Niterói (Portuguese pronunciation:[niteˈɾɔj]) is a municipality in the state of Rio de Janeiro, in the southeast region of Brazil. It lies across Guanabara Bay, facing the city of Rio de Janeiro and forming part of the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area.[3] It was the capital of Rio de Janeiro, as marked by its golden mural crown, from 1834 to 1894 and again from 1903 to 1975. It has an estimated population of 515,317 inhabitants (2020) and an area of 129.375 km2 (49.952 sq mi), making it the fifth most populous city in the state. It has the highest Human Development Index in the state[citation needed] and the seventh highest among Brazil's municipalities in 2010.[4] Individually, it is the second municipality with the highest average monthly household income per capita in Brazil[5] and appears in 13th place among the municipalities of the country according to social indicators related to education.[6] The city has the nicknames of Cidade Sorriso (Smile City).[7]
Studies by the Getulio Vargas Foundation in June 2011 classified Niterói as the richest city of Brazil, with 55.7% of the population included in class A. Considering the classes A and B, Niterói also appears in the first place, with 85.9% of the population in these classes. According to 2010 data from IBGE, Niterói's nominal gross domestic product was 11.2 billion reais, being the fifth municipality with the highest gross domestic product of the state. The city is the second largest formal employer in the state of Rio de Janeiro, although it occupies the 5th place in terms of the number of inhabitants. The city is one of the main financial, commercial and industrial centers in the state of Rio de Janeiro, being the 12th among the 100 best Brazilian cities to do business.
Niterói was founded on 22 November 1573 by the Tupi chief Araribóia, who later was forcibly converted to Roman Catholicism and was given the Christian name of Martim Afonso, after the Portuguese explorer Martim Afonso de Sousa, making it the only Brazilian city to have been founded by a non-Christian, non-assimilated indigenous person.[8]
The word "Niterói" comes from Tupi language and means "water that hides".[citation needed] Originally spelled Nictheroy or Nitheroy, it was the indigenous name of the port of the city of Rio de Janeiro around 1554. In 1834, the old indigenous toponym "Niterói" was adopted, until then called "Vila Real da Praia Grande", when it became the capital of the province of Rio de Janeiro. There are several explanations for the meaning of the term in Tupi:
At the royal entry of Henry II in Rouen, 1 October 1550, about fifty naked men were employed to illustrate life in Brazil and a battle between the Tupinambá allies of the French, and the Tabajara Indians.
In the year 1555, French navigator Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon allied himself with the Tupinambas Indians who dominated the Guanabara Bay and instituted a French colony in the region, France Antarctique. The region was avoided by the Portuguese because of the hostility of the Tupinamba. The region developed under the command of Villegaignon, who planned to build a city in the region. After a while, Calvinists who had immigrated from France to the colony returned to France, where they accused Villegaignon of prejudice against Protestants and of maladministration. The French navigator had to return to France to explain himself.
Following the absence of the French leader, the Portuguese crown began noticing that the bay of Rio de Janeiro would make a strategic scale for the Atlantic route of ships from Portugal to its colonies in Africa and Asia, as well an important advanced bridgehead for the defense of South Brazil. Fortresses were built and an alliance was formed with nearby native Tupi-Guaraní tribes to defend the settlement against other European invaders. Then, in 1560, the Portuguese leader Mem de Sá attacked and destroyed the French fort that was located in Guanabara Bay, Coligny Fort, without, however, being able to definitively expel the French from the region. Estácio de Sá, Mem de Sá's nephew, who would continue to command the war, enlisted the help of the head of the Temiminos Indians, Araribóia, who accepted the governor's request to help the Portuguese expel the French from the Guanabara Bay, in the hope to regain the mother island.
With the end of the war in 1567, Estácio de Sá invoked Arariboia and the Temininós Indians to occupy the right side of the entrance to the Guanabara Bay, opposite the city of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro founded by Estácio in 1565, as previously requested by Araribóia a tract of land. Thus, the entrance to the bay would be fully protected from intrusion. The place to be occupied by Arariboia was known as "Banda D'Além" (the land beyond), in the eastern side of the bay, from River Marui to the Red Barriers between Gragoata and Boa Viagem beaches.[12] This area corresponded to what is nowadays the northwestern part of the municipality of Niterói, which includes the central and northern zones of its urban area. There, in the "Land Beyond", Araribóia founded the Town of Saint Lawrence of the Indians (in Portuguese, Vila de São Lourenço dos Índios), the embryo for the future city of Niterói, a Tupi name that means "Hidden Waters".
Imperial eraedit
The village was visited by the King of Brazil, John VI, in 1816, who also decreed its emancipation from Rio de Janeiro on 10 May 1819 and gave the new-created municipality a new name, Vila Real da Praia Grande (Royal Town of Great Beach).
In 1834, the city of Rio de Janeiro, capital of the newly established Empire of Brazil, was detached from the rest of Rio de Janeiro Province; Vila Real da Praia Grande was then chosen as the new capital of that province, while the city of Rio de Janeiro itself was converted into a neutral municipality, following the Ato Adicional. Niterói served the function of capital until the year of 1975 – except for the period between 1894 and 1903 when it was temporarily transferred to the city of Petrópolis.
Vila Real da Praia Grande was officially renamed Nictheroy (Tupi for "hidden waters") on 6 March 1835. This old spelling persisted until the mid-20th century, when the current spelling–Niterói–was adopted. The capital condition has brought a number of urban developments such as the steam boat, public lighting to whale oil, water supply and new means of transport to connect the city to the interior of the province. Nine years later, the Emperor Pedro II granted the city of Niterói the title of Imperial City. The appointment was given to the most important cities, giving them some autonomy and regional power.
