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Guanabara Bay

Guanabara Bay (Portuguese: Baía de Guanabara, [ɡwɐ̃nɐˈbaɾɐ]) is an oceanic bay located in Southeast Brazil in the state of Rio de Janeiro. On its western shore lie the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Duque de Caxias, and on its eastern shore the cities of Niterói and São Gonçalo. Four other municipalities surround the bay's shores. Guanabara Bay is the second largest bay in area in Brazil (after the All Saints' Bay), at 412 square kilometres (159 sq mi), with a perimeter of 143 kilometres (89 mi).

Guanabara Bay
Baía de Guanabara (Portuguese)
Guanabara Bay
Satellite image of Guanabara Bay
LocationRio de Janeiro, Brazil
Coordinates22°47′25″S 43°9′20″W / 22.79028°S 43.15556°W / -22.79028; -43.15556
TypeBay
River sources
Ocean/sea sourcesSouth Atlantic
Max. length31 km (19 mi)
Max. width28 km (17 mi)
Surface area412 km2 (159 sq mi)
IslandsIlha do Governador, Ilha de Paquetá, Freguesia
SettlementsRio de Janeiro, Niterói, Duque de Caxias, São Gonçalo

Guanabara Bay is 31 kilometres (19 mi) long and 28 kilometres (17 mi) wide at its maximum. Its 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) wide mouth is flanked at the eastern tip by the Pico do Papagaio (Parrot's Peak) and the western tip by Pão de Açúcar (Sugar Loaf).

The name Guanabara comes from the Tupi language, goanã-pará, from gwa "bay", plus "similar to" and ba'ra "sea".[citation needed] Other glosses include hidden water,[1] lagoon of the sea,[2] and bosom of the sea.[3]

History edit

 
View of Rio de Janeiro from Guanabara Bay (early 20th century picture).

Guanabara Bay was first encountered by Europeans on January 1, 1502, when one of the Portuguese explorers Gaspar de Lemos and Gonçalo Coelho[4] arrived on its shores. According to some historians,[5] the name given by the exploration team to the bay was originally Ria de Janeiro "January's Lagoon", then a confusion took place between the word ria "lagoon" and rio "river". As a result, the name of the bay was soon fixed as Rio de Janeiro. Later, the city was named after the bay. Natives of the Tamoio and Tupiniquim tribes inhabited the shores of the bay.

After the initial arrival of the Portuguese, no significant European settlements were established until French colonists and soldiers, under the Huguenot Admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon invaded the region in 1555 to establish the France Antarctique. They stayed briefly on Lajes Island, then moved to Serigipe Island, near the shore, where they built Fort Coligny. After they were expelled by Portuguese military expeditions in 1563, the colonial government built fortifications in several points of Guanabara Bay, rendering it almost impregnable against a naval attack from the sea. They were the Santa Cruz, São João, Lajes and Villegaignon forts, forming a fearsome crossfire rectangle of big naval guns. Other islands were adapted by the Navy to host naval storehouses, hospitals, drydocks, oil reservoirs and the National Naval Academy.

Underwater exploration in the bay was disallowed by the Brazilian government in 1985 amid a dispute with an American treasure hunter, who claimed to have found evidence of a Roman shipwreck.[6]

Description edit

 
Guanabara Bay seen from Christ the Redeemer.

There are more than 130 islands dotting the bay, including:

 
Guanabara Bay seen from Sugarloaf Mountain.

The bay is crossed by the Rio-Niterói Bridge (13.29 kilometres (8.26 mi) long and with a central span 72 metres (236 ft) high) and there is heavy boat and ship traffic, including regular ferryboat lines. The Port of Rio de Janeiro, as well as the city's two airports, Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport (on Governador Island) and Santos Dumont Airport (on reclaimed land next to downtown Rio), are located on its shores. The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro main campus is located on the artificial Fundão Island. A maze of smaller bridges interconnect the two largest islands, Fundão and Governador, to the mainland.

There is an Environmental Protection Area (APA), which is located mostly in the municipality of Guapimirim and given the name of Guapimirim APA.

