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Gamma Andromedae

January 13, 2023

Not to be confused with Y Andromedae.

Gamma Andromedae, Latinized from γ Andromedae, is the third-brightest point of light in the northern constellation of Andromeda. It is a multiple star system approximately 350 light-years from Earth. The system is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity in the range of −12 to −14 km/s.[5]

γ1 Andromedae
(γ Andromedae A)
Location of γ Andromedae (circled)
Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS)
Constellation Andromeda
Right ascension 02h 03m 53.95229s[1]
Declination +42° 19′ 47.0223″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 2.27[2]
Characteristics
Evolutionary stage post-AGB[3]
Spectral type K2+IIb[4]
U−B color index +1.58[2]
B−V color index +1.37[2]
R−I color index +0.68[2]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)−11.7±0.9[5] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: 42.32[1] mas/yr
Dec.: −49.30[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)8.30 ± 1.04 mas[1]
Distanceapprox. 390 ly
(approx. 120 pc)
Details
Mass23.7±0.1[6] M☉
Radius80[7] R☉
Luminosity2,000[7] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)2.0[8] cgs
Temperature4,250[3] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]−0.06[3] dex
Rotational velocity (v sin i)< 17[2] km/s
Age6.5±0.1[6] Myr
Orbit[9]
Primaryγ1 Andromedae
Companionγ2 Andromedae
Period (P)4,748 yr
Other designations
Almach, Almaach, Almak, Almaak, Alamak, γ1 And, Gamma1 Andromedae, Gamma1 And, γ Andromedae A, γ And A, Gamma Andromedae A, Gamma And A, 57 Andromedae A, 57 And A, BD+41 395, FK5 73, GC 2477, HD 12533, HIP 9640, HR 603, SAO 37734, PPM 44721, ADS 1630 A, CCDM J02039+4220A, WDS 02039+4220A[2][10][11]
Database references
SIMBADdata

Observation

 
An image of γ Andromedae as it appears in a small telescope

In 1778, German physicist Johann Tobias Mayer discovered that γ Andromedae is a double star. When examined in a small telescope, it appears to be a bright, golden-yellow star next to a dimmer, indigo-blue star, separated by approximately 10 arcseconds. The pair is often considered by stargazers to be a beautiful double star with a striking contrast of color.[12]

The brighter member, γ1 Andromedae, is the primary of the system, and is thus designated component γ Andromedae A. It has the official proper name Almach /ˈælmæk/, which was used as the traditional name of the naked eye star, and thus the system as a whole.[13][14] The fainter secondary is γ2 Andromedae or γ Andromedae B. It was later discovered that γ2 Andromedae is itself a triple star system. What appears as a single star to the naked eye is thus a quadruple star system.[12][15]

Nomenclature

γ Andromedae (Latinised to Gamma Andromedae) is the system's Bayer designation; γ1 and γ2 Andromedae those of its two constituents. The designations of those constituents as Gamma Andromedae A and B derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).[16] In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[17] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Almach for the component Gamma Andromedae A on 20 July 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.[14]

Almach was the traditional name (also spelt as Almaach, Almaack, Almak, Almaak, or Alamak), derived from the Arabic العناق (al-‘anāq),[18] "the caracal" (desert lynx).[19] Another term for this star used by medieval astronomers writing in Arabic was رجل المسلسلة (Rijl al Musalsalah), "Foot of The [Chained] Woman".[18] In the catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Al Achsasi al Mouakket, this star was designated الخامس النعامة (Al Khamis al Na'amah), which was translated into Latin as Quinta Struthionum, meaning the fifth ostrich.[20][21]

In Chinese, 天大將軍 (Tiān Dà Jiāng Jūn), meaning Heaven's Great General, refers to an asterism consisting of γ Andromedae, φ Persei, 51 Andromedae, 49 Andromedae, χ Andromedae, υ Andromedae, τ Andromedae, 56 Andromedae, β Trianguli, γ Trianguli and δ Trianguli. Consequently, the Chinese name for γ Andromedae itself is 天大將軍一 (Tiān Dà Jiāng Jūn yī, English: the First Star of Heaven's Great General).[22]

In the Babylonian star catalogues, γ Andromedae, together with Triangulum, formed the constellation known as MULAPIN (𒀯𒀳) "The Plough".[23] Astrologically, this star was considered "honourable and eminent".[24]

Stellar properties

 
Components of the γ Andromedae system (not to scale)
γ2 Andromedae
(γ Andromedae BC)
Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS)
Constellation Andromeda
Right ascension 02h 03m 54.720s (B)[25]
Declination +42° 19′ 51.41″ (B)[25]
Apparent magnitude (V) 4.84 (BC combined)

