The tribe's greatest diversity is in the Mediterranean, and most genera are native to Europe, Africa, the Canary Islands, India and southwest Asia. However, the largest genus, Lupinus, is most diverse in North and South America. Anarthrophytum and Sellocharis are also South American and Argyrolobium ranges into India.
… bilabiate calyces with a bifid upper lip and a trifid lower lip, … the lack of an aril, or the presence of an aril but on the short side of the seed, and stamen filaments fused in a closed tube with markedly dimorphic anthers … and presence of α-pyridone alkaloids.[2]
Old Englishbróm is from a common West Germanic*bráma- (Old High German brâmo, "bramble"), from a Germanic stem bræ̂m- from Proto-Indo-European *bh(e)rem- "to project; a point",[12] with an original sense of "thorny shrub" or similar. Use of the branches of these plants for sweeping gave rise to the term broom for sweeping tools in the 15th century, gradually replacing Old English besema (which survives as dialectal or archaic besom).[13]
CultivationEdit
Cytisus scoparius, Common Broom. 1. Two-lipped calyx. 2. Broadly ovate vexillum or standard. 3. One of the alae or wings of the corolla. 4. Carina or keel. 5. Monadelphous stamens. 6. Hairy ovary with the long style, thickened upwards, and spirally curved. 7. Legume or pod.
Brooms tolerate (and often thrive best in) poor soils and growing conditions. In cultivation they need little care, though they need good drainage and perform poorly on wet soils.
Species of broom popular in horticulture are purple broom (Chamaecytisus purpureus; purple flowers), Atlas broom (or Moroccan broom) (Argyrocytisus battandieri, with silvery foliage), dwarf broom (Cytisus procumbens), Provence broom (Cytisus purgans) and Spanish broom (Spartium junceum).
Many of the most popular brooms in gardens are hybrids, notably Kew broom (Cytisus ×kewensis, hybrid between C. ardoinii and C. multiflorus) and Warminster broom (Cytisus ×praecox, hybrid between C. purgans and C. multiflorus).
Invasive speciesEdit
On the east and west coasts of North America, common broom (Cytisus scoparius) was introduced as an ornamental plant (e.g.:California since the 1860s).[14] It is known in much of the Pacific Northwest as Scotch broom. It has become a naturalised invasive weed, and due to its aggressive seed dispersal broom removal has proved very difficult. Similarly, it is a major problem species in the cooler and wetter areas of southern Australia and New Zealand. Biological control for broom in New Zealand has been investigated since the mid-1980s. On the west coast of the United States, French broom (Genista monspessulana), Mediterranean broom (Genista linifolia) and Spanish broom (Spartium junceum) are also considered noxious invasives, as broom quickly crowds out native vegetation, and grow most prolifically in the least accessible areas.
The Plantagenet kings used common broom (known as planta genista in Latin) as an emblem and took their name from it. It was originally the emblem of Geoffrey of Anjou, father of Henry II of England. Wild broom is still common in dry habitats around Anjou, France.
Genista tinctoria (dyer's broom, also known as dyer's greenweed or dyer's greenwood), provides a useful yellow dye and was grown commercially for this purpose in parts of Britain into the early 19th century. Woollen cloth, mordanted with alum, was dyed yellow with dyer's greenweed, then dipped into a vat of blue dye (woad or, later, indigo) to produce the once-famous "Kendal Green" (largely superseded by the brighter "Saxon Green" in the 1770s). Kendal green is a local common name for the plant.
The flower buds and flowers of Cytisus scoparius have been used as a salad ingredient, raw or pickled, and were a popular ingredient for salmagundi or "grand sallet" during the 17th and 18th century. There are now concerns about the toxicity of broom, with potential effects on the heart and problems during pregnancy.[citation needed]
^Wojciechowski, MF (2013). "Towards a new classification of Leguminosae: Naming clades using non-Linnaean phylogenetic nomenclature". S Afr J Bot. 89: 85–93. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.017.
^ abCardoso, D.; Pennington, RT; de Queiroz, LP; Boatwright, JS; Van Wyk, B-E; Wojciechowski, MF; Lavin, M. (2013). "Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes". S Afr J Bot. 89: 58–75. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001.