Environment edit

Guanabara Bay's once rich and diversified ecosystem has suffered extensive damage in recent decades, particularly along its mangrove areas.[7] The bay has been heavily impacted by urbanization, deforestation, and pollution of its waters with sewage, garbage, and oil spills. As of 2014, more than 70% of the sewage from 12 million inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro now flows into the bay untreated.[8]

There have been three major oil spills in Guanabara Bay. The most recent was in 2000 when a leaking Petrobras underwater pipeline released 1,300,000 litres (340,000 US gal) of oil into the bay, destroying large swaths of the mangrove ecosystem. Recovery measures are currently[when?] being attempted, but more than a decade after the incident, the mangrove areas have not returned to life.[needs update]

One of the world's largest landfills is located at Jardim Gramacho adjacent to Guanabara Bay. It was closed in 2012 after 34 years of operation. The landfill attracted attention from environmentalists and it supported 1700 people scavenging for recyclable materials.[9]

 
View of Rio de Janeiro from Guanabara Bay

In June 2014 Dutch windsurfer and former Olympic and world champion Dorian van Rijsselberghe made an urgent appeal to government and industry in the Netherlands to collaborate in cleaning up the bay, together with the Plastic Soup Foundation.[10][11] The Dutch government picked up the message and formulated a Clean Urban Delta Initiative Rio de Janeiro together with a consortium of Dutch industry, knowledge institutes and NGOs which will be presented to the Brazilian authorities in the State of Rio de Janeiro.

As part of the preparations for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, the government was supposed to improve the conditions, but progress has been slow. There have been concerns that the efforts may only be short-term and abandoned following the Games, as there would be little political incentive to continue with them.[12]

The marine ecosystem of Guanabara Bay was severely damaged;[13] the bay was once a whaling ground,[14][15][16] and today whales are no longer or rarely seen while Bryde's whales can be seen around the bay entrance.[17][18][19][20] The bay is also home to a population of botos[21][22] and this population faces severe risks of population decline.[23]

References edit

  1. ^ Franco, Paulo (2014). Diversity – The Brazilian Essence: Knowing Brazil By the Culture of Their People. pp. 47–49. ISBN 9781483412559. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  2. ^ Travel, D. K. (12 January 2016). DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Brazil (First American Edition, 2007 ed.). p. 92. ISBN 9781465452016. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  3. ^ Museum of Tomorrow (PDF). p. 47. (PDF) from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018. Of the indigenous tribes that lived along its banks, there are now only reports, a few middens and the original Tupi-Guarani names that continue to identify the geographical features and places along its shores, starting with its own name, Guanabara, or "bosom of the sea"...
  4. ^ (in Portuguese) Jorge Couto, 1995, A Construção do Brasil, Lisbon: Cosmos.
  5. ^ (in Portuguese) Vasco Mariz, 2006, "Os Fundadores do Rio de Janeiro: Vespucci, Villegagnon ou Estácio de Sá?", in Brasil-França. Relações históricas no período colonial, Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército, p. 80.
  6. ^ Simons, Marlise (June 25, 1985). "Underwater Exploring is Banned in Brazil". The New York Times. p. C3.
  7. ^ "Grassroot efforts lead the clean-up of Brazil's Guanabara Bay ahead of Rio 2016". The Guardian. 1 June 2015.
  8. ^ "'Super bacteria' found in Rio's Olympic waters". AP News.
  9. ^ Barchfield, Jenny (5 June 2012). . TV3. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  10. ^ "Een baai vol shit opruimen die hap - Life of Dorian". Dorian van Rijsselberghe.
  11. ^ "No Plastic in Our Water or Our Bodies". 5 April 2018.
  12. ^ Carneiro, Julia (10 January 2014). "Rio's Olympic waters blighted by heavy pollution". BBC News. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  13. ^ Ruback C.. 2009. Saiba mais sobre a Baía de Guanabara. R7 (pt). Retrieved on Septem8er 18, 2017
  14. ^ HISTÓRICO - A PONTA DA ARMAÇÃO. Casa d’Armas da Ponta da Armação. Retrieved on Septem8er 18, 2017
  15. ^ Jorge S.. 2013. Baleias na Baía da Guanabara. Primeira Leitura. Retrieved on Septem8er 18, 2017
  16. ^ Barata C. . 2010. Rio Antigo - Pesca da Baleia 1790c LJ. YouTube. Retrieved on Septem8er 18, 2017
  17. ^ Rio, Mariucha MachadoDo G1 (13 March 2014). "Final de verão do Rio tem 'rolezinho' de baleias em busca de comida" [Late summer in Rio has whale watching in search of food]. Rio de Janeiro (in Portuguese).{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Lodi L.. 2016. Baleia-de-bryde: Navegando com as gigantes. Blog ECONSERV – Ecologia, Conservação e Serviços. Retrieved on September 18, 2017
  19. ^ Lima D. L.. 2016. Frequentes na orla do Rio neste verão, baleias-de-bryde despertam curiosidade.Globo.com. Retrieved on Septem8er 18, 2017
  20. ^ Lodi, Liliane; Tardin, Rodrigo H.; Hetzel, Bia; Maciel, Israel S.; Figueiredo, Luciana D.; Simão, Sheila M. (April 2015). "Bryde's whale (Cetartiodactyla: Balaenopteridae) occurrence and movements in coastal areas of southeastern Brazil". Zoologia (Curitiba). 32 (2): 171–175. doi:10.1590/S1984-46702015000200009.
  21. ^ Ruback C.. 2009. Botos lutam para sobreviver na Baía de Guanabara. R7. Retrieved on Septem8er 18, 2017
  22. ^ ESPECIAL CETÁCEOS - BALEIAS: POR QUE PROTEGÊ-LAS?. Pick-upau. Retrieved on Septem8er 18, 2017
  23. ^ Dale J.. 2016. População de golfinhos da Baía de Guanabara sofre redução de 90% em três décadas. Globo.com. Retrieved on Septem8er 18, 2017