At the end of the 19th century, around 1885, some tram systems were founded, which allowed the expansion of the city to Icaraí, Ponta d'Areia and Itaipu districts.
Republican eraedit
Alameda São Boaventura in Fonseca area, 1909
In 1890, the Brazilian provinces began being called states and the neutral municipality (Rio de Janeiro city) had its status changed to Federal District (or simply DF, the Portuguese acronym for Distrito Federal).
The monarchist navy revolt in 1893 damaged productive activities and forced the transfer of the capital's headquarters to Petrópolis. In 1903, Niterói returned to be the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro. This brought about a new impulse to modernize the city with the construction of squares, decks, parks, waterway station and sewage network, as well as widening of the streets and main avenues.
A circus fire in the city killed 323 people on 17 December 1961; the fire was later found to have been deliberately set by disgruntled circus employees. It is one of the worst tragedies in Brazilian history and the most fatal in the annals of world circus show history.
Following the transference of Brazil's capital to Brasília in 1960, the city of Rio de Janeiro became a city-state named Guanabara. This state was merged with Rio de Janeiro State in 1975; since then, Niterói lost its condition of the state's capital in favor of the city of Rio de Janeiro.
On 8 April 2010; the mudslide triggered due to heavy rainfall cost at least 200 lives. At least 11,000 people were forced to flee homes due to further mudslides.[13]
There are a number of beaches in the area, including Praia de Fora and Praia do Imbuí, with their historical values; Piratininga Beach, Camboinhas Beach, Itaipu Beach and Itacoatiara Beach, the most visited;[citation needed] Praia do Sossego, Praia Adam and Eve and Prainha. It has two saltwater lagoons: Piratininga and Itaipu. The first is linked to the second by means of the Camboatá Canal, opened by the National Department of Sanitation Works in 1946. The Itaipu Lagoon, in turn, connects to the sea through the Itaipu Canal, which was built in 1979
The relief consists of crystalline terrains, divided into massifs and coastal hills. The massifs predominate in the south and form the mountains of Malheiro, Calaboca and Tiririca, where is the Stone of the Elephant, the highest point of the municipality, 412m high.
The coastal plains are composed of sediments, obviously located near the sea. The most extensive area covers the entire area of Piratininga and Itaipu lagoons.
In Niterói, executive power is represented by the mayor and cabinet of secretaries, in accordance with the model proposed by the Federal Constitution. The Organic Law of the Municipality and the current Master Plan, however, prescribe that the public administration should give the population effective tools to exercise participatory democracy. Thus, the city is divided into regional secretariats (although it has already been divided into regional administrations), each headed by a secretary appointed by the mayor.
The legislative power is constituted to the Municipality of Niterói (CMN), composed of 21 elected councilors for mandates of four years (in compliance with the provisions of Article 29 of the Federal Constitution, which governs a minimum and maximum number for municipalities according to with number of inhabitants). It is up to the house to draft and vote fundamental laws to the administration and to the Executive, especially the participative budget (Budgetary Guidelines Law).
Niteroi is one most important financial and commercial centers in Rio de Janeiro State, like a modern city, with modern buildings and several shopping malls. Its economy is centered on its trading and commerce services, like real-estate corporations, graphic design, web design and publicity. It also hosts industries of food (especially seafood), clothes, candles, and marine objects.
The city is located 25 minutes away from Rio de Janeiro's downtown region. Niterói boasts the title of fourth richest city in Rio de Janeiro State, and the third in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area. The Niterói Contemporary Art Museum, the city's main landmark, was designed by the famous Brazilian modernist architect Oscar Niemeyer. The landscape of the central urban area of the city is dominated by the Niterói Tower, a tall cylindrical office building belonging to the Niterói Shopping Mall.
Growthedit
By the time of its emancipation, the urban area of Niteroi corresponded to its central zone and São Domingos only. The south zone – Icarai, Santa Rosa, Vital Brazil – began to be urbanized in 1841, when the Santa Rosa farm was divided into estates, while Jurujuba evolved from an old fishermen colony. São Francisco and Charitas, sites named after the Catholic Church built in honor to Saint Francis by the Jurujuba cove, remained sparsely populated until about 1940. As for the northern zone of Niteroi, its urbanization began in the late 19th century, when a tramway was inaugurated, allowing the expansion of the city to north and northeast, as well boosting the urban growth of the neighbouring municipality of São Gonçalo.
The realm of Itaipu – a former vast zone of farming lands and forests east of Niteroi – was annexed to the municipality in 1943. It has lost its countryside traits and its urban population has grown fast since the late 1960s.
In the early 20th century, Niteroi started its industrialization boom.
Demographicsedit
Niteroi is 14 km (8.7 mi) distant from Rio de Janeiro City, to which it is linked by the Rio–Niterói Bridge and two ferryboat services. According to the 2010 Brazilian Census, the city has a population of 487,320 people, making it the fifth most populous city in the state of Rio de Janeiro and the 39th most populous in the country. At the 2010 Census, the population of Niterói grew 9.3% from 2000 to 2010, meaning Niterói had the lowest city population growth in the state of Rio de Janeiro in this period.
The quality of life of the municipality of Niteroi is considered one of the best (third place) among 5,600 other Brazilian municipalities, according to UN indexes (2000 est.).
