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Gridiron Club

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with The Gridiron Club (Oxford University).

The Gridiron Club is the oldest and most selective journalistic organization in Washington, D.C.

Gridiron Club and Foundation
Gridiron grill logo
FormationJanuary 24, 1885; 139 years ago (1885-01-24)
TypeNonprofit
36-4643320
Location
  • Washington, D.C.
Membership
65[1][2]
President[3]
Dan Balz [3]
former president[4]
Al Hunt[4][5]
historian
George E. Condon Jr.[6]

History edit

"an elitist social club of sixty print journalists" — Hedrick Smith, Power Game: How Washington Works February 1988 Random House ISBN 9780394554471[7]

Frank A. De Puy (1854–1927) was one of several who met January 24, 1885, at the Welcker's Hotel in Washington, D.C. – 721 15th Street, N.W., between New York Avenue and H Street – to form the Gridiron Club. De Puy was the last surviving founder of the club.[8]

Its 65 active members represent major newspapers, news services, news magazines, and broadcast networks. Membership is by invitation only and was historically almost exclusive to prominent newspaper men, including newspaper Washington bureau chiefs.[9]

For most of its history, the Club bylaws excluded women from becoming members or even guests at its annual dinner.[10][11] Although the National Press Club began admitting women in 1971, the Gridiron was reluctant to follow suit. Women were first permitted as guests in 1972: several prominent women including several members of Congress, Coretta Scott King, and Katharine Graham, publisher of The Washington Post, were invited.[11]

The Gridiron Club elected and admitted the first woman journalist members in 1975: Helen Thomas of United Press International and Frances Lewine of the Associated Press.[10] Helen Thomas would become the club's first woman president in 1993.[12]

Eventually, the club began expanding beyond print journalism to include media figures such as Tim Russert of NBC News, Bob Schieffer of CBS News, Mara Liasson of National Public Radio, and Judy Woodruff of PBS.[9]

The club merged with its charitable arm, the Gridiron Foundation, in 2008 to form the Gridiron Club and Foundation, a 501(c)(3) organization. The Club and Foundation make annual charitable contributions and provide scholarships to a number of journalistic organizations and colleges, including the University of Maryland, George Washington University, and Norwich University.[13]

Officers edit

The presidency of the club rotates annually. Carl Leubsdorf of the Dallas Morning News served as president in 2008, and Susan Page of USA Today in 2011, making them the first married couple to have each served as Gridiron president.[9] Chuck Lewis of Hearst Newspapers served in 2013. Tom DeFrank served in 2022.[14]

Gridiron Club Dinner edit

The annual Gridiron Club Dinner is all off-the-record.[7][1] and traditionally features the United States Marine Band,[15] along with remarks by the President of the United States and satirical musical skits by the club members, and by the representatives of both political parties. The skits and speeches by the politicians are expected to "singe not burn", be self-deprecating or otherwise sharply comedic.[9]

Through 2020, every U.S. president since 1885 except Grover Cleveland has spoken at the dinner.[16] (President Barack Obama attended the 2011 dinner after missing both the 2009 and 2010 dinners.[17] In addition, he sang as a senator in 2006.)[18] Bill and Hillary Clinton have both spoken at Club dinners,[19] and the 2008 dinner marked the sixth time that President George W. Bush attended during his presidency.[9] The 2013 dinner was the 125th Gridiron Club and Foundation Dinner, but technically only the fifth Club and Foundation dinner (following the 2008 merger of the Club and the Foundation into one entity).[20]

The dinner is held in the spring, usually in March. Between 1945 and 2006, the dinner was held at the Capital Hilton. In November 1967, the club held its dinner and skits in Williamsburg, Virginia, outside Washington. In 2007, it moved to the Renaissance Washington DC Hotel.[9] It is one of the few remaining large-scale, white-tie affairs in Washington.[21]

In 1933, Eleanor Roosevelt held a "Gridiron Widows' party" in the East Room of the White House for Labor Secretary Frances Perkins and those women whose husbands attended the Gridiron Club Dinner, as her first protest against Gridiron exclusion of women and by 1935, the annual event had grown into a "full-blown imitation".[22]

