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Golden parakeet

April 13, 2024

The golden parakeet or golden conure (Guaruba guarouba), or the Queen of Bavaria conure[3] is a medium-sized golden-yellow Neotropical parrot native to the Amazon Basin of interior northern Brazil. It is the only species placed in the genus Guaruba.

Golden parakeet
At Gramado Zoo, Brazil
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Tribe: Arini
Genus: Guaruba
Lesson, 1830
Species:
G. guarouba
Binomial name
Guaruba guarouba
(Gmelin, JF, 1788)
Synonyms

Psittacus guarouba
Aratinga guarouba

Its plumage is mostly bright yellow, hence its common name, but it also possesses green remiges. It lives in the drier, upland rainforests in Amazonian Brazil, and is threatened by deforestation and flooding, and also by the now-illegal trapping of wild individuals for the pet trade. It is listed on CITES appendix I.[4]

Taxonomy edit

The golden parakeet was listed in 1633 by the Dutch geographer Joannes de Laet in his History of the New World. He gave the local name as Guiarubas.[5] De Laet included the parakeet in the 1640 French translation of his book.[6] The word Guiarubas comes from the Tupi language: Guarajúba means "yellow bird".[7] The golden parakeet was also described by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave in 1648 in his Historia Naturalis Brasiliae. Marcgrave gave the local name as Quiivbatvi.[8] Based on Marcgrave's description, the golden parakeet was included in the works of Francis Willughby in 1678,[9] John Ray in 1713,[10] and Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.[11] In 1779 the French polymath, the Comte de Buffon, included a description based on a preserved specimen in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux.[12] An illustration based on the same specimen was published separately.[13]

When in 1788 the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin revised and expanded Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae he included the golden parakeet and cited earlier works including Buffon's description of "Le Guarouba". He placed it with the other parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus guarouba.[14]

Formerly classified as Aratinga guarouba[15][a] the golden parakeet is now the only species placed in the genus Guaruba that was introduced in 1830 by the French naturalist René Lesson.[16][17] The different spellings of the genus and species names result from the different spellings used by Lesson and Gmelin and the rules of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Lesson initially used Guarouba but on subsequent pages changed this to Guaruba.[18] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[17] This species is also known as the golden conure.[19]

Molecular studies show that Guaruba and Diopsittaca (red-shouldered macaw) are sister genera.[20][21][22][23] It is also closely related to Leptosittaca branicki, (golden-plumed parakeet).

Description edit

The golden parakeet is 34–36 cm (13–14 in) long and mainly yellow with green in the outer wings and with an all-yellow tail.[19] It has a large horn-colored (gray) beak, pale-pink bare eye rings, brown irises, and pink legs. Males and females have identical external appearance. Juveniles are duller and have less yellow and more green plumage than the adults. The juvenile's head and neck are mostly green, the back is green and yellow, the upper side of tail is mostly green, the breast is greenish, the eye rings are pale-gray, and the legs are brown.[24]

Distribution and habitat edit

Its range is estimated to be limited to about 174,000 km2.[25] between the Tocantins, lower Xingu, and Tapajós Rivers in the Amazon Basin south of the Amazon River in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. Additional records occur from adjacent northern Maranhão. The birds in a 1986 study used two different habitats during the year; during the nonbreeding season, which coincided with the dry season, they occupied the tall forest. During the breeding season, they left the tall forest and entered open areas on the edge of the forest such as fields used in agriculture.[26]

Behavior and ecology edit

Golden parakeets are a social species, living, feeding, sleeping, and even breeding together.[26] In the wild, they have a varied diet, feeding on fruits such as mango, muruci and açai, flowers, buds, seeds (including Croton matouensis, and crop plants, particularly maize.[25][27]

Breeding edit

 
Guaruba guarouba - MHNT

The golden parakeet's breeding system is almost unique amongst parrots, as pairs are aided by a number of helpers which aid in the raising of the young.[26] This behavior is less common with parakeets in captivity, which often abandon their young after three weeks.[28]

After the golden parakeet reaches sexual maturity at the age of three years, the breeding season starts in November and runs through February. They nest in a high tree, in deeper than average nesting cavities, and lay an average of four 37.1 by 29.9 mm (1.46 by 1.18 in) white eggs, which they aggressively guard. The incubation period is about 30 days, in which the male and female take turns incubating. In the first few years of sexual maturity, golden parakeets tend to lay infertile clutches until the age of six to eight. In captivity, golden parakeets resume breeding when their chicks are taken from them.[28][29]