5.5 (B)
6.3 (C)[26]

Characteristics
Spectral type B9.5V/B9.5V (B)

A0V (C)[27]

U−B color index −0.12[26]
B−V color index +0.03[26]
Astrometry
B
Radial velocity (Rv)−14.0±5[5] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: 30.021[28] mas/yr
Dec.: −51.640[28] mas/yr
Parallax (π)12.5653 ± 0.5881 mas[28]
Distance260 ± 10 ly
(80 ± 4 pc)
Orbit[29]
Primaryγ2 And B
Period (P)63.67±1.0 yr
Semi-major axis (a)0.302±0.001″
Eccentricity (e)0.927±0.03
Inclination (i)109.8±5.0°
Longitude of the node (Ω)109.6±5.0°
Periastron epoch (T)2015.5±1.5 MJD
Argument of periastron (ω)
(secondary)		183.4±15.0°
Position (relative to γ1 And)
Epoch of observation2004
Angular distance9.6″ [11]
Position angle63° [11]
Other designations
Database references
SIMBADdata

γ1 Andromedae (A component) is a massive bright giant star with a spectral classification of K2+IIb,[4] and is presently at an evolutionary stage following the asymptotic giant branch.[3] It does not display a chemical enhancement of s-process elements.[8] The star has an apparent visual magnitude of approximately 2.26.[2] It has an estimated 24 times the mass of the Sun with an age of 6.5 million years.[6]

γ2 Andromedae (BC component), with an overall apparent visual magnitude of 4.84,[26] is 9.6 arcseconds away from γ1 Andromedae at a position angle of 63 degrees.[11]

γ1 and γ2 have an orbital period of approximately 5,000 years.[9]

In October 1842, Wilhelm Struve found that γ2 Andromedae was itself a double star whose components were separated by less than an arcsecond.[18] The components are an object of apparent visual magnitude 5.5, γ Andromedae B, and an A-type main-sequence star with apparent visual magnitude 6.3, γ Andromedae C.[26] They have an orbital period of about 64 years and a high eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.927.[29] Spectrograms taken from 1957 to 1959 revealed that γ Andromedae B was itself a spectroscopic binary, composed of two B-type main-sequence stars orbiting each other with a period of 2.67 days.[31] The two orbits may be coplanar.[29] At present the angular distance between both stars is 0.16 arcsecond [1].

