James Henderson BurnsFBA (10 November 1921 – 4 November 2012) was a Scottish historian of medieval and modern political thought who also studied utilitarianism and Jeremy Bentham.
He was born in Linlithgow, West Lothian, the son of a manager of a paper mill. He was educated at George Watson's College (1932–40) before attending Edinburgh University, where he was awarded a BA (first-class honours).[1][2] Due to poor eyesight, he was declared unfit for military service in the Second World War, and so worked as a sub-editor for the news department of the BBC.[2] Abandoning his membership of the Communist Party, Burns converted to Roman Catholicism during the war and from 1950 he contributed to the Innes Review, which analysed the role of the Catholic Church in Scottish history.[1]
After the war, he studied PPE at Balliol College, Oxford, for which he was awarded another BA First (1947). Also in 1947, he married Yvonne Birnie and was appointed lecturer in political theory at Aberdeen University.[2] He was awarded a Ph.D. in 1952 for his thesis, 'Theories of Limited Monarchy in Sixteenth-Century Scotland'.[2]
He took up a readership in the history of political thought at University College London and in 1961 he was the founding editor of The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, a position he held until 1979.[1][2][3] Three of the first four volumes were co-edited by Burns and, together with H. L. A. Hart, Burns contributed to the major reassessment of Bentham's influence on jurisprudence and political philosophy.[2]
Burns was appointed professor of the history of political thought at UCL in 1967 and he was also the head of the history department (1970–75).[1] He edited The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c. 350–c. 1450 (1988) and The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450–1700 (1991), which are his most widely read works.[1]
'Three Scots Catholic Critics of George Buchanan', Innes Review, 1 (1950), pp. 92–109.
'The Scotland of John Major', Innes Review, 2 (1951), pp. 65–76.
'John Major in Scotland', Scottish Historical Review, 31 (1952), p. 98.
(with Saul Rose), 'Ά Scottish Constituency', in The British General Election of 1951, ed. David Butler (London: Macmillan, 1952), pp. 184–97.
'New Light on John Major', Innes Review, 5 (1954), pp. 83–200.
'Knox and Bullinger', Scottish Historical Review, 34 (1955), pp. 90–1.
'John Ireland and "The Meroure of Wyssdome"', Innes Review,, 4 (1955), pp. 77–97.
'Market and Fair in Medieval Haddington', Transactions of the East Lothian Antiquarian and Field Naturalists' Society, 5 (1955), pp. 42–3.
(contributor to) 'The Ordination of John Knox: A Symposium', Innes Review, 6 (1955), pp. 99–106, at pp. 102–3.
'The Political Ideas of the Scottish Reformation', Aberdeen University Review, 36 (1956), pp. 251–68.
'An English View of Federalism in 1829', Political Studies, 4 (1956), pp. 312–15.
'Mr Scott on Freedom and Unfreedom', Political Studies, 5 (1957), pp. 81–3.
'J.S. Mill and Democracy, 1829–61.1', Political Studies, 5 (1957), pp. 158–75.
'J.S. Mill and Democracy, 1829–61. II', Political Studies, 5 (1957), pp. 281–9.
'John Knox and Revolution, 1558', History Today, 8 (1958), pp. 565–73.
Ninian Winzet and the Defence of the Faith in Scotland (Glasgow: Catholic Truth Society of Scotland, 1959).
'J.S. Mill and the Term "Social Science"', Journal of the History of Ideas, 20 (1959), pp. 431–2.
'Utilitarianism and Democracy', Philosophical Quarterly, 9 (1959), pp. 168–71.
'Sovereignty and Constitutional Law in Bodin', Political Studies, 7 (1959), pp. 174–7.
'The Political Background of the [Scottish] Reformation, 1513-1625', Innes Review, 10 (1959), pp. 199–236.
' "Winzerus": A Forgotten Political Writer', Journal of the History of Ideas, 21 (1959), pp. 124–30.
'The Scottish Committees of the House of Commons, 1948-1959', Political Studies, 8 (1960), pp. 272–8.