Further reading edit

  Media related to
Guanabara Bay at Wikimedia Commons

  • RGSSA catalogue. Bell, Alured Gray, 1870-1925 The Beautiful Rio de Janeiro. London : William Heinemann, 1914
  • 'back to Rio'. RGSSA blog post, images of Guanabara Bay taken 1914
  • Jablonski, Silvio; Azevedo, Alexandre de Freitas; Moreira, Luiz Henrique Arantes (January 2006). "Fisheries and conflicts in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil". Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 49 (1): 79–91. doi:10.1590/s1516-89132006000100010.

guanabara, portuguese, baía, guanabara, ɡwɐ, nɐˈbaɾɐ, oceanic, located, southeast, brazil, state, janeiro, western, shore, cities, janeiro, duque, caxias, eastern, shore, cities, niterói, são, gonçalo, four, other, municipalities, surround, shores, second, lar. Guanabara Bay Portuguese Baia de Guanabara ɡwɐ nɐˈbaɾɐ is an oceanic bay located in Southeast Brazil in the state of Rio de Janeiro On its western shore lie the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Duque de Caxias and on its eastern shore the cities of Niteroi and Sao Goncalo Four other municipalities surround the bay s shores Guanabara Bay is the second largest bay in area in Brazil after the All Saints Bay at 412 square kilometres 159 sq mi with a perimeter of 143 kilometres 89 mi Guanabara BayBaia de Guanabara Portuguese Guanabara BaySatellite image of Guanabara BayLocationRio de Janeiro BrazilCoordinates22 47 25 S 43 9 20 W 22 79028 S 43 15556 W 22 79028 43 15556TypeBayRiver sourcesAcari Carioca Iguacu Macacu Surui and othersOcean sea sourcesSouth AtlanticMax length31 km 19 mi Max width28 km 17 mi Surface area412 km2 159 sq mi IslandsIlha do Governador Ilha de Paqueta FreguesiaSettlementsRio de Janeiro Niteroi Duque de Caxias Sao GoncaloGuanabara Bay is 31 kilometres 19 mi long and 28 kilometres 17 mi wide at its maximum Its 1 5 kilometres 0 93 mi wide mouth is flanked at the eastern tip by the Pico do Papagaio Parrot s Peak and the western tip by Pao de Acucar Sugar Loaf The name Guanabara comes from the Tupi language goana para from gwa bay plus na similar to and ba ra sea citation needed Other glosses include hidden water 1 lagoon of the sea 2 and bosom of the sea 3 Contents 1 History 2 Description 3 Environment 4 References 5 Further readingHistory edit nbsp View of Rio de Janeiro from Guanabara Bay early 20th century picture Guanabara Bay was first encountered by Europeans on January 1 1502 when one of the Portuguese explorers Gaspar de Lemos and Goncalo Coelho 4 arrived on its shores According to some historians 5 the name given by the exploration team to the bay was originally Ria de Janeiro January s Lagoon then a confusion took place between the word ria lagoon and rio river As a result the name of the bay was soon fixed as Rio de Janeiro Later the city was named after the bay Natives of the Tamoio and Tupiniquim tribes inhabited the shores of the bay After the initial arrival of the Portuguese no significant European settlements were established until French colonists and soldiers under the Huguenot Admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon invaded the region in 1555 to establish the France Antarctique They stayed briefly on Lajes Island then moved to Serigipe Island near the shore where they built Fort Coligny After they were expelled by Portuguese military expeditions in 1563 the colonial government built fortifications in several points of Guanabara Bay rendering it almost impregnable against a naval attack from the sea They were the Santa Cruz Sao Joao Lajes and Villegaignon forts forming a fearsome crossfire rectangle of big naval guns Other islands were adapted by the Navy to host naval storehouses hospitals drydocks