Population growth of Niterói
Year
Population
1950
698,582
1970
513,771
1990
431,070
2000
459,451
2010
487,327
The population in Niteroi in 2010 was 487,327, down from the 698,582 in 1950, but with an increase compared to 2000, of 9%. According to the Census in 2010, whites were 73.6%, multiracial 19.1%, black 4%. Non-Brazilians of any race were 1% of population, down from the 36% in 1950. Niterói is a town with a high quality of life and a centre of agglomerate made up by rich families. In 2010, "Class A" people were 32% (the highest index in Brazil, while 14.8% were in the poverty line, less than cities like Detroit, Miami, Cleveland and Philadelphia. Homes in the "Ghetto type" were 27% (Favelas 6%), less than Rio de Janeiro (37.5% "Ghetto type" with 11% made up Favelas).
Religionedit
Catedral de São João
In the city of Niterói there are several manifest religious doctrines. According to the 2010 census, of the total population of Niterói, there were 258,391 Roman Catholic (53%), 97,759 evangelicals (35%) and 34,484 Spiritists (11%).
According to the division of the Catholic Church in Brazil, Niterói belongs to the Regional Episcopal Council East I of the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil, and the archiepiscopal seat is in the city of Niterói. The Archdiocese of Niterói comprises 14 municipalities of the region of the capital and the interior of Rio de Janeiro State, forming in total 73 parishes and 1 quasi-parish divided into 6 vicariates. There is also the Jewish community integrated to the Israeli Federation of Rio de Janeiro, it also has the most different Protestant creeds, as well as the practice of Buddhism, messianism, Afro-Brazilian religions and others.
Catholic schools, mainly La Salle Institute and São Vicente de Paulo, are the most traditional elementary and high schools of the city. Other important schools are PH, Marília Matoso, Pedro II, Gay Lussac, Instituto Abel, Colégio Nossa Senhora Das Mercês, the Salesian High School, ETE – Henrique Lage (a.k.a. Faetec), Oswaldo Cruz Institute and Escola Canadense de Niterói.
Niterói has the highest Human Development Index (HDI) and best level of literacy in Rio de Janeiro State.[17]
The urban bus service is the only means of public transportation in the city of Niterói. There are just under fifty active lines, all operated by private companies. Most municipal bus lines have an end point in the center of Niterói (at the João Goulart Bus Terminal), or they pass through the center of Niterói.
Ferryedit
Arariboia ferry station in Niterói
The sea crossing between Niterói and the city of Rio de Janeiro is made by two routes, both having as destination the Praça XV Station. The stations, in Niterói, are located in Araribóia Square, in the center and in the Charitas neighborhood. The crossing between Praça Araribóia and Praça 15 de Novembro is done by large boats, with capacity for up to 2,000 passengers, in a journey that lasts about twenty minutes.
Since 2006, the boats have been gradually replaced by large catamarans with a lower capacity (up to 1,200 passengers), but with a shorter crossing time of between 12 and 15 minutes. The crossing between the station of Charitas and that of the Praça 15 de Novembro× is done by small catamarans, being this service considered selective transport.
Trainedit
There was a railway extension for passenger transportation, 33 km long, connecting Niterói to the municipality of Itaboraí, passing through São Gonçalo. Until its deactivation in 2007 the extension was operated by the state-owned company Central. In the end, there were only two daily trips, one in each direction, using an obsolete train of the 1950s. The line is now deactivated and in several sections, the tracks have been removed by the municipalities of São Gonçalo and Niterói. Since in the future there is the proposal to use the bed of this branch for the implementation of part of the projected Line 3 of the Rio Metro between Niterói and Itaboraí.
Niterói is one of the largest historical and cultural centers in Brazil. Its culture is characterized by fishing villages (Jurujuba), forts, museums and futuristic monuments, such as the Museum of Contemporary Art, the symbol of the municipality, built by the modernist architect Oscar Niemeyer and the Popular Theater of Niterói. The social culture is based on a very hospitable population, which resulted in the nickname of Niterói: "city-smile".
The architecture of Niterói is characterized by a contrast between the past and the present. Historic buildings, such as the Niterói State Library, the Justice Palace, the Niterói Post Office Building, the Municipal Theater of Niterói, the Cantareira Station, the Ingá Palace, the Solar do Jambeiro and the Niterói City Hall stand side by side to the side with works of futuristic bond, like, for example, the Museum of Contemporary Art, Square Juscelino Kubitschek. the Popular Theater of Niterói and the rest of the Niemeyer Way. Also known to have the best scout group in Brazil, the 4th GEMAR-Gaviões do Mar.
The Catholic churches also express a lot of niteroiense culture. The São Lourenço dos Índios Church, the foundation of the municipality, the Church of São Sebastião de Itaipu, Nossa Senhora da Boa Viagem, the Church of Saint Peter the Fisherman, the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist and the Basilica of Our Lady Help of Christians embellish the streets with their baroque, classic and colonial architectures.
Other football clubs in the city are the Fonseca Athletic Club, which recently announced its return to professional football and the Rio Cricket and Athletic Association, which participated in the first championship in Rio, reaching third place and having the championship set in its stadium. Rio Cricket also participated in (possibly) the first rivalry of Rio de Janeiro's football, with Paissandu Atlético Clube, a club in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which was founded by Rio Cricket founders and has a Rio de Janeiro Championship title.
The city also has the Caio Martins Stadium, which is located in the Santa Rosa neighborhood and has for years been the home of Canto do Rio and more recently Botafogo in the 2000s. In 2007, the stadium's gymnasium was the stage of the final of the Feminine Superleague of Volleyball, that finished with victory of the team of Rio de Janeiro. Nowadays, the stadium is used for training of Botafogo and in games scheduled by the FFERJ - Mostly, in championships of inferior divisions.