'Scottish Churchmen and the Council of Basle, Part One', Innes Review, 13 (1962), pp. 1–53.
'Scottish Churchmen and the Council of Basle, Part Two', Innes Review, 13 (1962), pp. 157–89.
(with A. Cobban), 'Rousseau's Du contrat social: Some Problems of Translation', Political Studies, 10 (1962), pp. 203–7.
'Bolingbroke and the Concept of Constitutional Government', Political Studies, 10 (1962), pp. 264–76.
'The Political Background of the Reformation, 1513-1625', in Essays on the Scottish Reformation, ed. D. McRoberts (Glasgow: Burns, 1962), pp. 1–38.
Jeremy Bentham and University College (London: Athlone Press of the University of London, 1962).
Scottish Churchmen and the Council of Basle (Glasgow: Burns, 1962).
'The Conciliarist Tradition in Scotland', Scottish Historical Review, 42 (1963), pp. 89–104.
'Catholicism in Defeat: Ninian Winzet 1519-1592', History Today, 16 (1966), pp. 788–95.
'Bentham and the French Revolution', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series 16 (1966), pp. 95–114.
'The Fabric of Felicity: The Legislator and the Human Condition' (London: H.K. Lewis for University College London, 1967).
'Notes on the History of the Bentham Family', in The Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham, Vol. I, 1752-78, ed. T. L. S. Sprigge (London: The Athlone Press of the University of London, 1968), pp. xxxv-xxxi.
'J.S. Mill and Democracy, 1829-61', in Mill: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. J.B. Schneewind (New York: Anchor Books, 1968), pp. 280–328.
(ed. with H. L. A. Hart), An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation [The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham] (London: The Athlone Press Press of the University of London, 1970).
'Scotland and England: Culture and Nationality, 1500-1800', in Britain and the Netherlands, 4: Mettropolis, Dominion and Province, ed. J. S. Bromley and E. H. Kossmann (The Hague: Martinus Nijhff, 1971), pp. 17–41.
'The Rights of Man since the Reformation', in An Introduction to the Study of Human Rights, ed. Sir F. Vallat (London: Europa Publications, 1971), pp. 16–30.
'Utilitarianism and Democracy', in Utilitarianism [by] John Stuart Mill with Critical Essays, ed. S. Gorovitz (Indianapolis and New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1971), pp. 269–72.
The Bentham Project', in Editing Texts of the Victorian Period, ed. J.D. Baird (Toronto: A.M. Hakkert for The Committee for the Conference on Editorial Problems, 1972), pp. 73–87.
'Bentham on Sovereignty: An Exploration', Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly, 24 (1973), pp. 399–116.
'Bentham's Critique of Political Fallacies', in Jeremy Bentham: Ten Critical Essays, ed. B. Parekh (London: Frank Cass, 1974), pp. 154–67.
'Bentham on Sovereignty: An Exploration', in Bentham and Legal Theory, ed. M.H. James (Belfast: Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly, 1974), pp. 133–50.
'The Light of Reason: Philosophical History in the Two Mills', in James and John Stuart Mill: Papers of the Centenary Conference, ed. J.M. Robson and M. Laine (Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1976), pp. 3–20.
(ed. with H. L. A. Hart), A Comment on the Commentaries and A Fragment on Government [The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham] (London: The Athlone Press of the University of London, 1977).
'The Fabric of Felicity: The Legislator and the Human Condition', in The Study of Politics: A Collection of Inaugural Lectures, ed. P. King (London: Frank Cass, 1977), pp. 207–24.
'Dreams and Destinations: Jeremy Bentham in 1828', The Bentham Newsletter, 1 (1978), pp. 21–3.
'Ex uno plura? The British Experience', in Federalism: History and Current Significance of a Form of Government, ed. J.C. Boogman and G.N. van der Plaat (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1980), pp. 189–21.
'Politia regalis et optima: The Political Ideas of John Mair', History of Political Thought, 2 (1981), pp. 31-61.
(ed. with F. Rosen) Constitutional Code, Vol. 1 (The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983).
'Jus gladii and jurisdictio: Jacques Almai and John Locke', Historical Journal (1983), 26, pp. 369–74.
