The hairy woodpecker (Leuconotopicus villosus) is a medium-sized woodpecker that is found over a large area of North America. It is approximately 250 mm (9.8 in) in length with a 380 mm (15 in) wingspan.[2] With an estimated population in 2020 of almost nine million individuals, the hairy woodpecker is listed by the IUCN as a species of least concern.[3] Some nomenclature authorities, such as the eBird/Clements checklist, place this species in the genusDryobates.[4]
The hairy woodpecker was described and illustrated with a hand-coloured plate by the English naturalist Mark Catesby in his The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands which was published between 1729 and 1732.[5] When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he included the downy woodpecker, coined the binomial namePicus villosus and cited Catesby's book.[6] The specific epithet villosus is the Latin word for "hairy".[7] Linnaeus specified the type locality as America septentrionali (North America), with specific mention of Raccoon, New Jersey.[8] The hairy woodpecker was formerly usually placed in either Dendrocopos or Picoides but a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2015 found that these genera did not form monophyletic groups.[9] In the revised generic classification, the hairy woodpecker was moved to the genus Leuconotopicus that was erected by the French ornithologist Alfred Malherbe in 1845.[10][11] Some taxonomic authorities place the hairy woodpecker in an expanded Dryobates that includes all the species in the genera Leuconotopicus and Veniliornis.[12][13]
Female of the Great Basin race, orius, which has less white on the wings than eastern races and has cream-colored underparts
Adults are mainly black on the upper parts and wings, with a white or pale back and white spotting on the wings; the throat and belly vary from white to sooty brown, depending on subspecies. There is a white bar above and one below the eye. They have a black tail with white outer feathers. Adult males have a red patch or two side-by-side patches on the back of the head; juvenile males have red or rarely orange-red on the crown.[13]
The hairy woodpecker measures from 18–26 cm (7.1–10.2 in) in length, 33–43 cm (13–17 in) in wingspan and 40–95 g (1.4–3.4 oz) in weight.[14][15] It is virtually identical in plumage to the smaller downy woodpecker. The downy has a shorter bill relative to the size of its head, which is, other than size and voice, the best way to distinguish them in the field. These two species are not closely related, however, and are likely to be separated in different genera.[16][17] Another way to tell the two species apart is the lack of spots on its white tail feathers (present in the downy). Their outward similarity is a spectacular example of convergent evolution. As to the reason for this convergence, only tentative hypotheses have been advanced; in any case, because of the considerable size difference, ecological competition between the two species is slight.
These birds are mostly permanent residents. Birds in the extreme north may migrate further south; birds in mountainous areas may move to lower elevations.
Behavior and ecology
These birds forage on trees, often turning over bark or excavating to uncover insects. They mainly eat insects, but also fruits, berries and nuts, as well as sometimes tree sap. They are a predator of the European corn borer, a moth that costs the US agriculture industry more than $1 billion annually in crop losses and population control.[19][20]
^BirdLife International (2020). "Leuconotopicus villosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22681166A141046523. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22681166A141046523.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ ab"Leuconotopicus villosus". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
^Clements, J.F.; Schulenberg, T.S.; Iliff, M.J.; Billerman, S.M.; Fredericks, T.A.; Sullivan, B.L.; Wood, C.L. (2019). "The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2021". Retrieved 14 January 2022.
^Catesby, Mark (1729–1732). The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands. Vol. 1. London: W. Innys and R. Manby. p. 19, Plate 19.
^Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. pp. 175–176.
^Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 401. ISBN978-1-4081-2501-4.
^Peters, James Lee, ed. (1948). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 206.
^Fuchs, J.; Pons, J.M. (2015). "A new classification of the pied woodpeckers assemblage (Dendropicini, Picidae) based on a comprehensive multi-locus phylogeny". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 88: 28–37. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.016. PMID 25818851.
^Malherbe, Alfred (1845). "Description de trois espèces nouvelles du genre Picus, Linné". Revue Zoologique par la Société Cuvierienne (in French and Latin). 8: 373.
^ abGill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Woodpeckers". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
^Chesser, R.T.; Burns, K.J.; Cicero, C.; Dunn, J.L.; Kratter, A.W.; Lovette, I.J.; Rasmussen, P.C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr; Stotz, D.F.; Winger, B.M.; Winker, K. (2018). "Fifty-ninth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds". The Auk. 135 (3): 798–813. doi:10.1642/AUK-18-62.1.
^ abJackson, J.A.; Ouellet, J.R.; Jackson, B.J. (2020). Rodewald, P.G. (ed.). "Hairy Woodpecker (Dryobates villosus), version 1.0". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.haiwoo.01. S2CID 216443209.