Until 2011, the Gridiron Club and Foundation's annual show was strictly invitation only.[23]

In 2011, the Gridiron Club and Foundation's annual show offered invites through the Harvard Club of Washington, D.C. for a Sunday afternoon post-dinner reception and performance, for March 13 from 3 p.m. to 6 p.m., one day after the dinner.[23]

In 2017, the Gridiron Club and Foundation's annual show sold up to five tickets to the National Press Club members at $70 each, held 5 March 2017 in the Washington Renaissance Hotel, 999 Ninth Street NW, with a reception that began at 2 p.m. and the reprise (show) that began at 3 p.m. and ended at 5 p.m.[24] It claims to offer a neutral ground on which political operatives, members of the press and elected officials can break bread together.[9]

The Gridiron Club Dinner has been subject to criticism that it encourages journalists to engage in undue coziness with the political officials they are supposed to fairly cover, and also that the public spectacle of "playing footsie" with reporters' main subjects is bringing the political press into disgrace.[25] This is also true of the White House Correspondents' Association Dinner and the Radio and Television Correspondents' Association Dinner.

In 1970, after the press's "sophomoric" skits Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew performed Dixie to the ire of the one black attendee.[26]

At the 2007 dinner, columnist Robert Novak impersonated Vice President Dick Cheney while satirizing the Scooter Libby case, which Novak helped initiate.[25][27]

President Barack Obama attended the 2011, 2013,[28] and 2015 Gridiron Club Dinners.[29] President Donald Trump attended and addressed the 2018 Gridiron Club Dinner.[30]

The Gridiron Dinner was not held in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2022 dinner on April 2 became a COVID superspreader event when at least 72 people tested positive, including Attorney General Merrick Garland, Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack, and Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo.[31][32] Proof of vaccination was required for entry, and no cases of serious illness were reported as resulting from the dinner.[33][34][35][36]