'St German, Gerson, Aquinas and Ulpian', History of Political Thought, 4 (1983), pp. 443–9.
'Jeremy Bentham: From Radical Enlightenment to Philosophic Radicalism', The Bentham Newsletter, 8 (1984), pp. 4–14.
'Fortescue and the Political Theory of dominium', Historical Journal, 28 (1985), pp. 777–97.
'Scottish Philosophy and the Science of Legislation', in Scottish Philosophers and the Specialisation of Knowledge (Royal Society of Edinburgh Occasional Papers, 2–6, 1985), pp. 11–29.
'From "Polite Learning" to "Useful Knowledge"', History Today, 36 (April 1986), pp. 21–9.
'Clio as a Governess: Lessons in History, 1798', History Today, 36 (August 1986), pp. 10–15.
Absolutism: The History of an Idea (The Creighton Trust Lecture 1986), London: University of London, 1987).
(ed.) The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, c.350-c.1450 (Cambridge University Press, 1988).
'Bentham and Blackstone: A Lifetime's Dialectic', Utilitas, 1 (1989), pp. 22–40.
'Utilitarianism and Reform: Social Theory and Social Change, 1750—1800', Utilitas, 1 (1989), pp. 211–25.
'The Idea of Absolutism', in Absolutism in Seventeenth-Century Europe, ed. J. Miller (London: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 21–42.
'John Ireland: Theology and Public Affairs in the Late Fifteenth Century', Innes Review, 41 (1990), pp. 151–79
'Bentham and Blackstone: A Lifetime's Dialectic', in Empire and Revolutions, ed. G. J. Schochet (Proceedings of the Folger Institute Center for the History of British Political Thought, Vol. 6, 1990), pp. 22–40.
(ed. with M. Goldie), The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450—1700 (Cambridge University Press, 1991).
'Thomas More: A Saint for What Season?', The Newman, no. 22 (1991), pp. 2–6.
'Conciliarism, Papalism, and Power, 1511-1518', in The Church and Sovereignty c.500-1918: Essays in Honour of Michael Wilks, ed. D. Wood (Oxford: Basil Blackwell for the Ecclesiastical History Society, 1991), pp. 409–28.
'Viewpoint' [on Michael Oakeshott], Cambridge Review, 112 (1991), pp. 133–6.
Lordship, Kingship and Empire: The Idea of Monarchy, 1400-1525 (The Carlyle Lectures 1988) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992).
'The "Monarchia" of Antonio de' Roselli (1390-1466): Text, Context and Controversy', Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Medieval Canon Law, San Diego 1988 (Series C: Subsidia 9, 1992), pp. 321–51.
'George Buchanan and the Anti-Monarchomachs', in Political Discourse in Early-Modern Britain, ed. N. Phillipson and Q. Skinner (Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 3–22.
'David Ure (1749-1793) "Breadth of mind and accuracy of observation" ', Glasgow Naturalist, 22 (1993), pp. 259–75.
'Nature and Natural Authority in Bentham', Utilitas, 5 (1993), pp. 209–19.
'Conciliarism' in Dictionary of Scottish Church History and Theology, ed. N.M. de S. Cameron et al. (Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1993), pp. 201–2.
'George Buchanan and the anti-Monarchomachs', in Scots and Britons: Scottish Political Thought and the Union of 1603, ed. R.A. Mason (Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 138–58.
'Jacques Almain on dominium: A Neglected Text', in Politics, Ideology and the Law in Early Modern Eu and Woodbridge, ed. A. E. Bakos (University of Rochester Press, 1995), pp. 149–58.
The True Law of Kingship: Concepts of Monarchy in Early Modern Scotland (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996).
'John Knox: Scholastic and Canonistic Echoes', in John Knox and the British Reformations, ed. R.A. Mason (Aldershot: Scolar/Ashgate, 1998), pp. 117–29.
Notesedit
^ abcde'James Henderson Burns', The Gifford Lectures website, retrieved 12 January 2020.
^ abcdefgh'Professor J.H. Burns', The Times (18 December 2012), p. 54.