At birth, golden parakeets are covered in white down that eventually turns darker within a week. By the end of the third week, wing feathers start to develop. Juveniles are playful, but may turn abusive against their peers.[28] Nestlings are preyed upon by toucans, which may explain their social behavior. Nests are vigorously defended from toucans by several members of the group.[26]

Conservation and threats edit

The golden parakeet is listed on the IUCN Red List as vulnerable.[1] This is largely due to deforestation and the capture of wild birds for aviculture, where it is in high demand due to the attractiveness of its plumage. Locally, they are considered as pests for feeding on crops, and are hunted for food or sport.[28] The current population is estimated to be in the range of 10,000 to 20,000.[25][30]

An example of the displacement of golden parakeets by habitat loss comes from the building of the Tucuruí Dam, Pará, from 1975–1984. More than 35,000 forest dwellers were forced from what had been a habitat that was considered to be "among the richest and most diversified in the world." In addition, 2,875 km2 (1,110 sq mi) of rainforest were flooded, and 1,600 islands were produced by the flooding, all of which were heavily deforested.[31]

An international effort led by the Brazilian government in partnership with Parrots International, Lymington Foundation, the University of São Paulo and others is underway to raise young birds in captivity reintegrate them to their natural habitat with support of locals in Northeast Brazil.[32]

Gallery edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ SACC 2005: 6. Guarouba was formerly (e.g., Peters 1937, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) included in Aratinga, but see Sick (1990), and also Tavares et al. (2004, 2006), Wright et al. (2008), and Kirchman et al. (2012), whose genetic data indicated that the sister genus to Guarouba is Diopsittaca, thus forcing a return to earlier classifications (e.g., Cory 1918, Pinto 1937) that treated it in a monotypic genus.

References edit

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2013). "Guaruba guarouba". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ "GOLDEN CONURE (Guaruba guarouba)". World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  4. ^ . CITES. 1 July 2008. Archived from the original on 29 December 2007.
  5. ^ Laet, Joannes de (1633). Novus Orbis seu descriptionis Indiae Occidentalis (in Latin). Lugd. Batav.: Apud Elzevirios. p. 556.
  6. ^ Laet, Joannes de (1640). L'Histoire du nouveau monde ou description des Indes Occidentales (in French). A Leyde: Chez Bonauenture & Abraham Elseuiers. p. 490.
  7. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  8. ^ Marcgrave, Georg (1648). Historia Naturalis Brasiliae: Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus (in Latin). Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden): Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium. p. 207.
  9. ^ Willughby, Francis (1678). Ray, John (ed.). The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton in the County of Warwick. London: John Martyn. p. 117.
  10. ^ Ray, John (1713). Synopsis methodica avium & piscium (in Latin). London: William Innys. p. 35.
  11. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 4. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. p. 369.
  12. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1779). "Le Guarouba ou Perriche Jaune". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 6. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 272–274.
  13. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Perruche jaune de Cayenne". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 6. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 525.
  14. ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 320.
  15. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1937). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 186.
  16. ^ Lesson, René (1830). Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique (in French). Paris: F.G. Levrault. p. 210. Published in 8 livraisons between 1830 and 1831. For the publication date see: Dickinson, E.C.; Overstreet, L.K.; Dowsett, R.J.; Bruce, M.D. (2011). Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers. Northampton, UK: Aves Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5.
  17. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
  18. ^ David, N.; Dickinson, E.; Gregory, S. (2009). "Contributions to a list of first reviser actions: ornithology". Zootaxa. 2085 (1): 1–24. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2085.1.1.
  19. ^ a b Collar, N.J. (1997). "Golden parakeet (Guarouba guarouba)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. p. 427. ISBN 978-84-87334-22-1.
  20. ^ Tavares, E.S.; Yamashita, C.; Miyaki, C.Y. (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships among some Neotropical parrot genera (Psittacidae) based on mitochondrial sequences". The Auk. 121 (1): 230–242. doi:10.1093/auk/121.1.230.
  21. ^ Tavares, E.S.; Baker, A.J.; Pereira, S.L.; Miyaki, C.Y. (2006). "Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of Neotropical parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Arini) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA Sequences". Systematic Biology. 55 (3): 454–470. doi:10.1080/10635150600697390.
  22. ^ Wright, Timothy; et al. (2008). "A multilocus molecular phylogeny of the parrots (Psittaciformes): support for a Gondwanan origin during the Cretaceous". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25: 2141–2156. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn160. PMC 2727385. PMID 18653733.
  23. ^ Kirchman, J.; Schirtzinger, Wright (April 2012). "Phylogenetic relationships of the extinct Carolina Parakeet inferred from DNA sequence data". The Auk. 129 (2): 197–204. doi:10.1525/auk.2012.11259.
  24. ^ Forshaw, Joseph M. (2006). Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide. Illustrated by Frank Knight. Princeton University Press. Plate 74. ISBN 0-691-09251-6.
  25. ^ a b c "Birdlife International Species Factsheet".
  26. ^ a b c d Oren, David C.; Novaes, Fernando (1986). "Observations on the golden parakeet Aratinga guarouba in Northern Brazil". Biological Conservation. 36 (4): 329–337. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(86)90008-X.
  27. ^ "Natural Diet". goldenconure.org. Retrieved 24 January 2007.
  28. ^ a b c d Honolulu Zoo 2007-03-06 at the Wayback Machine URL accessed January 24, 2007.
  29. ^ Golden Conure - Breeding 2011-03-25 at the Wayback Machine URL accessed January 26, 2007.
  30. ^ Laranjeiras, Thiago (Sep 2011). (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia. 19 (3): 303–314. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-14.
  31. ^ Deforestation URL accessed January 26, 2007.
  32. ^ [1] Fundacao Lymington Sao Paulo URL accessed August 13, 2017.