oil reservoirs and the National Naval Academy Underwater exploration in the bay was disallowed by the Brazilian government in 1985 amid a dispute with an American treasure hunter who claimed to have found evidence of a Roman shipwreck 6 Description edit nbsp Guanabara Bay seen from Christ the Redeemer There are more than 130 islands dotting the bay including Lajes Ilha do Governador site of Rio de Janeiro s Galeao Antonio Carlos Jobim International Airport Ilha de Paqueta Ilha das Cobras Flores Ilha Fiscal Ilha da Boa Viagem Villegagnon Fundao nbsp Guanabara Bay seen from Sugarloaf Mountain The bay is crossed by the Rio Niteroi Bridge 13 29 kilometres 8 26 mi long and with a central span 72 metres 236 ft high and there is heavy boat and ship traffic including regular ferryboat lines The Port of Rio de Janeiro as well as the city s two airports Galeao Antonio Carlos Jobim International Airport on Governador Island and Santos Dumont Airport on reclaimed land next to downtown Rio are located on its shores The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro main campus is located on the artificial Fundao Island A maze of smaller bridges interconnect the two largest islands Fundao and Governador to the mainland There is an Environmental Protection Area APA which is located mostly in the municipality of Guapimirim and given the name of Guapimirim APA Environment editGuanabara Bay s once rich and diversified ecosystem has suffered extensive damage in recent decades particularly along its mangrove areas 7 The bay has been heavily impacted by urbanization deforestation and pollution of its waters with sewage garbage and oil spills As of 2014 more than 70 of the sewage from 12 million inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro now flows into the bay untreated 8 There have been three major oil spills in Guanabara Bay The most recent was in 2000 when a leaking Petrobras underwater pipeline released 1 300 000 litres 340 000 US gal of oil into the bay destroying large swaths of the mangrove ecosystem Recovery measures are currently when being attempted but more than a decade after the incident the mangrove areas have not returned to life needs update One of the world s largest landfills is located at Jardim Gramacho adjacent to Guanabara Bay It was closed in 2012 after 34 years of operation The landfill attracted attention from environmentalists and it supported 1700 people scavenging for recyclable materials 9 nbsp View of Rio de Janeiro from Guanabara BayIn June 2014 Dutch windsurfer and former Olympic and world champion Dorian van Rijsselberghe made an urgent appeal to government and industry in the Netherlands to collaborate in cleaning up the bay together with the Plastic Soup Foundation 10 11 The Dutch government picked up the message and formulated a Clean Urban Delta Initiative Rio de Janeiro together with a consortium of Dutch industry knowledge institutes and NGOs which will be presented to the Brazilian authorities in the State of Rio de Janeiro As part of the preparations for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio the government was supposed to improve the conditions but progress has been slow There have been concerns that the efforts may only be short term and abandoned following the Games as there would be little political incentive to continue with them 12 The marine ecosystem of Guanabara Bay was severely damaged 13 the bay was once a whaling ground 14 15 16 and today whales are no longer or rarely seen while Bryde s whales can be seen around the bay entrance 17 18 19 20 The bay is also home to a population of botos 21 22 and this population faces severe risks of population decline 23 References edit nbsp Brazil portal Franco