^Frederick Rosen, 'Professor J. H. Burns (1921–2012)', Utilitas Vol. 25, No. 2 (June 2013), pp. 137–139.
External linksedit
Appreciations of Professor J.H. Burns, University College London.
January 01, 1970
burns, james, henderson, burns, november, 1921, november, 2012, scottish, historian, medieval, modern, political, thought, also, studied, utilitarianism, jeremy, bentham, bornjames, henderson, burns, 1921, november, 1921linlithgow, west, lothiandied4, november. James Henderson Burns FBA 10 November 1921 4 November 2012 was a Scottish historian of medieval and modern political thought who also studied utilitarianism and Jeremy Bentham J H BurnsBornJames Henderson Burns 1921 11 10 10 November 1921Linlithgow West LothianDied4 November 2012 2012 11 04 aged 90 SpouseYvonne Birnie m 1947 wbr Academic backgroundAlma materGeorge Watson s CollegeUniversity of EdinburghBalliol College OxfordThesisTheories of a Limited Monarchy in Sixteenth Century Scotland 1952 Academic workDisciplineHistorySub disciplineMedieval and modern political thoughtJeremy BenthamInstitutionsUniversity College London He was born in Linlithgow West Lothian the son of a manager of a paper mill He was educated at George Watson s College 1932 40 before attending Edinburgh University where he was awarded a BA first class honours 1 2 Due to poor eyesight he was declared unfit for military service in the Second World War and so worked as a sub editor for the news department of the BBC 2 Abandoning his membership of the Communist Party Burns converted to Roman Catholicism during the war and from 1950 he contributed to the Innes Review which analysed the role of the Catholic Church in Scottish history 1 After the war he studied PPE at Balliol College Oxford for which he was awarded another BA First 1947 Also in 1947 he married Yvonne Birnie and was appointed lecturer in political theory at Aberdeen University 2 He was awarded a Ph D in 1952 for his thesis Theories of Limited Monarchy in Sixteenth Century Scotland 2 He took up a readership in the history of political thought at University College London and in 1961 he was the founding editor of The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham a position he held until 1979 1 2 3 Three of the first four volumes were co edited by Burns and together with H L A Hart Burns contributed to the major reassessment of Bentham s influence on jurisprudence and political philosophy 2 Burns was appointed professor of the history of political thought at UCL in 1967 and he was also the head of the history department 1970 75 1 He edited The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c 350 c 1450 1988 and The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450 1700 1991 which are his most widely read works 1 Burns retired from UCL in 1986 and was appointed the John Hinkley Visiting professor at Johns Hopkins University the result of his friendship with J G A Pocock 2 In 1992 he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy 2 Works edit Three Scots Catholic Critics of George Buchanan Innes Review 1 1950 pp 92 109 The Scotland of John Major Innes Review 2 1951 pp 65 76 John Major in Scotland Scottish Historical Review 31 1952 p 98 with Saul Rose A Scottish Constituency in The British General Election of 1951 ed David Butler London Macmillan 1952 pp 184 97 New Light on John Major Innes Review 5 1954 pp 83 200 Knox and Bullinger Scottish Historical Review 34 1955 pp 90 1 John Ireland and The Meroure of Wyssdome Innes Review 4 1955 pp 77 97 Market and Fair in Medieval Haddington Transactions of the East Lothian Antiquarian and Field Naturalists Society 5 1955 pp 42 3 contributor to The Ordination of John Knox A Symposium Innes Review 6 1955 pp 99 106 at pp 102 3 The Political Ideas of the Scottish Reformation Aberdeen University Review 36 1956 pp 251 68 An English View of Federalism in 1829 Political Studies 4 1956 pp 312 15 Mr Scott on Freedom and Unfreedom Political Studies 5 1957 pp 81 3 J S Mill and Democracy 1829 61 1 Political Studies 5 1957 pp 158 75 J S Mill and Democracy 