External links edit

  • Species factsheet at BirdLife International

April 13, 2024
golden, parakeet, golden, parakeet, golden, conure, guaruba, guarouba, queen, bavaria, conure, medium, sized, golden, yellow, neotropical, parrot, native, amazon, basin, interior, northern, brazil, only, species, placed, genus, guaruba, gramado, brazilconserva. The golden parakeet or golden conure Guaruba guarouba or the Queen of Bavaria conure 3 is a medium sized golden yellow Neotropical parrot native to the Amazon Basin of interior northern Brazil It is the only species placed in the genus Guaruba Golden parakeetAt Gramado Zoo BrazilConservation statusVulnerable IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix I CITES 2 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PsittaciformesFamily PsittacidaeTribe AriniGenus GuarubaLesson 1830Species G guaroubaBinomial nameGuaruba guarouba Gmelin JF 1788 SynonymsPsittacus guaroubaAratinga guaroubaIts plumage is mostly bright yellow hence its common name but it also possesses green remiges It lives in the drier upland rainforests in Amazonian Brazil and is threatened by deforestation and flooding and also by the now illegal trapping of wild individuals for the pet trade It is listed on CITES appendix I 4 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior and ecology 4 1 Breeding 5 Conservation and threats 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksTaxonomy editThe golden parakeet was listed in 1633 by the Dutch geographer Joannes de Laet in his History of the New World He gave the local name as Guiarubas 5 De Laet included the parakeet in the 1640 French translation of his book 6 The word Guiarubas comes from the Tupi language Guarajuba means yellow bird 7 The golden parakeet was also described by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave in 1648 in his Historia Naturalis Brasiliae Marcgrave gave the local name as Quiivbatvi 8 Based on Marcgrave s description the golden parakeet was included in the works of Francis Willughby in 1678 9 John Ray in 1713 10 and Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 11 In 1779 the French polymath the Comte de Buffon included a description based on a preserved specimen in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux 12 An illustration based on the same specimen was published separately 13 When in 1788 the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin revised and expanded Carl Linnaeus s Systema Naturae he included the golden parakeet and cited earlier works including Buffon s description of Le Guarouba He placed it with the other parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus guarouba 14 Formerly classified as Aratinga guarouba 15 a the golden parakeet is now the only species placed in the genus Guaruba that was introduced in 1830 by the French naturalist Rene Lesson 16 17 The different spellings of the genus and species names result from the different spellings used by Lesson and Gmelin and the rules of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature Lesson initially used Guarouba but on subsequent pages changed this to Guaruba 18 The species is monotypic no subspecies are recognised 17 This species is also known as the golden conure 19 Molecular studies show that Guaruba and Diopsittaca red shouldered macaw are sister genera 20 21 22 23 It is also closely related to Leptosittaca branicki golden plumed parakeet Description editThe golden parakeet is 34 36 cm 13 14 in long and mainly yellow with green in the outer wings and with an all yellow tail 19 It has a large horn colored gray beak pale pink bare eye rings brown irises and pink legs Males and females have identical external appearance Juveniles are duller and have less yellow and more green plumage than the adults The juvenile s head and neck are mostly green the back is green and yellow the upper side of tail is mostly green the breast is greenish the eye rings are pale gray and the legs are brown 24 Distribution and habitat editIts range is estimated to be limited to about 174 000 km2 25 between the Tocantins lower Xingu and Tapajos Rivers in the Amazon Basin south of the Amazon River in the state of Para northern Brazil Additional records occur from adjacent northern Maranhao The birds in a 1986 study used two different habitats during the year during the nonbreeding season which coincided with the dry season they occupied the tall