Paulo 2014 Diversity The Brazilian Essence Knowing Brazil By the Culture of Their People pp 47 49 ISBN 9781483412559 Retrieved 3 January 2018 Travel D K 12 January 2016 DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Brazil First American Edition 2007 ed p 92 ISBN 9781465452016 Retrieved 3 January 2018 Museum of Tomorrow PDF p 47 Archived PDF from the original on 4 January 2018 Retrieved 3 January 2018 Of the indigenous tribes that lived along its banks there are now only reports a few middens and the original Tupi Guarani names that continue to identify the geographical features and places along its shores starting with its own name Guanabara or bosom of the sea in Portuguese Jorge Couto 1995 A Construcao do Brasil Lisbon Cosmos in Portuguese Vasco Mariz 2006 Os Fundadores do Rio de Janeiro Vespucci Villegagnon ou Estacio de Sa in Brasil Franca Relacoes historicas no periodo colonial Rio de Janeiro Biblioteca do Exercito p 80 Simons Marlise June 25 1985 Underwater Exploring is Banned in Brazil The New York Times p C3 Grassroot efforts lead the clean up of Brazil s Guanabara Bay ahead of Rio 2016 The Guardian 1 June 2015 Super bacteria found in Rio s Olympic waters AP News Barchfield Jenny 5 June 2012 Rio closes massive Jardim Gramacho dump TV3 Archived from the original on 7 March 2014 Retrieved 7 June 2012 Een baai vol shit opruimen die hap Life of Dorian Dorian van Rijsselberghe No Plastic in Our Water or Our Bodies 5 April 2018 Carneiro Julia 10 January 2014 Rio s Olympic waters blighted by heavy pollution BBC News Retrieved 12 January 2014 Ruback C 2009 Saiba mais sobre a Baia de Guanabara R7 pt Retrieved on Septem8er 18 2017 HISToRICO A PONTA DA ARMACAO Casa d Armas da Ponta da Armacao Retrieved on Septem8er 18 2017 Jorge S 2013 Baleias na Baia da Guanabara Primeira Leitura Retrieved on Septem8er 18 2017 Barata C 2010 Rio Antigo Pesca da Baleia 1790c LJ YouTube Retrieved on Septem8er 18 2017 Rio Mariucha MachadoDo G1 13 March 2014 Final de verao do Rio tem rolezinho de baleias em busca de comida Late summer in Rio has whale watching in search of food Rio de Janeiro in Portuguese a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Lodi L 2016 Baleia de bryde Navegando com as gigantes Blog ECONSERV Ecologia Conservacao e Servicos Retrieved on September 18 2017 Lima D L 2016 Frequentes na orla do Rio neste verao baleias de bryde despertam curiosidade Globo com Retrieved on Septem8er 18 2017 Lodi Liliane Tardin Rodrigo H Hetzel Bia Maciel Israel S Figueiredo Luciana D Simao Sheila M April 2015 Bryde s whale Cetartiodactyla Balaenopteridae occurrence and movements in coastal areas of southeastern Brazil Zoologia Curitiba 32 2 171 175 doi 10 1590 S1984 46702015000200009 Ruback C 2009 Botos lutam para sobreviver na Baia de Guanabara R7 Retrieved on Septem8er 18 2017 ESPECIAL CETACEOS BALEIAS POR QUE PROTEGE LAS Pick upau Retrieved on Septem8er 18 2017 Dale J 2016 Populacao de golfinhos da Baia de Guanabara sofre reducao de 90 em tres decadas Globo com Retrieved on Septem8er 18 2017Further reading edit nbsp Media related to Guanabara Bay at Wikimedia Commons RGSSA catalogue Bell Alured Gray 1870 1925 The Beautiful Rio de Janeiro London William Heinemann 1914 back to Rio RGSSA blog post images of Guanabara Bay taken 1914 Jablonski Silvio Azevedo Alexandre de Freitas Moreira Luiz Henrique Arantes January 2006 Fisheries and conflicts in Guanabara Bay Rio de Janeiro Brazil Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 49 1 79 91 doi 10 1590 s1516 89132006000100010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Guanabara Bay amp oldid 1184841550, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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