Gridiron Club Dinner Remarks in the Press edit

Reporters in the audience do file stories live, but the event's visuals and sounds are not recorded for publishing.[6]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b https://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2013/03/dcs-gridiron-club-on-the-griddle-again-158827
  2. ^
  3. ^ a b https://www.politico.com/newsletters/playbook/2024/03/17/cringe-at-the-gridiron-and-on-the-sunday-shows-00147469
  4. ^ a b https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2004/03/07/the-gridiron-menu-a-buffet-of-guffaws/31d11783-6d7c-443b-9fc6-5ef5ae302852/
  5. ^ https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/1394609/dick-cheneys-gridiron-remarks/
  6. ^ a b *The Gridiron Club, explained Political Theater Podcast, Episode 283, rollcall.com
    • MP3
  7. ^ a b https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/nixons.htm
  8. ^ "Frank A. De Puy Dies; Old Newspaper Man" (obituary), Brooklyn Union, April 6, 1927, p. 8A (accessible via Newspapers.com; subscription required)
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Glass, Andrew (April 1, 2007). "Cheney Yuks It Up With the Press". The Politico. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
  10. ^ a b "In Memoriam: Frances Lewine, 1921-2008". Journalism and Women Symposium. March 12, 2010. Retrieved November 7, 2021. ...the women in Washington turned their sights on another institution, the Gridiron Club, once described by Harrison Salisbury of The New York Times as "an assembly of troglodytes." Nonetheless, it held a dinner each year, then as now, spoofing national leaders and attended by many of those leaders. But women were shut out.
  11. ^ a b Ritchie, Donald A. (2005). Reporting from Washington: The History of the Washington Press Corps. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199839094. Members voted 24 to 17 to permit women as guests but not as members. In 1972, invitation went out to Mrs. Nixon, members of Congress, Katharine Graham, and Coretta Scott King.
  12. ^ Sperling, Godfrey (April 6, 1993). "The Guests Who Almost Did Not Come". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved November 7, 2021. The 108th renewal of the Gridiron's white-tie dinner was particularly eventful: Helen Thomas, White House correspondent for United Press International, presided over the gathering as the club's first woman president.
  13. ^ . Philip Merrill College of Journalism. Archived from the original on 2003-04-21. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
  14. ^ https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/rcna23763
  15. ^ https://www.marineband.marines.mil/Audio-Resources/The-Complete-Marches-of-John-Philip-Sousa/The-Gridiron-Club/
  16. ^ Roberts, Roxanne (2022-04-03). "At the Gridiron dinner, a Republican governor roasted Trump". Washington Post.
  17. ^ Bedard, Paul (2011-03-10). "C-SPAN Barred From Covering Obama's First Gridiron". U.S. News & World Report.
  18. ^ "Obama to skip annual Gridiron dinner". MSNBC. 2009-03-17. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
  19. ^ Glass, Andrew (March 10, 2007). "Clinton & Clinton Inc". The Politico. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
  20. ^ "Obama Scores With Gridiron Club Dinner". whcinsider.com. White House Correspondents Insider. March 11, 2013. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  21. ^ Schroeder, Anne (March 28, 2007). "Shenanigans". The Politico. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
  22. ^
  23. ^ a b https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/gridiron-loosens-rules-after-126-years/
  24. ^ https://www.press.org/newsroom/press-club-members-can-buy-tickets-gridiron-reprise
  25. ^ a b Nolan, Hamilton (April 3, 2007). "Joke is on the press at annual DC dinners". PRWeek. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
  26. ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/reviews/nixons.htm
  27. ^ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/novak-mocks-self-at-dc-media-bash/
  28. ^ POLITICO STAFF (2013-03-09). "President Obama Gridiron Club dinner speech 2013 transcript". The Politico. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
  29. ^ Terris, Ben (2015-03-15). "Here are President Obama's full remarks from the Gridiron Club Dinner". Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
  30. ^ Johnson, Ted (March 3, 2018). "Trump Jokes About Impeachment, Melania Leaving Him at Gridiron Dinner". Variety. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
  31. ^ Zhao, Christina; Roecker, Molly (April 10, 2022). "72 attendees of high profile D.C. dinner test positive for Covid". NBC News. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  32. ^ Philpott, Tom (9 April 2022). . Mother Jones. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  33. ^ Petri, Alexandra E. (2022-04-08). "Covid News: At Least 53 People Test Positive After A-List Dinner in Washington". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  34. ^ Paul Farhi; Roxanne Roberts; Yasmeen Abutaleb (2022-04-06). "After Gridiron Dinner, a covid outbreak among Washington A-list guests". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409.
  35. ^ "Fauci says protocols to protect Biden 'pretty strong' amid rash of Covid cases". the Guardian. 2022-04-10. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  36. ^ Holmes, Jack (2022-05-12). "So We're Not Gonna Mention the Gridiron Dinner Turned Out All Right?". Esquire. Retrieved 2022-05-15.

External links edit

Papers
  • Gridiron Club of Washington, D.C. records, 1885-1906 Guide at the University of Kentucky Libraries Special Collections Research Center
  • Gridiron Club (Washington, D.C.) records, 1885-2021 at Library of Congress
  • Gridiron Club Sixty-Fifth Birthday Menu