forest During the breeding season they left the tall forest and entered open areas on the edge of the forest such as fields used in agriculture 26 Behavior and ecology editGolden parakeets are a social species living feeding sleeping and even breeding together 26 In the wild they have a varied diet feeding on fruits such as mango muruci and acai flowers buds seeds including Croton matouensis and crop plants particularly maize 25 27 Breeding edit nbsp Guaruba guarouba MHNTThe golden parakeet s breeding system is almost unique amongst parrots as pairs are aided by a number of helpers which aid in the raising of the young 26 This behavior is less common with parakeets in captivity which often abandon their young after three weeks 28 After the golden parakeet reaches sexual maturity at the age of three years the breeding season starts in November and runs through February They nest in a high tree in deeper than average nesting cavities and lay an average of four 37 1 by 29 9 mm 1 46 by 1 18 in white eggs which they aggressively guard The incubation period is about 30 days in which the male and female take turns incubating In the first few years of sexual maturity golden parakeets tend to lay infertile clutches until the age of six to eight In captivity golden parakeets resume breeding when their chicks are taken from them 28 29 At birth golden parakeets are covered in white down that eventually turns darker within a week By the end of the third week wing feathers start to develop Juveniles are playful but may turn abusive against their peers 28 Nestlings are preyed upon by toucans which may explain their social behavior Nests are vigorously defended from toucans by several members of the group 26 Conservation and threats editThe golden parakeet is listed on the IUCN Red List as vulnerable 1 This is largely due to deforestation and the capture of wild birds for aviculture where it is in high demand due to the attractiveness of its plumage Locally they are considered as pests for feeding on crops and are hunted for food or sport 28 The current population is estimated to be in the range of 10 000 to 20 000 25 30 An example of the displacement of golden parakeets by habitat loss comes from the building of the Tucurui Dam Para from 1975 1984 More than 35 000 forest dwellers were forced from what had been a habitat that was considered to be among the richest and most diversified in the world In addition 2 875 km2 1 110 sq mi of rainforest were flooded and 1 600 islands were produced by the flooding all of which were heavily deforested 31 An international effort led by the Brazilian government in partnership with Parrots International Lymington Foundation the University of Sao Paulo and others is underway to raise young birds in captivity reintegrate them to their natural habitat with support of locals in Northeast Brazil 32 Gallery edit nbsp Queen of Bavaria s Parrot nbsp Feeding in captivity at the National Aviary nbsp Closeup of the head nbsp Closeup of the tail nbsp Closeup of green outer wing nbsp At Discovery Cove nbsp At the National Aviary nbsp Golden Parrot nbsp At Walsrode Bird Park nbsp Guaruba guarouba Bird Park of Foz do Iguacu BrazilSee also editConure Sun parakeetNotes edit SACC 2005 6 Guarouba was formerly e g Peters 1937 Meyer de Schauensee 1970 included in Aratinga but see Sick 1990 and also Tavares et al 2004 2006 Wright et al 2008 and Kirchman et al 2012 whose genetic data indicated that the sister genus to Guarouba is Diopsittaca thus forcing a return to earlier classifications e g Cory 1918 Pinto 1937 that treated it in a monotypic genus References edit a b BirdLife International 2013 Guaruba guarouba IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013 Retrieved 26 November 2013 old form url Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 2022 01 14 GOLDEN CONURE Guaruba guarouba World Parrot Trust Retrieved 27 June 2023 Species lists Appendices I II and III CITES 1 July 2008 Archived from the original on 29 December 2007 Laet Joannes de 1633 Novus Orbis seu descriptionis Indiae Occidentalis in Latin Lugd Batav Apud Elzevirios p 556 Laet Joannes de 1640 L Histoire du nouveau monde ou description des Indes Occidentales in French A Leyde Chez Bonauenture amp Abraham Elseuiers p 490 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 180 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Marcgrave Georg 1648 Historia Naturalis