1829 61 II Political Studies 5 1957 pp 281 9 John Knox and Revolution 1558 History Today 8 1958 pp 565 73 Ninian Winzet and the Defence of the Faith in Scotland Glasgow Catholic Truth Society of Scotland 1959 J S Mill and the Term Social Science Journal of the History of Ideas 20 1959 pp 431 2 Utilitarianism and Democracy Philosophical Quarterly 9 1959 pp 168 71 Sovereignty and Constitutional Law in Bodin Political Studies 7 1959 pp 174 7 The Political Background of the Scottish Reformation 1513 1625 Innes Review 10 1959 pp 199 236 Winzerus A Forgotten Political Writer Journal of the History of Ideas 21 1959 pp 124 30 The Scottish Committees of the House of Commons 1948 1959 Political Studies 8 1960 pp 272 8 Scottish Churchmen and the Council of Basle Part One Innes Review 13 1962 pp 1 53 Scottish Churchmen and the Council of Basle Part Two Innes Review 13 1962 pp 157 89 with A Cobban Rousseau s Du contrat social Some Problems of Translation Political Studies 10 1962 pp 203 7 Bolingbroke and the Concept of Constitutional Government Political Studies 10 1962 pp 264 76 The Political Background of the Reformation 1513 1625 in Essays on the Scottish Reformation ed D McRoberts Glasgow Burns 1962 pp 1 38 Jeremy Bentham and University College London Athlone Press of the University of London 1962 Scottish Churchmen and the Council of Basle Glasgow Burns 1962 The Conciliarist Tradition in Scotland Scottish Historical Review 42 1963 pp 89 104 Catholicism in Defeat Ninian Winzet 1519 1592 History Today 16 1966 pp 788 95 Bentham and the French Revolution Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5th series 16 1966 pp 95 114 The Fabric of Felicity The Legislator and the Human Condition London H K Lewis for University College London 1967 Notes on the History of the Bentham Family in The Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham Vol I 1752 78 ed T L S Sprigge London The Athlone Press of the University of London 1968 pp xxxv xxxi J S Mill and Democracy 1829 61 in Mill A Collection of Critical Essays ed J B Schneewind New York Anchor Books 1968 pp 280 328 ed with H L A Hart An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham London The Athlone Press Press of the University of London 1970 Scotland and England Culture and Nationality 1500 1800 in Britain and the Netherlands 4 Mettropolis Dominion and Province ed J S Bromley and E H Kossmann The Hague Martinus Nijhff 1971 pp 17 41 The Rights of Man since the Reformation in An Introduction to the Study of Human Rights ed Sir F Vallat London Europa Publications 1971 pp 16 30 Utilitarianism and Democracy in Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill with Critical Essays ed S Gorovitz Indianapolis and New York Bobbs Merrill 1971 pp 269 72 The Bentham Project in Editing Texts of the Victorian Period ed J D Baird Toronto A M Hakkert for The Committee for the Conference on Editorial Problems 1972 pp 73 87 Bentham on Sovereignty An Exploration Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 24 1973 pp 399 116 Bentham s Critique of Political Fallacies in Jeremy Bentham Ten Critical Essays ed B Parekh London Frank Cass 1974 pp 154 67 Bentham on Sovereignty An Exploration in Bentham and Legal Theory ed M H James Belfast Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 1974 pp 133 50 The Light of Reason Philosophical History in the Two Mills in James and John Stuart Mill Papers of the Centenary Conference ed J M Robson and M Laine Toronto and Buffalo University of Toronto Press 1976 pp 3 20 ed with H L A Hart A Comment on the Commentaries and A Fragment on Government The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham London The Athlone Press of the University of London 1977 The Fabric of Felicity The Legislator and the Human Condition in The Study of Politics A Collection of Inaugural Lectures ed P King London Frank Cass 1977 pp 207 24 Dreams and Destinations Jeremy Bentham in 1828 The Bentham Newsletter 1 1978 pp 21 3 Ex uno plura The British Experience in Federalism History and Current Significance of a Form of Government