^Weibel, Amy C. & Moore, William S. (2005): Plumage convergence in Picoides woodpeckers based on a molecular phylogeny, with emphasis on convergence in downy and hairy woodpeckers. Condor 107(4): 797–809. doi:10.1650/7858.1 (HTML abstract)
^Moore, William S.; Weibel, Amy C. & Agius, Andrea (2006): Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the woodpecker genus Veniliornis (Picidae, Picinae) and related genera implies convergent evolution of plumage patterns. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 87: 611–624. PDF fulltext 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
^ abBull, John; Farrand Jr, John (August 1994) [1977]. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds:Eastern region (2nd ed.). Chanticleer Press. p. 573. ISBN0-679-42852-6.
^The European Corn Borer | The European Corn Borer. www.ent.iastate.edu. Retrieved 2017-11-13.
Hairy woodpecker photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Interactive range map of Leuconotopicus villosus at IUCN Red List maps
February 20, 2023
hairy, woodpecker, hairy, woodpecker, leuconotopicus, villosus, medium, sized, woodpecker, that, found, over, large, area, north, america, approximately, length, with, wingspan, with, estimated, population, 2020, almost, nine, million, individuals, hairy, wood. The hairy woodpecker Leuconotopicus villosus is a medium sized woodpecker that is found over a large area of North America It is approximately 250 mm 9 8 in in length with a 380 mm 15 in wingspan 2 With an estimated population in 2020 of almost nine million individuals the hairy woodpecker is listed by the IUCN as a species of least concern 3 Some nomenclature authorities such as the eBird Clements checklist place this species in the genus Dryobates 4 Hairy woodpeckerMale eastern subspecies septentrionalis source source CallConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PiciformesFamily PicidaeGenus LeuconotopicusSpecies L villosusBinomial nameLeuconotopicus villosus Linnaeus 1766 SynonymsPicus villosus Linnaeus 1766 Dryobates villosus Linnaeus 1766 Picoides villosus Linnaeus 1766 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior and ecology 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksTaxonomy Edit Costa Rican hairy woodpecker L v extimus The hairy woodpecker was described and illustrated with a hand coloured plate by the English naturalist Mark Catesby in his The Natural History of Carolina Florida and the Bahama Islands which was published between 1729 and 1732 5 When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition he included the downy woodpecker coined the binomial name Picus villosus and cited Catesby s book 6 The specific epithet villosus is the Latin word for hairy 7 Linnaeus specified the type locality as America septentrionali North America with specific mention of Raccoon New Jersey 8 The hairy woodpecker was formerly usually placed in either Dendrocopos or Picoides but a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2015 found that these genera did not form monophyletic groups 9 In the revised generic classification the hairy woodpecker was moved to the genus Leuconotopicus that was erected by the French ornithologist Alfred Malherbe in 1845 10 11 Some taxonomic authorities place the hairy woodpecker in an expanded Dryobates that includes all the species in the genera Leuconotopicus and Veniliornis 12 13 Seventeen subspecies are recognised 11 L v septentrionalis Nuttall 1840 west North America from south Alaska to Ontario to New Mexico L v picoideus Osgood 1901 Queen Charlotte Island off British Columbia Canada L v harrisi Audubon 1838 southeast Alaska to north California L v terraenovae Batchelder 1908 Newfoundland L v villosus Linnaeus 1766 southeast Canada north central and northeast USA L v orius Oberholser 1911 south central British Columbia to southeast California and southwest Utah L v monticola Anthony 1898 central British Columbia to north New Mexico L v leucothorectis Oberholser 1911 southeast California to west Texas L v audubonii Swainson 1832 southeast USA L v hyloscopus Cabanis amp Heine 1863 west and south California north Baja California Mexico L v icastus Oberholser 1911 southeast Arizona southwest New Mexico to west Mexico L v intermedius Nelson 1900 east Mexico L v jardinii Malherbe 1845 south central and east central Mexico L v sanctorum Nelson 1897 southeast Mexico to northwest Nicaragua L v extimus Bangs 1902 north central Costa Rica to west Panama L v piger Allen GM 1905 north Bahamas L v maynardi Ridgway 1887 south BahamasDescription Edit Female of the Great Basin race orius which has less white on the wings than eastern races and has cream colored underparts Adults are mainly black on the upper parts and wings with a white or pale back and white spotting on the wings the throat and belly vary from white to sooty brown depending on subspecies There is a white bar above and one below the eye They have a black tail with white outer feathers Adult males have a red patch or two side by side patches on the back of the head juvenile males have red or rarely orange red on the crown 13 The hairy woodpecker measures from 18 26 cm 7 1 10 2 in in length 33 43 cm 13 17 in in wingspan and 40 95 g 1 4 3 4 oz in weight 14 15 It is virtually identical in plumage to the smaller downy woodpecker The downy has a shorter bill relative to the size of its head which is other than size and voice the best way to distinguish them in the field These two species are not closely related however and are likely to be separated in different genera 16 17 