January 01, 1970
gridiron, club, confused, with, oxford, university, oldest, most, selective, journalistic, organization, washington, foundationgridiron, grill, logoformationjanuary, 1885, years, 1885, typenonprofittax, 4643320locationwashington, membership65, president, balz,. Not to be confused with The Gridiron Club Oxford University The Gridiron Club is the oldest and most selective journalistic organization in Washington D C Gridiron Club and FoundationGridiron grill logoFormationJanuary 24 1885 139 years ago 1885 01 24 TypeNonprofitTax ID no 36 4643320LocationWashington D C Membership65 1 2 President 3 Dan Balz 3 former president 4 Al Hunt 4 5 historianGeorge E Condon Jr 6 Contents 1 History 2 Officers 3 Gridiron Club Dinner 4 Gridiron Club Dinner Remarks in the Press 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory edit an elitist social club of sixty print journalists Hedrick Smith Power Game How Washington Works February 1988 Random House ISBN 9780394554471 7 Frank A De Puy 1854 1927 was one of several who met January 24 1885 at the Welcker s Hotel in Washington D C 721 15th Street N W between New York Avenue and H Street to form the Gridiron Club De Puy was the last surviving founder of the club 8 Its 65 active members represent major newspapers news services news magazines and broadcast networks Membership is by invitation only and was historically almost exclusive to prominent newspaper men including newspaper Washington bureau chiefs 9 For most of its history the Club bylaws excluded women from becoming members or even guests at its annual dinner 10 11 Although the National Press Club began admitting women in 1971 the Gridiron was reluctant to follow suit Women were first permitted as guests in 1972 several prominent women including several members of Congress Coretta Scott King and Katharine Graham publisher of The Washington Post were invited 11 The Gridiron Club elected and admitted the first woman journalist members in 1975 Helen Thomas of United Press International and Frances Lewine of the Associated Press 10 Helen Thomas would become the club s first woman president in 1993 12 Eventually the club began expanding beyond print journalism to include media figures such as Tim Russert of NBC News Bob Schieffer of CBS News Mara Liasson of National Public Radio and Judy Woodruff of PBS 9 The club merged with its charitable arm the Gridiron Foundation in 2008 to form the Gridiron Club and Foundation a 501 c 3 organization The Club and Foundation make annual charitable contributions and provide scholarships to a number of journalistic organizations and colleges including the University of Maryland George Washington University and Norwich University 13 Officers editThe presidency of the club rotates annually Carl Leubsdorf of the Dallas Morning News served as president in 2008 and Susan Page of USA Today in 2011 making them the first married couple to have each served as Gridiron president 9 Chuck Lewis of Hearst Newspapers served in 2013 Tom DeFrank served in 2022 14 Gridiron Club Dinner editThe annual Gridiron Club Dinner is all off the record 7 1 and traditionally features the United States Marine Band 15 along with remarks by the President of the United States and satirical musical skits by the club members and by the representatives of both political parties The skits and speeches by the politicians are expected to singe not burn be self deprecating or otherwise sharply comedic 9 Through 2020 every U S president since 1885 except Grover Cleveland has spoken at the dinner 16 President Barack Obama attended the 2011 dinner after missing both the 2009 and 2010 dinners 17 In addition he sang as a senator in 2006 18 Bill and Hillary Clinton have both spoken at Club dinners 19 and the 2008 dinner marked the sixth time that President George W Bush attended during his presidency 9 The 2013 dinner was the 125th Gridiron Club and Foundation Dinner but technically only the fifth Club and Foundation dinner following the 2008 merger of the Club and the Foundation into one entity 20 The dinner is held in the spring usually in March Between 1945 and 2006 the dinner was held at the Capital Hilton In November 1967 the club held its dinner and skits in Williamsburg Virginia outside Washington In 2007 it moved to the Renaissance Washington DC Hotel 9 It is one of the few remaining large scale white tie affairs in Washington 21 In 1933 Eleanor Roosevelt held a Gridiron Widows party in the East Room of the White House for Labor Secretary Frances Perkins and those women whose husbands attended the Gridiron Club Dinner as her first protest against Gridiron exclusion of women and by 1935 the annual event had grown into a full blown imitation 22 Until 2011 