Administrative divisionsedit
From 1943 to the late 1970s, the county of Niteroi comprised two districts only: the district of Niteroi (original area) and the district of Itaipu (acquired in 1943), which barely had an urban continuity or even proper road links to each other and were considered apart areas. The fractioning of Itaipu's farms into real estates as well its boom after the building of the Rio-Niterói's bridge demanded a better integration between the two sides of the county which led to the improving of the roads and urban facilities and a reformation on the make up of Niteroi's administrative division. The county was reorganised into five districts. In the early 1990s, the administrative division of Niterói was altered once again, being the county now divided into twelve administrative, further subdivided into 52 bairros (neighborhoods) and 5 Regiões de Planejamento ("Planning Regions"):[18]
^. 3 August 2021. Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
^Niterói, RJ Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano do Brasil.
^Lucas, Jorge Alexandre (2014). (in French). Revista Científica Ciência em Curso. pp. 111–123. ISSN 2317-0077. Archived from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
^Niterói, cidade sorriso : complemento iconográfico (in Brazilian Portuguese). Carlos Wehrs, Carlos Supplement to: Wehrs. Rio de Janeiro. 2015. ISBN978-85-913908-2-3. OCLC 1001302128.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
^. Niterói City Hall. Archived from the original on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2007.
^Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca (in Portuguese), UERJ: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, retrieved 7 February 2017
^Niterói: Região Metropolitana: História da Cidade
^(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
^. Archived from the original on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2007.
^"Fears Rio mudslide toll could soar – Americas". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
^"Gráficos Climatológicos (1931-1960 e 1961-1990)" (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
niterói, portuguese, pronunciation, niteˈɾɔj, municipality, state, janeiro, southeast, region, brazil, lies, across, guanabara, facing, city, janeiro, forming, part, janeiro, metropolitan, area, capital, janeiro, marked, golden, mural, crown, from, 1834, 1894,. Niteroi Portuguese pronunciation niteˈɾɔj is a municipality in the state of Rio de Janeiro in the southeast region of Brazil It lies across Guanabara Bay facing the city of Rio de Janeiro and forming part of the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area 3 It was the capital of Rio de Janeiro as marked by its golden mural crown from 1834 to 1894 and again from 1903 to 1975 It has an estimated population of 515 317 inhabitants 2020 and an area of 129 375 km2 49 952 sq mi making it the fifth most populous city in the state It has the highest Human Development Index in the state citation needed and the seventh highest among Brazil s municipalities in 2010 4 Individually it is the second municipality with the highest average monthly household income per capita in Brazil 5 and appears in 13th place among the municipalities of the country according to social indicators related to education 6 The city has the nicknames of Cidade Sorriso Smile City 7 NiteroiMunicipalityMunicipality of NiteroiIcarai BeachContemporary Art MuseumCaminho NiemeyerItacoatiara BeachMocangue Island and Rio Niteroi BridgeSanta Cruz da Barra FortressGuanabara Bay as seen from NiteroiFlagSealLocation in Rio de JaneiroCoordinates 22 52 58 S 43 06 14 W 22 88278 S 43 10389 W 22 88278 43 10389Country BrazilRegionSoutheastState Rio de JaneiroFounded22 November 1573Government MayorAxel Grael PDT Area Total129 38 km2 49 95 sq mi Elevation0 m 0 ft Population 2020 1 Total515 317 Density4 000 km2 10 000 sq mi Time zoneUTC 3 BRT Postal Code24000 000Area code21HDI 2010 0 837 very high 2 Websiteniteroi wbr rj wbr gov wbr brStudies by the Getulio Vargas Foundation in June 2011 classified Niteroi as the richest city of Brazil with 55 7 of the population included in class A Considering the classes A and B Niteroi also appears in the first place with 85 9 of the population in these classes According to 2010 data from IBGE Niteroi s nominal gross domestic product was 11 2 billion reais being the fifth municipality with the highest gross domestic product of the state The city is the second largest formal employer in the state of Rio de Janeiro although it occupies the 5th place in terms of the number of inhabitants The city is one of the main financial commercial and industrial centers in the state of Rio de Janeiro being the 12th among the 100 best Brazilian cities to do business Niteroi was founded on 22 November 1573 by the Tupi chief Arariboia who later was forcibly converted to Roman Catholicism and was given the Christian name of Martim Afonso after the Portuguese explorer Martim Afonso de Sousa making it the only Brazilian city to have been founded by a non Christian non assimilated indigenous person 8 The municipality contains part of the 2 400 hectares 5 900 acres Serra da Tiririca State Park created in 1991 9 Contents 1 Toponym 2 History 2 1 France Antarctique 2 2 Imperial era 2 3 Republican era 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 4 Politics 5 Economy 5 1 Growth 6 Demographics 6 1 Religion 7 Education 8 Transportation 8 1 Bus 8 2 Ferry 8 3 Train 9 Culture 10 Sports 11 Administrative divisions 12 Notable people 13 Gallery 14 References 15 External linksToponym editThe word Niteroi comes from Tupi language and means water that hides citation needed Originally spelled Nictheroy or Nitheroy it was the indigenous name of the port of the city of Rio de Janeiro around 1554 In 1834 the old indigenous toponym Niteroi was adopted until then called Vila Real da Praia Grande when it became the capital of the province of Rio de Janeiro There are several explanations for the meaning of the term in Tupi winding port 10 11 better source needed History editFrance Antarctique edit Historical affiliations nbsp Portuguese Empire 1573 1815 nbsp United Kingdom