Another way to tell the two species apart is the lack of spots on its white tail feathers present in the downy Their outward similarity is a spectacular example of convergent evolution As to the reason for this convergence only tentative hypotheses have been advanced in any case because of the considerable size difference ecological competition between the two species is slight Distribution and habitat EditThe hairy woodpecker inhabits mature deciduous forests 2 18 in the Bahamas Canada Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Pierre and Miquelon and the United States It is a vagrant to Puerto Rico and the Turks and Caicos Islands 3 Mating pairs will excavate a hole in a tree where they will lay on average four white eggs 18 These birds are mostly permanent residents Birds in the extreme north may migrate further south birds in mountainous areas may move to lower elevations Behavior and ecology EditThese birds forage on trees often turning over bark or excavating to uncover insects They mainly eat insects but also fruits berries and nuts as well as sometimes tree sap They are a predator of the European corn borer a moth that costs the US agriculture industry more than 1 billion annually in crop losses and population control 19 20 Hairy woodpecker source source Problems playing this file See media help Gallery Edit Adult female Ottawa Ontario Stowe Vermont Male Palmer Alaska At a peanut feeder source source source source source source source source source source source source source source Feeding on suetSee also EditDowny woodpecker A smaller but very similar looking species References Edit BirdLife International 2020 Leuconotopicus villosus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T22681166A141046523 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 3 RLTS T22681166A141046523 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 a b Sibley David Allen 2003 The Sibley Field Guide to Birds of Eastern North America Alfred A Knopf Inc p 249 ISBN 0 679 45120 X a b Leuconotopicus villosus International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Retrieved 2022 09 21 Clements J F Schulenberg T S Iliff M J Billerman S M Fredericks T A Sullivan B L Wood C L 2019 The eBird Clements Checklist of Birds of the World v2021 Retrieved 14 January 2022 Catesby Mark 1729 1732 The Natural History of Carolina Florida and the Bahama Islands Vol 1 London W Innys and R Manby p 19 Plate 19 Linnaeus Carl 1766 Systema naturae per regna tria natura secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis in Latin Vol 1 Part 1 12th ed Holmiae Stockholm Laurentii Salvii pp 175 176 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 401 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Peters James Lee ed 1948 Check List of Birds of the World Vol 6 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press p 206 Fuchs J Pons J M 2015 A new classification of the pied woodpeckers assemblage Dendropicini Picidae based on a comprehensive multi locus phylogeny Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 88 28 37 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2015 03 016 PMID 25818851 Malherbe Alfred 1845 Description de trois especes nouvelles du genre Picus Linne Revue Zoologique par la Societe Cuvierienne in French and Latin 8 373 a b Gill Frank Donsker David Rasmussen Pamela eds 2020 Woodpeckers IOC World Bird List Version 10 1 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 28 May 2020 Chesser R T Burns K J Cicero C Dunn J L Kratter A W Lovette I J Rasmussen P C Remsen J V Jr Stotz D F Winger B M Winker K 2018 Fifty ninth supplement to the American Ornithological Society s Check list of North American Birds The Auk 135 3 798 813 doi 10 1642 AUK 18 62 1 a b Jackson J A Ouellet J R Jackson B J 2020 Rodewald P G ed Hairy Woodpecker Dryobates villosus version 1 0 Birds of the World Ithaca NY USA Cornell Lab of Ornithology doi 10 2173 bow haiwoo 01 S2CID 216443209 Hairy Woodpecker All About Birds Hairy Woodpecker Bird Fellow Weibel Amy C amp Moore William S 2005 Plumage convergence in Picoides woodpeckers based on a molecular phylogeny with emphasis on convergence in downy and hairy woodpeckers Condor 107 4 797 809 doi 10 1650 7858 1 HTML abstract Moore William S Weibel Amy C amp Agius Andrea 2006 Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the woodpecker genus Veniliornis Picidae Picinae and related genera implies convergent evolution of plumage patterns Biol J Linn Soc 87 611 624 PDF fulltext Archived 2011 09 29 at the Wayback Machine a b Bull John Farrand Jr John August 1994 1977 National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds Eastern region 2nd ed Chanticleer Press p 573 ISBN 0 679 42852 6 The European Corn Borer The European Corn Borer www ent iastate edu Retrieved 2017 11 13 European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner entnemdept ufl edu Retrieved 2017 11 13 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leuconotopicus villosus Wikispecies has information related to Picoides villosus Hairy woodpecker Picoides villosus USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter Hairy woodpecker Species Account Cornell Lab of Ornithology Hairy woodpecker sound at Florida Museum of Natural History Hairy woodpecker media Internet Bird Collection Hairy woodpecker photo gallery at VIREO Drexel University Interactive range map of Leuconotopicus villosus at IUCN Red List maps Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hairy woodpecker amp oldid 1118042442, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