Brasiliae Liber Quintus Qui agit de Avibus in Latin Lugdun and Batavorum London and Leiden Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium p 207 Willughby Francis 1678 Ray John ed The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton in the County of Warwick London John Martyn p 117 Ray John 1713 Synopsis methodica avium amp piscium in Latin London William Innys p 35 Brisson Mathurin Jacques 1760 Ornithologie ou Methode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres Sections Genres Especes amp leurs Varietes in French and Latin Vol 4 Paris Jean Baptiste Bauche p 369 Buffon Georges Louis Leclerc de 1779 Le Guarouba ou Perriche Jaune Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux in French Vol 6 Paris De l Imprimerie Royale pp 272 274 Buffon Georges Louis Leclerc de Martinet Francois Nicolas Daubenton Edme Louis Daubenton Louis Jean Marie 1765 1783 Perruche jaune de Cayenne Planches Enluminees D Histoire Naturelle Vol 6 Paris De L Imprimerie Royale Plate 525 Gmelin Johann Friedrich 1788 Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis in Latin Vol 1 Part 1 13th ed Lipsiae Leipzig Georg Emanuel Beer p 320 Peters James Lee ed 1937 Check List of Birds of the World Vol 3 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press p 186 Lesson Rene 1830 Traite d Ornithologie ou Tableau Methodique in French Paris F G Levrault p 210 Published in 8 livraisons between 1830 and 1831 For the publication date see Dickinson E C Overstreet L K Dowsett R J Bruce M D 2011 Priority The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology a Directory to the literature and its reviewers Northampton UK Aves Press p 119 ISBN 978 0 9568611 1 5 a b Gill Frank Donsker David Rasmussen Pamela eds January 2022 Parrots cockatoos IOC World Bird List Version 12 1 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 12 June 2022 David N Dickinson E Gregory S 2009 Contributions to a list of first reviser actions ornithology Zootaxa 2085 1 1 24 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 2085 1 1 a b Collar N J 1997 Golden parakeet Guarouba guarouba In del Hoyo J Elliott A Sargatal J eds Handbook of the Birds of the World Vol 4 Sandgrouse to Cuckoos Barcelona Spain Lynx Edicions p 427 ISBN 978 84 87334 22 1 Tavares E S Yamashita C Miyaki C Y 2004 Phylogenetic relationships among some Neotropical parrot genera Psittacidae based on mitochondrial sequences The Auk 121 1 230 242 doi 10 1093 auk 121 1 230 Tavares E S Baker A J Pereira S L Miyaki C Y 2006 Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of Neotropical parrots Psittaciformes Psittacidae Arini inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA Sequences Systematic Biology 55 3 454 470 doi 10 1080 10635150600697390 Wright Timothy et al 2008 A multilocus molecular phylogeny of the parrots Psittaciformes support for a Gondwanan origin during the Cretaceous Molecular Biology and Evolution 25 2141 2156 doi 10 1093 molbev msn160 PMC 2727385 PMID 18653733 Kirchman J Schirtzinger Wright April 2012 Phylogenetic relationships of the extinct Carolina Parakeet inferred from DNA sequence data The Auk 129 2 197 204 doi 10 1525 auk 2012 11259 Forshaw Joseph M 2006 Parrots of the World an Identification Guide Illustrated by Frank Knight Princeton University Press Plate 74 ISBN 0 691 09251 6 a b c Birdlife International Species Factsheet a b c d Oren David C Novaes Fernando 1986 Observations on the golden parakeet Aratinga guarouba in Northern Brazil Biological Conservation 36 4 329 337 doi 10 1016 0006 3207 86 90008 X Natural Diet goldenconure org Retrieved 24 January 2007 a b c d Honolulu Zoo Archived 2007 03 06 at the Wayback Machine URL accessed January 24 2007 Golden Conure Breeding Archived 2011 03 25 at the Wayback Machine URL accessed January 26 2007 Laranjeiras Thiago Sep 2011 Biology and population size of the Golden Parakeet Guaruba guarouba in western Para Brazil with recommendations for conservation PDF Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 19 3 303 314 Archived from the original PDF on 2013 12 14 Deforestation URL accessed January 26 2007 1 Fundacao Lymington Sao Paulo URL accessed August 13 2017 External links editSpecies factsheet at BirdLife International Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Golden parakeet amp oldid 1193080528, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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