Almach as a name

USS Almaack (AKA-10) was the name of United States navy ship.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e van Leeuwen, F. (2007), "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 474 (2): 653–664, arXiv:0708.1752, Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357, S2CID 18759600.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Hoffleit, Dorrit; Jaschek, Carlos (1991). The Bright star catalogue. Bibcode:1991bsc..book.....H. "database entry". CDS. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  3. ^ a b c d Rao, S. Sumangala; Giridhar, Sunetra; Lambert, David L. (January 2012). "Chemical composition of a sample of candidate post-asymptotic giant branch stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 419 (2): 1254–1270. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.419.1254R. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19780.x.
  4. ^ a b Keenan, Philip C.; McNeil, Raymond C. (1989), "The Perkins catalog of revised MK types for the cooler stars", Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 71: 245, Bibcode:1989ApJS...71..245K, doi:10.1086/191373.
  5. ^ a b c Wilson, Ralph Elmer (1953). "General catalogue of stellar radial velocities". Carnegie Institute Washington D.C. Publication. Bibcode:1953GCRV..C......0W.
  6. ^ a b c Tetzlaff, N.; Neuhäuser, R.; Hohle, M. M. (January 2011). "A catalogue of young runaway Hipparcos stars within 3 kpc from the Sun". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 410 (1): 190–200. arXiv:1007.4883. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.410..190T. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17434.x. S2CID 118629873.
  7. ^ a b Jim Kaler. "Almach". Stars. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  8. ^ a b Giridhar, Sunetra; Arellano Ferro, A. (November 2005). "Chemical composition of evolved stars of high galactic latitude". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 443 (1): 297–308. arXiv:astro-ph/0509061. Bibcode:2005A&A...443..297G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041495. S2CID 18557538.
  9. ^ a b Tokovinin, A. A. "HIP 9640". Multiple Star Catalogue. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  10. ^ "* gam01 And". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
  11. ^ a b c d e Mason, Brian D.; Wycoff, Gary L.; Hartkopf, William I.; Douglass, Geoffrey G.; Worley, Charles E. (2001). "The 2001 US Naval Observatory Double Star CD-ROM. I. The Washington Double Star Catalog". The Astronomical Journal. 122 (6): 3466. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.3466M. doi:10.1086/323920. . The Washington Double Star Catalog. Archived from the original on 2006-02-20. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  12. ^ a b Robert Burnham (1 January 1978). Andromeda-Cetus. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-23567-7.
  13. ^ Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7.
  14. ^ a b "Naming Stars". IAU.org. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  15. ^ A. A. Tokovinin. "MSC - a catalogue of physical multiple stars". CDS. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  16. ^ Hessman, F. V.; Dhillon, V. S.; Winget, D. E.; Schreiber, M. R.; Horne, K.; Marsh, T. R.; Guenther, E.; Schwope, A.; Heber, U. (2010). "On the naming convention used for multiple star systems and extrasolar planets". arXiv:1012.0707 [astro-ph.SR].
  17. ^ "IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)". Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  18. ^ a b c Richard Hinckley Allen (1899). Star-names and Their Meanings. New York: G.E. Stechert. pp. 36–37.
  19. ^ Ridpath, Ian (1988). Star Tales. ISBN 0-7188-2695-7.
  20. ^ Knobel, E. B. (June 1895). "Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, on a catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Mohammad Al Achsasi Al Mouakket". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 55 (8): 429. Bibcode:1895MNRAS..55..429K. doi:10.1093/mnras/55.8.429.
  21. ^ Richard H. Allen (28 February 2013). Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-13766-7. η Cet (Deneb Algenubi), θ Cet (Deneb Algenubi), τ Cet (Durre Menthor), ζ Cet (Baten Kaitos), and υ Cet, were Al Naʽāmāt, the Hen Ostriches.
  22. ^ (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 10 日
  23. ^ Rogers, J. H. (1998). "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 108: 9. Bibcode:1998JBAA..108....9R.
  24. ^ William Tyler Olcott (December 1985). Star Lore of All Ages. Health Research Books. ISBN 978-0-7873-1096-7.
  25. ^ a b Component 2, HIP 9640, database entry, Hipparcos catalogue, CDS ID I/239.
  26. ^ a b c d e Hoffleit, Dorrit; Jaschek, Carlos (1991). The Bright star catalogue. Bibcode:1991bsc..book.....H. "database entry". CDS. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  27. ^ Entry 02039+4220, discoverer code STT  38BC, The Washington Double Star Catalog 2006-02-20 at the Wayback Machine, United States Naval Observatory. Accessed on line August 19, 2008.
  28. ^ a b c Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR.
  29. ^ a b c Docobo, J. A.; Ling, J. F. (April 2007). "Orbits and System Masses of 14 Visual Double Stars with Early-Type Components". The Astronomical Journal. 133 (4): 1209–1216. Bibcode:2007AJ....133.1209D. doi:10.1086/511070.
  30. ^ "* gam02 And". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
  31. ^ Maestre, L. A.; Wright, J. A. (1960). "A Preliminary Study of the Spectroscopic Binary Gamma Andromedae B". The Astrophysical Journal. 131: 119. Bibcode:1960ApJ...131..119M. doi:10.1086/146813.

External links

  • Almaak (Gamma Andromedae) at The Internet Encyclopedia of Science
  • Image ALMACH
  • Gamma Andromedae on WikiSky: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, Hydrogen α, X-Ray, Astrophoto, Sky Map, Articles and images


