine in Rocanville Saskatchewan Canada Halite Bore sample LaosSee also EditCoarse salt edible Salt tectonicsReferences Edit Warr L N 2021 IMA CNMNC approved mineral symbols Mineralogical Magazine 85 3 291 320 Bibcode 2021MinM 85 291W doi 10 1180 mgm 2021 43 S2CID 235729616 a b Geology com Halite a b Halite PDF Handbook of Mineralogy Archived PDF from the original on June 28 2010 Retrieved 16 April 2018 Halite Mindat org Archived from the original on 2011 08 05 Halite Webmineral Archived from the original on 2004 11 24 Haynes William M ed 2011 CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 92nd ed CRC Press ISBN 978 1439855119 halite Merriam Webster Dictionary halite Dictionary com Unabridged Online n d Halite Random House Unabridged Dictionary 1997 Archived from the original on 2015 10 02 Bonewitz Ronald Louis 2012 Rocks and Minerals DK Publishing p 110 ISBN 978 0 7566 9042 7 Sonnenfeld Peter January 1995 The color of rock salt A review Sedimentary Geology 94 3 4 267 276 Bibcode 1995SedG 94 267S doi 10 1016 0037 0738 94 00093 A halite mineral Britannica www britannica com Retrieved 2022 04 22 What is a Salt Dome How do they form geology com Retrieved 2022 04 22 HALITE Sodium Chloride Galleries com Archived from the original on 2015 12 16 Retrieved 2015 12 16 Wales University Of New South 2003 Beneath the Surface A Natural History of Australian Caves UNSW Press ISBN 978 0 86840 595 7 Where is the World s Largest Underground Salt Mine 14 November 2018 Archived from the original on 2020 07 08 Retrieved 2019 04 10 Bitterman Mark 2010 Salted A Manifesto on the World s Most Essential Mineral With Recipes Ten Speed Press pp 267 270 ISBN 978 1 58008 262 4 Pre wetting With Salt Brine 1996 ISBN 978 0965231008 Archived from the original on 2020 09 13 Retrieved 2019 04 10 Kurlansky Mark 2003 Salt A World History ISBN 9780786243891 Bible Judges 9 45 Bible Hub Archived from the original on October 30 2018 Retrieved November 26 2019 Less Lethal Loadout Rock Salt Shotgun Shells 15 September 2020 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Halite External links EditHurlbut Cornelius S Klein Cornelis 1985 Manual of Mineralogy 20th ed John Wiley and Sons New York ISBN 0 471 80580 7 Anthony John W Bideaux R A Bladh K W Nicois M C 1997 Handbook of Mineralogy Halides Hydroxides Oxides Mineral Data Publishing Tucson ISBN 0 9622097 2 4 Minerals net Archived 2008 12 21 at the Wayback Machine Material Safety Data Sheet Archived 2012 04 25 at the Wayback Machine Desert USA Archived 2007 12 14 at the Wayback Machine Halite stalactites Archived 2007 12 22 at the Wayback Machine Portal Food Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Halite amp oldid 1138110746, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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