of PBA 1815 1822 nbsp Empire of Brazil 1822 1889 nbsp Republic of Brazil 1889 present nbsp At the royal entry of Henry II in Rouen 1 October 1550 about fifty naked men were employed to illustrate life in Brazil and a battle between the Tupinamba allies of the French and the Tabajara Indians In the year 1555 French navigator Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon allied himself with the Tupinambas Indians who dominated the Guanabara Bay and instituted a French colony in the region France Antarctique The region was avoided by the Portuguese because of the hostility of the Tupinamba The region developed under the command of Villegaignon who planned to build a city in the region After a while Calvinists who had immigrated from France to the colony returned to France where they accused Villegaignon of prejudice against Protestants and of maladministration The French navigator had to return to France to explain himself Following the absence of the French leader the Portuguese crown began noticing that the bay of Rio de Janeiro would make a strategic scale for the Atlantic route of ships from Portugal to its colonies in Africa and Asia as well an important advanced bridgehead for the defense of South Brazil Fortresses were built and an alliance was formed with nearby native Tupi Guarani tribes to defend the settlement against other European invaders Then in 1560 the Portuguese leader Mem de Sa attacked and destroyed the French fort that was located in Guanabara Bay Coligny Fort without however being able to definitively expel the French from the region Estacio de Sa Mem de Sa s nephew who would continue to command the war enlisted the help of the head of the Temiminos Indians Arariboia who accepted the governor s request to help the Portuguese expel the French from the Guanabara Bay in the hope to regain the mother island With the end of the war in 1567 Estacio de Sa invoked Arariboia and the Temininos Indians to occupy the right side of the entrance to the Guanabara Bay opposite the city of Sao Sebastiao do Rio de Janeiro founded by Estacio in 1565 as previously requested by Arariboia a tract of land Thus the entrance to the bay would be fully protected from intrusion The place to be occupied by Arariboia was known as Banda D Alem the land beyond in the eastern side of the bay from River Marui to the Red Barriers between Gragoata and Boa Viagem beaches 12 This area corresponded to what is nowadays the northwestern part of the municipality of Niteroi which includes the central and northern zones of its urban area There in the Land Beyond Arariboia founded the Town of Saint Lawrence of the Indians in Portuguese Vila de Sao Lourenco dos Indios the embryo for the future city of Niteroi a Tupi name that means Hidden Waters Imperial era edit The village was visited by the King of Brazil John VI in 1816 who also decreed its emancipation from Rio de Janeiro on 10 May 1819 and gave the new created municipality a new name Vila Real da Praia Grande Royal Town of Great Beach In 1834 the city of Rio de Janeiro capital of the newly established Empire of Brazil was detached from the rest of Rio de Janeiro Province Vila Real da Praia Grande was then chosen as the new capital of that province while the city of Rio de Janeiro itself was converted into a neutral municipality following the Ato Adicional Niteroi served the function of capital until the year of 1975 except for the period between 1894 and 1903 when it was temporarily transferred to the city of Petropolis Vila Real da Praia Grande was officially renamed Nictheroy Tupi for hidden waters on 6 March 1835 This old spelling persisted until the mid 20th century when the current spelling Niteroi was adopted The capital condition has brought a number of urban developments such as the steam boat public lighting to whale oil water supply and new means of transport to connect the city to the interior of the province Nine years later the Emperor Pedro II granted the city of Niteroi the title of Imperial City The appointment was given to the most important cities giving them some autonomy and regional power At the end of the 19th century around 1885 some tram systems were founded which allowed the expansion of the city to Icarai Ponta d Areia and Itaipu districts Republican era edit nbsp Alameda Sao Boaventura in Fonseca area 1909In 1890 the Brazilian provinces began being called states and the neutral municipality Rio de Janeiro city had its status changed to Federal District or simply DF the Portuguese acronym for Distrito Federal The monarchist navy revolt in 1893 damaged productive activities and forced the transfer of the capital s headquarters to Petropolis In 1903 Niteroi returned to be the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro This brought about a new impulse to modernize the city with the construction of squares decks parks waterway station and sewage network as well as widening of the streets and main avenues A circus fire in the city killed 323 people on 17 December 1961 the fire was later found to have been deliberately set by disgruntled circus employees It is one of the worst tragedies in Brazilian history and the most fatal in the annals of world circus show history Following the transference of Brazil s capital to Brasilia in 1960 the city of Rio de Janeiro became a city state named Guanabara This state was merged with Rio de Janeiro State in 1975 since then Niteroi lost its condition of the state s capital in favor of the city of Rio de Janeiro On 8 April 2010 the mudslide triggered due to heavy rainfall cost at least 200 lives At least 11 000 people were forced to flee homes due to further mudslides 13 Geography editNiteroi has an area of 129 375 square kilometers located between the Guanabara Bay west the Atlantic Ocean south Marica east and Sao Goncalo north There are a number of beaches in the area including Praia de Fora and Praia do Imbui with their historical values Piratininga Beach Camboinhas Beach Itaipu Beach and Itacoatiara Beach the most visited citation needed Praia do Sossego Praia Adam and Eve and Prainha It has two saltwater lagoons Piratininga and Itaipu The first is linked to the second by means of the