^Polhill, RM; van Wyk, B-E. (2013). "Kew entry for Genisteae". www.kew.org. London, England: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
^Boatwright, JS; Savolainen, V; Van Wyk, B-E; Schutte-Vlok, AL; Forest, F; Van der Bank, M. (2008). "Systematic position of the anomalous genus Cadia and the phylogeny of the tribe Podalyrieae (Fabaceae)". Syst Bot. 33 (1): 133–147. doi:10.1600/036364408783887500. S2CID 53341490.
^Lavin, M; Herendeen, PS; Wojciechowski, MF (2005). "Evolutionary rates analysis of Leguminosae implicates a rapid diversification of lineages during the tertiary". Syst Biol. 54 (4): 575–94. doi:10.1080/10635150590947131. PMID 16085576.
^van Wyk BE, Schutte AL (1995). "Phylogenetic relationships in the tribes Podalyrieae, Liparieae and Crotalarieae". In Crisp M, Doyle JJ (eds.). Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 7: Phylogeny. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 283–308. ISBN0947643796.
^Doyle JJ, Chappill JA, Bailey CD, Kajita T (2000). "Towards a comprehensive phylogeny of legumes: evidence from rbcL sequences and non-molecular data". In Herendeen PS, Bruneau A (eds.). Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 9. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 1–20. ISBN184246017X.
^Boatwright JS, le Roux MM, Wink M, Morozova T, van Wyk BE (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships of tribe Crotalarieae (Fabaceae) inferred from DNA sequences and morphology". Syst Bot. 33 (4): 752–761. doi:10.1600/036364408786500271. JSTOR 40211942. S2CID 85801868.
^ abVan Wyk B-E. (2003). "The value of chemosystematics in clarifying relationships in the Genistoid tribes of papilionoid legumes". Biochem Syst Ecol. 31 (8): 875–884. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00083-8.
^Wink M, Mohamed GI (2003). "Evolution of chemical defense traits in the Leguminosae: mapping of distribution patterns of secondary metabolites on a molecular phylogeny inferred from nucleotide sequences of the rbcL gene". Biochem Syst Ecol. 31 (8): 897–917. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00085-1.
^"broom - Origin and meaning of broom by Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
^Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN978-0199206872.
^Nichols JG. (1842). "III. Observations on the Heraldic Devices discovered on the Effigies of Richard the Second and his Queen in Westminster Abbey, and upon the Mode in which those Ornaments were executed; including some Remarks on the surname Plantagenet, and on the Ostrich Feathers of the Prince of Wales". In Society of Antiquaries of London (ed.). Archaeologia: or, Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity. Vol. XXIX. J. B. Nichols and Son, London. p. 45.
genisteae, brooms, zealand, carmichaelia, tribe, trees, shrubs, herbaceous, plants, subfamily, faboideae, family, fabaceae, includes, number, well, known, plants, including, broom, lupine, lupin, gorse, laburnum, french, broom, genista, monspessulanascientific. For the brooms of New Zealand see Carmichaelia Genisteae is a tribe of trees shrubs and herbaceous plants in the subfamily Faboideae of the family Fabaceae It includes a number of well known plants including broom lupine lupin gorse and laburnum GenisteaeFrench broom Genista monspessulanaScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder FabalesFamily FabaceaeSubfamily FaboideaeClade Meso PapilionoideaeClade GenistoidsClade Core GenistoidsTribe Genisteae Bronn Dumort 1827 1 Genera 2 3 Adenocarpus DC Anarthrophyllum Benth Argyrocytisus Maire Frodin amp Heywood ex Raynaud Argyrolobium Eckl amp Zeyh Calicotome Link Note 1 Chamaecytisus Link Note 1 Cytisophyllum O Lang Cytisus Desf Dichilus DC Echinospartum Spach Fourr Note 2 Erinacea Adans Genista L Gonocytisus Spach Hesperolaburnum Maire Laburnocytisus C K Schneid Note 3 Laburnum Fabr Lembotropis Griseb Note 1 Lupinus L Melolobium Eckl amp Zeyh Petteria C Presl Podocytisus Boiss amp Heldr Polhillia C H Stirt Retama Raf Note 2 Sellocharis Taub Spartium L Stauracanthus Link Note 2 Ulex L Note 2 Synonyms 4 Cytiseae Horan 1847 Laburneae Rouy Hutch 1964 Lupineae Rouy Hutch 1964 Genisteae subtribe Genistinae Bronn 1822 Uliceae Webb 1852The tribe s greatest diversity is in the Mediterranean and most genera are native to Europe Africa the Canary Islands India and southwest Asia However the largest genus