ed J C Boogman and G N van der Plaat The Hague Martinus Nijhoff 1980 pp 189 21 Politia regalis et optima The Political Ideas of John Mair History of Political Thought 2 1981 pp 31 61 ed with F Rosen Constitutional Code Vol 1 The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham Oxford Clarendon Press 1983 Jus gladii and jurisdictio Jacques Almai and John Locke Historical Journal 1983 26 pp 369 74 St German Gerson Aquinas and Ulpian History of Political Thought 4 1983 pp 443 9 Jeremy Bentham From Radical Enlightenment to Philosophic Radicalism The Bentham Newsletter 8 1984 pp 4 14 Fortescue and the Political Theory of dominium Historical Journal 28 1985 pp 777 97 Scottish Philosophy and the Science of Legislation in Scottish Philosophers and the Specialisation of Knowledge Royal Society of Edinburgh Occasional Papers 2 6 1985 pp 11 29 From Polite Learning to Useful Knowledge History Today 36 April 1986 pp 21 9 Clio as a Governess Lessons in History 1798 History Today 36 August 1986 pp 10 15 Absolutism The History of an Idea The Creighton Trust Lecture 1986 London University of London 1987 ed The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c 350 c 1450 Cambridge University Press 1988 Bentham and Blackstone A Lifetime s Dialectic Utilitas 1 1989 pp 22 40 Utilitarianism and Reform Social Theory and Social Change 1750 1800 Utilitas 1 1989 pp 211 25 The Idea of Absolutism in Absolutism in Seventeenth Century Europe ed J Miller London Macmillan 1990 pp 21 42 John Ireland Theology and Public Affairs in the Late Fifteenth Century Innes Review 41 1990 pp 151 79 Bentham and Blackstone A Lifetime s Dialectic in Empire and Revolutions ed G J Schochet Proceedings of the Folger Institute Center for the History of British Political Thought Vol 6 1990 pp 22 40 ed with M Goldie The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450 1700 Cambridge University Press 1991 Thomas More A Saint for What Season The Newman no 22 1991 pp 2 6 Conciliarism Papalism and Power 1511 1518 in The Church and Sovereignty c 500 1918 Essays in Honour of Michael Wilks ed D Wood Oxford Basil Blackwell for the Ecclesiastical History Society 1991 pp 409 28 Viewpoint on Michael Oakeshott Cambridge Review 112 1991 pp 133 6 Lordship Kingship and Empire The Idea of Monarchy 1400 1525 The Carlyle Lectures 1988 Oxford Clarendon Press 1992 The Monarchia of Antonio de Roselli 1390 1466 Text Context and Controversy Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Medieval Canon Law San Diego 1988 Series C Subsidia 9 1992 pp 321 51 George Buchanan and the Anti Monarchomachs in Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain ed N Phillipson and Q Skinner Cambridge University Press 1993 pp 3 22 David Ure 1749 1793 Breadth of mind and accuracy of observation Glasgow Naturalist 22 1993 pp 259 75 Nature and Natural Authority in Bentham Utilitas 5 1993 pp 209 19 Conciliarism in Dictionary of Scottish Church History and Theology ed N M de S Cameron et al Edinburgh T and T Clark 1993 pp 201 2 George Buchanan and the anti Monarchomachs in Scots and Britons Scottish Political Thought and the Union of 1603 ed R A Mason Cambridge University Press 1994 pp 138 58 Jacques Almain on dominium A Neglected Text in Politics Ideology and the Law in Early Modern Eu and Woodbridge ed A E Bakos University of Rochester Press 1995 pp 149 58 The True Law of Kingship Concepts of Monarchy in Early Modern Scotland Oxford Clarendon Press 1996 John Knox Scholastic and Canonistic Echoes in John Knox and the British Reformations ed R A Mason Aldershot Scolar Ashgate 1998 pp 117 29 Notes edit a b c d e James Henderson Burns The Gifford Lectures website retrieved 12 January 2020 a b c d e f g h Professor J H Burns The Times 18 December 2012 p 54 Frederick Rosen Professor J H Burns 1921 2012 Utilitas Vol 25 No 2 June 2013 pp 137 139 External links editAppreciations of Professor J H Burns University College London Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title J H Burns amp oldid 1179177648, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