Camboata Canal opened by the National Department of Sanitation Works in 1946 The Itaipu Lagoon in turn connects to the sea through the Itaipu Canal which was built in 1979The relief consists of crystalline terrains divided into massifs and coastal hills The massifs predominate in the south and form the mountains of Malheiro Calaboca and Tiririca where is the Stone of the Elephant the highest point of the municipality 412m high The coastal plains are composed of sediments obviously located near the sea The most extensive area covers the entire area of Piratininga and Itaipu lagoons Climate edit Niteroi has a tropical climate specifically a tropical monsoon climate with warm to hot temperatures year round as well as relatively frequent rainfall Climate data for Niteroi 1931 1960 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearMean daily maximum C F 32 2 90 0 32 4 90 3 31 5 88 7 29 1 84 4 27 4 81 3 26 6 79 9 26 1 79 0 26 9 80 4 27 0 80 6 27 9 82 2 28 7 83 7 30 1 86 2 28 8 83 8 Daily mean C F 26 4 79 5 26 5 79 7 25 7 78 3 23 6 74 5 21 5 70 7 20 2 68 4 19 6 67 3 20 5 68 9 21 4 70 5 22 6 72 7 23 6 74 5 25 0 77 0 23 0 73 4 Mean daily minimum C F 22 1 71 8 22 2 72 0 21 6 70 9 19 6 67 3 17 3 63 1 15 6 60 1 14 8 58 6 15 6 60 1 17 1 62 8 18 6 65 5 19 6 67 3 20 8 69 4 18 7 65 7 Average precipitation mm inches 147 1 5 79 136 7 5 38 149 4 5 88 124 0 4 88 89 9 3 54 55 9 2 20 52 3 2 06 50 1 1 97 59 3 2 33 87 9 3 46 115 8 4 56 139 3 5 48 1 207 7 47 55 Average relative humidity 74 8 76 0 77 5 79 5 80 8 81 2 79 4 75 9 76 3 76 8 76 7 76 9 77 6Mean monthly sunshine hours 196 7 179 8 189 3 159 9 144 2 134 7 156 6 182 5 139 8 146 0 157 3 161 5 1 948 3Source Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia 14 Politics edit nbsp The Niteroi city councilIn Niteroi executive power is represented by the mayor and cabinet of secretaries in accordance with the model proposed by the Federal Constitution The Organic Law of the Municipality and the current Master Plan however prescribe that the public administration should give the population effective tools to exercise participatory democracy Thus the city is divided into regional secretariats although it has already been divided into regional administrations each headed by a secretary appointed by the mayor The legislative power is constituted to the Municipality of Niteroi CMN composed of 21 elected councilors for mandates of four years in compliance with the provisions of Article 29 of the Federal Constitution which governs a minimum and maximum number for municipalities according to with number of inhabitants It is up to the house to draft and vote fundamental laws to the administration and to the Executive especially the participative budget Budgetary Guidelines Law The current mayor of Niteroi is Axel Grael of the Democratic Labour Party who was elected in 2020 amidst the ongoing coronavirus pandemic in Brazil he was ex mayor Rodrigo Neves deputy for the 2012 2016 term and Secretary of Planning during the 2017 2020 term 15 Economy editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Niteroi is one most important financial and commercial centers in Rio de Janeiro State like a modern city with modern buildings and several shopping malls Its economy is centered on its trading and commerce services like real estate corporations graphic design web design and publicity It also hosts industries of food especially seafood clothes candles and marine objects The city is located 25 minutes away from Rio de Janeiro s downtown region Niteroi boasts the title of fourth richest city in Rio de Janeiro State and the third in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area The Niteroi Contemporary Art Museum the city s main landmark was designed by the famous Brazilian modernist architect Oscar Niemeyer The landscape of the central urban area of the city is dominated by the Niteroi Tower a tall cylindrical office building belonging to the Niteroi Shopping Mall Growth edit By the time of its emancipation the urban area of Niteroi corresponded to its central zone and Sao Domingos only The south zone Icarai Santa Rosa Vital Brazil began to be urbanized in 1841 when the Santa Rosa farm was divided into estates while Jurujuba evolved from an old fishermen colony Sao Francisco and Charitas sites named after the Catholic Church built in honor to Saint Francis by the Jurujuba cove remained sparsely populated until about 1940 As for the northern zone of Niteroi its urbanization began in the late 19th century when a tramway was inaugurated allowing the expansion of the city to north and northeast as well boosting the urban growth of the neighbouring municipality of Sao Goncalo The realm of Itaipu a former vast zone of farming lands and forests east of Niteroi was annexed to the municipality in 1943 It has lost its countryside traits and its urban population has grown fast since the late 1960s In the early 20th century Niteroi started its industrialization boom Demographics editNiteroi is 14 km 8 7 mi distant from Rio de Janeiro City to which it is linked by the Rio Niteroi Bridge and two ferryboat services According to the 2010 Brazilian Census the city has a population of 487 320 people making it the fifth most populous city in the state of Rio de Janeiro and the 39th most populous in the country At the 2010 Census the population of Niteroi grew 9 3 from 2000 to 2010 meaning Niteroi had the lowest city population growth in the state of Rio de Janeiro in this period The quality of life of the municipality of Niteroi is considered one of the best third place among 5 600 other Brazilian municipalities according to UN indexes 2000 est Population growth of Niteroi Year Population1950 698 5821970 513 7711990 431 0702000 459 4512010 487 327The population in Niteroi in 2010 was 487 327 down from the 698 582 in 1950 but with an increase compared to 2000 of 9 According to the Census in 2010 whites were 73 6 multiracial 19 1 black 4 Non Brazilians of any race were 1 of population down from the 36 in 1950 Niteroi is a town with a high quality of life and a centre of agglomerate made up by rich families In 2010 Class A people were 32 the highest index in Brazil while 14 8 were in the