the Gridiron Club and Foundation s annual show was strictly invitation only 23 In 2011 the Gridiron Club and Foundation s annual show offered invites through the Harvard Club of Washington D C for a Sunday afternoon post dinner reception and performance for March 13 from 3 p m to 6 p m one day after the dinner 23 In 2017 the Gridiron Club and Foundation s annual show sold up to five tickets to the National Press Club members at 70 each held 5 March 2017 in the Washington Renaissance Hotel 999 Ninth Street NW with a reception that began at 2 p m and the reprise show that began at 3 p m and ended at 5 p m 24 It claims to offer a neutral ground on which political operatives members of the press and elected officials can break bread together 9 The Gridiron Club Dinner has been subject to criticism that it encourages journalists to engage in undue coziness with the political officials they are supposed to fairly cover and also that the public spectacle of playing footsie with reporters main subjects is bringing the political press into disgrace 25 This is also true of the White House Correspondents Association Dinner and the Radio and Television Correspondents Association Dinner In 1970 after the press s sophomoric skits Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew performed Dixie to the ire of the one black attendee 26 At the 2007 dinner columnist Robert Novak impersonated Vice President Dick Cheney while satirizing the Scooter Libby case which Novak helped initiate 25 27 President Barack Obama attended the 2011 2013 28 and 2015 Gridiron Club Dinners 29 President Donald Trump attended and addressed the 2018 Gridiron Club Dinner 30 The Gridiron Dinner was not held in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID 19 pandemic The 2022 dinner on April 2 became a COVID superspreader event when at least 72 people tested positive including Attorney General Merrick Garland Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack and Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo 31 32 Proof of vaccination was required for entry and no cases of serious illness were reported as resulting from the dinner 33 34 35 36 Gridiron Club Dinner Remarks in the Press editReporters in the audience do file stories live but the event s visuals and sounds are not recorded for publishing 6 https www washingtonexaminer com news 1394609 dick cheneys gridiron remarks https www politico com story 2014 03 gridiron club dinner 104457 https www whitehouse gov briefing room speeches remarks 2024 03 17 remarks by president biden at the gridiron club and foundation dinner march 16 2024 https www washingtonpost com blogs reliable source post obama gets laughs at first gridiron club dinner as president 2011 03 13 ABpqhgT blog html https www theatlantic com politics archive 2011 03 gridiron jokes were too hot tweet 348790 https www washingtonexaminer com sports 573503 gridiron greatest hits https www washingtonpost com news arts and entertainment wp 2015 03 15 here are president obamas full remarks from the gridiron club dinner https www washingtonpost com news arts and entertainment wp 2015 03 14 president obama jokes about clintons emails scott walker and marijuana at gridiron club dinner https www c span org video 284773 3 gridiron club https www vanityfair com news 2013 03 presidential one liners gridiron club https www rollcall com 2014 03 10 gridiron club jokes congressional edition See also editAlfred E Smith Memorial Foundation Dinner American Society of News Editors International Debutante Ball National Press Club United States Radio and Television Correspondents Association United States presidential inaugural balls Viennese Opera Ball in New York White House Correspondents AssociationReferences edit a b https www politico com blogs media 2013 03 dcs gridiron club on the griddle again 158827 https archive today 20240317135757 https www detroitnews com story news politics 2024 03 16 michigan governor gretchen whitmer politics gridiron dinner 72996472007 https www detroitnews com story news politics 2024 03 16 michigan governor gretchen whitmer politics gridiron dinner 72996472007 a b https www politico com newsletters playbook 2024 03 17 cringe at the gridiron and on the sunday shows 00147469 a b https www washingtonpost com archive lifestyle 2004 03 07 the gridiron menu a buffet of guffaws 31d11783 6d7c 443b 9fc6 5ef5ae302852 https www washingtonexaminer com news 1394609 dick cheneys gridiron remarks a b The Gridiron Club explained Political Theater Podcast Episode 283 rollcall com MP3 a b https www washingtonpost com wp srv style longterm books chap1 nixons htm Frank A De Puy Dies Old Newspaper Man obituary Brooklyn Union April 6 1927 p 8A accessible via Newspapers