Lupinus is most diverse in North and South America Anarthrophytum and Sellocharis are also South American and Argyrolobium ranges into India Contents 1 Description 2 Name 3 Cultivation 3 1 Invasive species 4 Historical uses 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further readingDescription EditThe Genisteae arose 32 3 2 9 million years ago in the Oligocene 5 6 The members of this tribe consistently form a monophyletic clade in molecular phylogenetic analyses 7 8 9 The tribe does not currently have a node based definition but several morphological synapomorphies have been identified bilabiate calyces with a bifid upper lip and a trifid lower lip the lack of an aril or the presence of an aril but on the short side of the seed and stamen filaments fused in a closed tube with markedly dimorphic anthers and presence of a pyridone alkaloids 2 Most and possibly all genera in the tribe produce 5 O methylgenistein 10 Many genera also accumulate quinolizidine alkaloids ammodendrine type dipiperidine alkaloids and macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloids 11 10 Name EditOld English brom is from a common West Germanic brama Old High German bramo bramble from a Germanic stem brae m from Proto Indo European bh e rem to project a point 12 with an original sense of thorny shrub or similar Use of the branches of these plants for sweeping gave rise to the term broom for sweeping tools in the 15th century gradually replacing Old English besema which survives as dialectal or archaic besom 13 Cultivation Edit Cytisus scoparius Common Broom 1 Two lipped calyx 2 Broadly ovate vexillum or standard 3 One of the alae or wings of the corolla 4 Carina or keel 5 Monadelphous stamens 6 Hairy ovary with the long style thickened upwards and spirally curved 7 Legume or pod Brooms tolerate and often thrive best in poor soils and growing conditions In cultivation they need little care though they need good drainage and perform poorly on wet soils They are widely used as ornamental landscape plants and also for wasteland reclamation e g mine tailings and sand dune stabilising Tagasaste Chamaecytisus proliferus a Canary Islands native is widely grown as sheep fodder Species of broom popular in horticulture are purple broom Chamaecytisus purpureus purple flowers Atlas broom or Moroccan broom Argyrocytisus battandieri with silvery foliage dwarf broom Cytisus procumbens Provence broom Cytisus purgans and Spanish broom Spartium junceum Many of the most popular brooms in gardens are hybrids notably Kew broom Cytisus kewensis hybrid between C ardoinii and C multiflorus and Warminster broom Cytisus praecox hybrid between C purgans and C multiflorus Invasive species Edit On the east and west coasts of North America common broom Cytisus scoparius was introduced as an ornamental plant e g California since the 1860s 14 It is known in much of the Pacific Northwest as Scotch broom It has become a naturalised invasive weed and due to its aggressive seed dispersal broom removal has proved very difficult Similarly it is a major problem species in the cooler and wetter areas of southern Australia and New Zealand Biological control for broom in New Zealand has been investigated since the mid 1980s On the west coast of the United States French broom Genista monspessulana Mediterranean broom Genista linifolia and Spanish broom Spartium junceum are also considered noxious invasives as broom quickly crowds out native vegetation and grow most prolifically in the least accessible areas brooms in spring at Fondachelli Fantina SicilyHistorical uses Edit Broom plant The Plantagenet kings used common broom known as planta genista in Latin as an emblem and took their name from it It was originally the emblem of Geoffrey of Anjou father of Henry II of England Wild broom is still common in dry habitats around Anjou France Charles V and his son Charles VI of France used the pod of the broom plant broom cod or cosse de geneste as an emblem for livery collars and badges 15 Genista tinctoria dyer s broom also known as dyer s greenweed or dyer s greenwood provides a useful yellow dye and was grown commercially for this purpose in parts of Britain into the early 19th century Woollen cloth mordanted with alum was dyed yellow with dyer s greenweed then dipped into a vat of blue dye woad or later indigo to produce the once famous Kendal Green largely