poverty line less than cities like Detroit Miami Cleveland and Philadelphia Homes in the Ghetto type were 27 Favelas 6 less than Rio de Janeiro 37 5 Ghetto type with 11 made up Favelas Religion edit nbsp Catedral de Sao JoaoIn the city of Niteroi there are several manifest religious doctrines According to the 2010 census of the total population of Niteroi there were 258 391 Roman Catholic 53 97 759 evangelicals 35 and 34 484 Spiritists 11 According to the division of the Catholic Church in Brazil Niteroi belongs to the Regional Episcopal Council East I of the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil and the archiepiscopal seat is in the city of Niteroi The Archdiocese of Niteroi comprises 14 municipalities of the region of the capital and the interior of Rio de Janeiro State forming in total 73 parishes and 1 quasi parish divided into 6 vicariates There is also the Jewish community integrated to the Israeli Federation of Rio de Janeiro it also has the most different Protestant creeds as well as the practice of Buddhism messianism Afro Brazilian religions and others Education editNiteroi is the seat of the Fluminense Federal University one of the most important research centers in Brazil 16 It does have other colleges such as ISE La Salle and Candido Mendes University Catholic schools mainly La Salle Institute and Sao Vicente de Paulo are the most traditional elementary and high schools of the city Other important schools are PH Marilia Matoso Pedro II Gay Lussac Instituto Abel Colegio Nossa Senhora Das Merces the Salesian High School ETE Henrique Lage a k a Faetec Oswaldo Cruz Institute and Escola Canadense de Niteroi Niteroi has the highest Human Development Index HDI and best level of literacy in Rio de Janeiro State 17 Transportation editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Bus edit The urban bus service is the only means of public transportation in the city of Niteroi There are just under fifty active lines all operated by private companies Most municipal bus lines have an end point in the center of Niteroi at the Joao Goulart Bus Terminal or they pass through the center of Niteroi Ferry edit nbsp Arariboia ferry station in NiteroiThe sea crossing between Niteroi and the city of Rio de Janeiro is made by two routes both having as destination the Praca XV Station The stations in Niteroi are located in Arariboia Square in the center and in the Charitas neighborhood The crossing between Praca Arariboia and Praca 15 de Novembro is done by large boats with capacity for up to 2 000 passengers in a journey that lasts about twenty minutes Since 2006 the boats have been gradually replaced by large catamarans with a lower capacity up to 1 200 passengers but with a shorter crossing time of between 12 and 15 minutes The crossing between the station of Charitas and that of the Praca 15 de Novembro is done by small catamarans being this service considered selective transport Train edit There was a railway extension for passenger transportation 33 km long connecting Niteroi to the municipality of Itaborai passing through Sao Goncalo Until its deactivation in 2007 the extension was operated by the state owned company Central In the end there were only two daily trips one in each direction using an obsolete train of the 1950s The line is now deactivated and in several sections the tracks have been removed by the municipalities of Sao Goncalo and Niteroi Since in the future there is the proposal to use the bed of this branch for the implementation of part of the projected Line 3 of the Rio Metro between Niteroi and Itaborai Culture editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Niteroi is one of the largest historical and cultural centers in Brazil Its culture is characterized by fishing villages Jurujuba forts museums and futuristic monuments such as the Museum of Contemporary Art the symbol of the municipality built by the modernist architect Oscar Niemeyer and the Popular Theater of Niteroi The social culture is based on a very hospitable population which resulted in the nickname of Niteroi city smile The architecture of Niteroi is characterized by a contrast between the past and the present Historic buildings such as the Niteroi State Library the Justice Palace the Niteroi Post Office Building the Municipal Theater of Niteroi the Cantareira Station the Inga Palace the Solar do Jambeiro and the Niteroi City Hall stand side by side to the side with works of futuristic bond like for example the Museum of Contemporary Art Square Juscelino Kubitschek the Popular Theater of Niteroi and the rest of the Niemeyer Way Also known to have the best scout group in Brazil the 4th GEMAR Gavioes do Mar The Catholic churches also express a lot of niteroiense culture The Sao Lourenco dos Indios Church the foundation of the municipality the Church of Sao Sebastiao de Itaipu Nossa Senhora da Boa Viagem the Church of Saint Peter the Fisherman the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist and the Basilica of Our Lady Help of Christians embellish the streets with their baroque classic and colonial architectures Sports edit nbsp Canto do Rio Foot Ball Club in 1956Besides being hometown of stars like Leonardo Edmundo and Gerson the city is also homeland of the Canto do Rio Foot Ball Club which was founded in 1913 and was the only club outside the city of Rio de Janeiro to participate in the Rio de Janeiro Championship in the 1940s The club also had its anthem composed by Lamartine Babo composer of the anthems for every participant of the Rio de Janeiro Championship of 1941 due to a radio campaign The city is not currently represented in the elite of national football Other football clubs in the city are the Fonseca Athletic Club which recently announced its return to professional football and the Rio Cricket and Athletic Association which participated in the first championship in Rio reaching third place and having the championship set in its stadium Rio Cricket also participated in possibly the first rivalry of Rio de Janeiro s football with Paissandu Atletico Clube a club in the city of Rio de Janeiro which was founded by Rio Cricket founders and has a Rio de Janeiro Championship