com subscription required a b c d e f g Glass Andrew April 1 2007 Cheney Yuks It Up With the Press The Politico Retrieved 2015 03 18 a b In Memoriam Frances Lewine 1921 2008 Journalism and Women Symposium March 12 2010 Retrieved November 7 2021 the women in Washington turned their sights on another institution the Gridiron Club once described by Harrison Salisbury of The New York Times as an assembly of troglodytes Nonetheless it held a dinner each year then as now spoofing national leaders and attended by many of those leaders But women were shut out a b Ritchie Donald A 2005 Reporting from Washington The History of the Washington Press Corps USA Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199839094 Members voted 24 to 17 to permit women as guests but not as members In 1972 invitation went out to Mrs Nixon members of Congress Katharine Graham and Coretta Scott King Sperling Godfrey April 6 1993 The Guests Who Almost Did Not Come Christian Science Monitor Retrieved November 7 2021 The 108th renewal of the Gridiron s white tie dinner was particularly eventful Helen Thomas White House correspondent for United Press International presided over the gathering as the club s first woman president Gridiron Foundation Establishes Five Journalism Scholarships at UM Philip Merrill College of Journalism Archived from the original on 2003 04 21 Retrieved 2015 03 18 https www nbcnews com news amp rcna23763 https www marineband marines mil Audio Resources The Complete Marches of John Philip Sousa The Gridiron Club Roberts Roxanne 2022 04 03 At the Gridiron dinner a Republican governor roasted Trump Washington Post Bedard Paul 2011 03 10 C SPAN Barred From Covering Obama s First Gridiron U S News amp World Report Obama to skip annual Gridiron dinner MSNBC 2009 03 17 Retrieved 2018 03 05 Glass Andrew March 10 2007 Clinton amp Clinton Inc The Politico Retrieved 2015 03 18 Obama Scores With Gridiron Club Dinner whcinsider com White House Correspondents Insider March 11 2013 Retrieved 2017 03 05 Schroeder Anne March 28 2007 Shenanigans The Politico Retrieved 2015 03 18 Nixon s Piano Presidents and Racial Politics from Washington to Clinton Kenneth O Reilly https www washingtonpost com wp srv style longterm books chap1 nixons htm a b https www adweek com performance marketing gridiron loosens rules after 126 years https www press org newsroom press club members can buy tickets gridiron reprise a b Nolan Hamilton April 3 2007 Joke is on the press at annual DC dinners PRWeek Retrieved 2015 03 18 https www washingtonpost com wp srv style longterm books reviews nixons htm https www cbsnews com news novak mocks self at dc media bash POLITICO STAFF 2013 03 09 President Obama Gridiron Club dinner speech 2013 transcript The Politico Retrieved 2015 03 18 Terris Ben 2015 03 15 Here are President Obama s full remarks from the Gridiron Club Dinner Washington Post Retrieved 2015 03 18 Johnson Ted March 3 2018 Trump Jokes About Impeachment Melania Leaving Him at Gridiron Dinner Variety Retrieved March 4 2018 Zhao Christina Roecker Molly April 10 2022 72 attendees of high profile D C dinner test positive for Covid NBC News Retrieved 10 April 2022 Philpott Tom 9 April 2022 The Gridiron Club Superspreader Event Shows We Can t Just Go Back to Normal Mother Jones Archived from the original on 9 April 2022 Retrieved 10 April 2022 Petri Alexandra E 2022 04 08 Covid News At Least 53 People Test Positive After A List Dinner in Washington The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2022 05 01 Paul Farhi Roxanne Roberts Yasmeen Abutaleb 2022 04 06 After Gridiron Dinner a covid outbreak among Washington A list guests The Washington Post Washington D C ISSN 0190 8286 OCLC 1330888409 Fauci says protocols to protect Biden pretty strong amid rash of Covid cases the Guardian 2022 04 10 Retrieved 2022 05 05 Holmes Jack 2022 05 12 So We re Not Gonna Mention the Gridiron Dinner Turned Out All Right Esquire Retrieved 2022 05 15 External links editThe Gridiron Club explained Political Theater Podcast Episode 283 rollcall com MP3 Presidential Documents referring to The Gridiron Club at The American Presidency Project founded by Gerhard Peters and John T Woolley at the University of California Santa Barbara https www c span org organization 2665 Gridiron Club Papers Gridiron Club of Washington D C records 1885 1906 Guide at the University of Kentucky Libraries Special Collections Research Center Gridiron Club Washington D C records 1885 2021 at Library of Congress Gridiron Club Sixty Fifth Birthday Menu Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gridiron Club amp oldid 1218419993, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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