superseded by the brighter Saxon Green in the 1770s Kendal green is a local common name for the plant The flower buds and flowers of Cytisus scoparius have been used as a salad ingredient raw or pickled and were a popular ingredient for salmagundi or grand sallet during the 17th and 18th century There are now concerns about the toxicity of broom with potential effects on the heart and problems during pregnancy citation needed Scotch Broom is the Plant Badge of Clan Forbes See also EditOrder of the Broom cod Cytisus scoparius Scotch Broom Notes Edit a b c Often treated as a section of Cytisus rather than a segregate genus citation needed a b c d Often treated as a section of Genista rather than a segregate genus citation needed Not a true genus It is a graft chimera between Laburnum and Cytisus References Edit Wojciechowski MF 2013 Towards a new classification of Leguminosae Naming clades using non Linnaean phylogenetic nomenclature S Afr J Bot 89 85 93 doi 10 1016 j sajb 2013 06 017 a b Cardoso D Pennington RT de Queiroz LP Boatwright JS Van Wyk B E Wojciechowski MF Lavin M 2013 Reconstructing the deep branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes S Afr J Bot 89 58 75 doi 10 1016 j sajb 2013 05 001 USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program 2003 GRIN genus records of Genisteae Germplasm Resources Information Network GRIN Online Database Beltsville Maryland National Germplasm Resources Laboratory Archived from the original on 15 October 2008 Retrieved 4 August 2010 Polhill RM van Wyk B E 2013 Kew entry for Genisteae www kew org London England Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Archived from the original on 20 March 2014 Retrieved 31 March 2014 Boatwright JS Savolainen V Van Wyk B E Schutte Vlok AL Forest F Van der Bank M 2008 Systematic position of the anomalous genus Cadia and the phylogeny of the tribe Podalyrieae Fabaceae Syst Bot 33 1 133 147 doi 10 1600 036364408783887500 S2CID 53341490 Lavin M Herendeen PS Wojciechowski MF 2005 Evolutionary rates analysis of Leguminosae implicates a rapid diversification of lineages during the tertiary Syst Biol 54 4 575 94 doi 10 1080 10635150590947131 PMID 16085576 van Wyk BE Schutte AL 1995 Phylogenetic relationships in the tribes Podalyrieae Liparieae and Crotalarieae In Crisp M Doyle JJ eds Advances in Legume Systematics Part 7 Phylogeny Royal Botanic Gardens Kew pp 283 308 ISBN 0947643796 Doyle JJ Chappill JA Bailey CD Kajita T 2000 Towards a comprehensive phylogeny of legumes evidence from rbcL sequences and non molecular data In Herendeen PS Bruneau A eds Advances in Legume Systematics Part 9 Royal Botanic Gardens Kew pp 1 20 ISBN 184246017X Boatwright JS le Roux MM Wink M Morozova T van Wyk BE 2008 Phylogenetic relationships of tribe Crotalarieae Fabaceae inferred from DNA sequences and morphology Syst Bot 33 4 752 761 doi 10 1600 036364408786500271 JSTOR 40211942 S2CID 85801868 a b Van Wyk B E 2003 The value of chemosystematics in clarifying relationships in the Genistoid tribes of papilionoid legumes Biochem Syst Ecol 31 8 875 884 doi 10 1016 S0305 1978 03 00083 8 Wink M Mohamed GI 2003 Evolution of chemical defense traits in the Leguminosae mapping of distribution patterns of secondary metabolites on a molecular phylogeny inferred from nucleotide sequences of the rbcL gene Biochem Syst Ecol 31 8 897 917 doi 10 1016 S0305 1978 03 00085 1 broom Origin and meaning of broom by Online Etymology Dictionary etymonline com Shorter Oxford English dictionary 6th ed United Kingdom Oxford University Press 2007 p 3804 ISBN 978 0199206872 http www invasive org gist moredocs cytsco01 pdf bare URL PDF Nichols JG 1842 III Observations on the Heraldic Devices discovered on the Effigies of Richard the Second and his Queen in Westminster Abbey and upon the Mode in which those Ornaments were executed including some Remarks on the surname Plantagenet and on the Ostrich Feathers of the Prince of Wales In Society of Antiquaries of London ed Archaeologia or Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity Vol XXIX J B Nichols and Son London p 45 Further reading EditMabey Richard Flora Britannica Sinclair Stevenson London 1996 ISBN 1 85619 377 2 Royal Horticultural Society s plant database Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Genisteae amp oldid 1150926000, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