title The city also has the Caio Martins Stadium which is located in the Santa Rosa neighborhood and has for years been the home of Canto do Rio and more recently Botafogo in the 2000s In 2007 the stadium s gymnasium was the stage of the final of the Feminine Superleague of Volleyball that finished with victory of the team of Rio de Janeiro Nowadays the stadium is used for training of Botafogo and in games scheduled by the FFERJ Mostly in championships of inferior divisions Administrative divisions editFrom 1943 to the late 1970s the county of Niteroi comprised two districts only the district of Niteroi original area and the district of Itaipu acquired in 1943 which barely had an urban continuity or even proper road links to each other and were considered apart areas The fractioning of Itaipu s farms into real estates as well its boom after the building of the Rio Niteroi s bridge demanded a better integration between the two sides of the county which led to the improving of the roads and urban facilities and a reformation on the make up of Niteroi s administrative division The county was reorganised into five districts In the early 1990s the administrative division of Niteroi was altered once again being the county now divided into twelve administrative further subdivided into 52 bairros neighborhoods and 5 Regioes de Planejamento Planning Regions 18 Praias da BaiaBairro de FatimaBoa ViagemCachoeirasCentroCharitasGragoataIcaraiIngaJurujubaMorro do EstadoPe PequenoPonta d AreiaSanta RosaSao DomingosSao FranciscoViradouroVital BrazilNorteBaldeadorBarretoCaramujoCubangoEngenhocaFonsecaIlha da ConceicaoSanta BarbaraSantanaSao LourencoTenente JardimVicoso JardimOceanicaCafubaCamboinhasEngenho do MatoItacoatiaraItaipuJacareJardim ImbuiMaravistaPiratiningaSanto AntonioSerra GrandePendotibaBaduCantagaloItitiocaLargo da BatalhaMaceioMaria PaulaMatapacaSapeVila ProgressoLesteMuriquiRio do OuroVarzea das MocasNotable people editAlex Rodrigo Dias da Costa footballer Andre Marques TV show host entertainer Baby Consuelo singer Benjamin Constant politician Daniel Lins Cortes footballer Dede Santana former Brazilian comedian Edinho former footballer Edmundo footballer Fernanda Keller triathlete Ironman winner Gerson footballer Isabel Swan sailor Olympic medalist Leonardo former Director of Football for Paris Saint Germain F C Lars Grael sailor Olympic champion Altair football player Leo Moura football player Manuel de Nobrega Brazilian comedian Carlos Alberto de Nobrega comedian television host scriptwriter producer executive director actor and lawyer Marcelo Ferreira athlete sailing Olympic medallist Martine Grael sailor Olympic champion Matheus Fernandes footballer Jesse singer Perla Haney Jardine actress Agnaldo Rayol singer and actor Rafael dos Anjos mixed martial artist former UFC lightweight champion Joilson Junior greco roman wrestler Pan American Games medalist Ricardo Arona fighter Ronaldo Olive journalist Ronnie Von singer Sergio Pereira da Silva Porto physicist Sheymon Moraes mixed martial artist Torben Grael sailor Olympic championGallery edit nbsp Joao Goulart Bus Terminal in downtown Niteroi nbsp Niteroi State Library nbsp Niteroi Contemporary Art Museum nbsp The Gragoata campus of the Fluminense Federal University nbsp Correios Palace nbsp Arariboia Palace nbsp Night view nbsp Old and new architecture mingle together in Niteroi nbsp The neighbourhood of Icarai nbsp Panoramic view from the city park nbsp Itacoatiara beach nbsp Santa Cruz Fortress nbsp Froes cove nbsp Icarai beach in 1895 nbsp View of Rio de Janeiro from Icarai beachReferences edit IBGE 2020 Archived copy PDF United Nations Development Programme UNDP Archived from the original PDF on 8 July 2014 Retrieved 1 August 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Rio de Janeiro to Niteroi Brazil Google Maps IDHM Municipios 2010 PNUD Brasil 3 August 2021 Archived from the original on 3 August 2021 Retrieved 3 August 2021 Niteroi RJ Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano do Brasil Lucas Jorge Alexandre 2014 Todos os Cariocas Identidade e Pertencimentos no Mundo Globalizado in French Revista Cientifica Ciencia em Curso pp 111 123 ISSN 2317 0077 Archived from the original on 23 August 2016 Retrieved 29 August 2018 Niteroi cidade sorriso complemento iconografico in Brazilian Portuguese Carlos Wehrs Carlos Supplement to Wehrs Rio de Janeiro 2015 ISBN 978 85 913908 2 3 OCLC 1001302128 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link CS1 maint others link The Niteroi Secretary of Culture s official website Niteroi City Hall Archived from the original on 14 June 2007 Retrieved 25 February 2007 Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca in Portuguese UERJ Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro retrieved 7 February 2017 Niteroi Regiao Metropolitana Historia da Cidade Niteroi Origem PDF Archived from the original PDF on 31 July 2013 Retrieved 19 October 2019 Conheca Niteroi Know Niteroi Archived from the original on 14 June 2007 Retrieved 25 February 2007 Fears Rio mudslide toll could soar Americas Al Jazeera Retrieved 26 March 2013 Graficos Climatologicos 1931 1960 e 1961 1990 in Portuguese Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia Archived from the original on 15 November 2018 Retrieved 15 November 2018 O Globo UFF in numbers Fundacao Municipal de Educacao de Niteroi Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 Retrieved 10 November 2008 https leismunicipais com br a1 plano diretor niteroi rj Legislacao Municipal de Niteroi RJExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Niteroi category nbsp Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Nictheroy nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Niteroi History of the city of Niteroi Niteroi Tourism Official Web Site A guide to the city of Niteroi Satellite picture by Google Maps Niteroi on WikiMapia Gymnastic formation squadron of Niteroi Nov 2009 Amo Niteroi Parque da Cidade Paragliding take off ramp 22 53 00 S 43 06 13 W 22 88333 S 43 10361 W 22 88333 43 10361 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Niteroi amp oldid 1192716001, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