January 13, 2023
gamma, andromedae, confused, with, andromedae, latinized, from, andromedae, third, brightest, point, light, northern, constellation, andromeda, multiple, star, system, approximately, light, years, from, earth, system, drifting, closer, with, radial, velocity, . Not to be confused with Y Andromedae Gamma Andromedae Latinized from g Andromedae is the third brightest point of light in the northern constellation of Andromeda It is a multiple star system approximately 350 light years from Earth The system is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity in the range of 12 to 14 km s 5 g1 Andromedae g Andromedae A Location of g Andromedae circled Observation dataEpoch J2000 0 Equinox J2000 0 ICRS Constellation AndromedaRight ascension 02h 03m 53 95229s 1 Declination 42 19 47 0223 1 Apparent magnitude V 2 27 2 CharacteristicsEvolutionary stage post AGB 3 Spectral type K2 IIb 4 U B color index 1 58 2 B V color index 1 37 2 R I color index 0 68 2 AstrometryRadial velocity Rv 11 7 0 9 5 km sProper motion m RA 42 32 1 mas yr Dec 49 30 1 mas yrParallax p 8 30 1 04 mas 1 Distanceapprox 390 ly approx 120 pc DetailsMass23 7 0 1 6 M Radius80 7 R Luminosity2 000 7 L Surface gravity log g 2 0 8 cgsTemperature4 250 3 KMetallicity Fe H 0 06 3 dexRotational velocity v sin i lt 17 2 km sAge6 5 0 1 6 MyrOrbit 9 Primaryg1 AndromedaeCompaniong2 AndromedaePeriod P 4 748 yrOther designationsAlmach Almaach Almak Almaak Alamak g1 And Gamma1 Andromedae Gamma1 And g Andromedae A g And A Gamma Andromedae A Gamma And A 57 Andromedae A 57 And A BD 41 395 FK5 73 GC 2477 HD 12533 HIP 9640 HR 603 SAO 37734 PPM 44721 ADS 1630 A CCDM J02039 4220A WDS 02039 4220A 2 10 11 Database referencesSIMBADdata Contents 1 Observation 2 Nomenclature 3 Stellar properties 4 Almach as a name 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksObservation Edit An image of g Andromedae as it appears in a small telescope In 1778 German physicist Johann Tobias Mayer discovered that g Andromedae is a double star When examined in a small telescope it appears to be a bright golden yellow star next to a dimmer indigo blue star separated by approximately 10 arcseconds The pair is often considered by stargazers to be a beautiful double star with a striking contrast of color 12 The brighter member g1 Andromedae is the primary of the system and is thus designated component g Andromedae A It has the official proper name Almach ˈ ae l m ae k which was used as the traditional name of the naked eye star and thus the system as a whole 13 14 The fainter secondary is g2 Andromedae or g Andromedae B It was later discovered that g2 Andromedae is itself a triple star system What appears as a single star to the naked eye is thus a quadruple star system 12 15 Nomenclature Editg Andromedae Latinised to Gamma Andromedae is the system s Bayer designation g1 and g2 Andromedae those of its two constituents The designations of those constituents as Gamma Andromedae A and B derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog WMC for multiple star systems and adopted by the International Astronomical Union IAU 16 In 2016 the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names WGSN 17 to catalog and standardize proper names for stars The WGSN approved the name Almach for the component Gamma Andromedae A on 20 July 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU approved Star Names 14 Almach was the traditional name also spelt as Almaach Almaack Almak Almaak or Alamak derived from the Arabic العناق al anaq 18 the caracal desert lynx 19 Another term for this star used by medieval astronomers writing in Arabic was رجل المسلسلة Rijl al Musalsalah Foot of The Chained Woman 18 In the catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Al Achsasi al Mouakket this star was designated الخامس النعامة Al Khamis al Na amah which was translated into Latin as Quinta Struthionum meaning the fifth ostrich 20 21 In Chinese 天大將軍 Tian Da Jiang Jun meaning Heaven s Great General refers to an asterism consisting of g Andromedae f Persei 51 Andromedae 49 Andromedae x Andromedae y Andromedae t Andromedae 56 Andromedae b Trianguli g Trianguli and d Trianguli Consequently the Chinese name for g Andromedae itself is 天大將軍一 Tian Da Jiang Jun yi English the First Star of Heaven s Great General 22 In the Babylonian star catalogues g Andromedae together with Triangulum formed the constellation known as MULAPIN 𒀯𒀳 The Plough 23 Astrologically this star was considered honourable and eminent 24 Stellar properties Edit Components of the g Andromedae system not to scale g2 Andromedae g Andromedae BC Observation dataEpoch J2000 0 Equinox J2000 0 ICRS Constellation AndromedaRight ascension 02h 03m 54 720s B 25 Declination 42 19 51 41 B 25 Apparent magnitude V 4 84 BC combined 5 5 B 6 3 C 26 CharacteristicsSpectral type B9 5V B9 5V B A0V C 27 U B color index 0 12 26 B V color index 0 03 26 AstrometryBRadial velocity Rv 14 0 5 5 km sProper motion m RA 30 021 28 mas yr Dec 51 640 28 mas yrParallax p 12 5653 0 5881 mas 28 Distance260 10 ly 80 4 pc Orbit 29 Primaryg2 And BPeriod P 63 67 1 0 yrSemi major axis a 0 302 0 001 Eccentricity e 0 927 0 03Inclination i 109 8 5 0 Longitude of the node W 109 6 5 0 Periastron epoch T 2015 5 1 5 MJDArgument of periastron w secondary 183 4 15 0 Position relative to g1 And Epoch of observation2004Angular distance9 6 11 Position angle63 11 Other designationsg2 And Gamma2 Andromedae Gamma2 And g Andromedae BC g And BC Gamma Andromedae BC Gamma And BC 57 Andromedae BC 57 And BC HD 12534 HIP 9640 HR 604 SAO 37735 WDS 02039 4220BC 30 11 Database referencesSIMBADdatag1 Andromedae A component is a massive bright giant star with a spectral classification of K2 IIb 4 and is presently at an evolutionary stage following the asymptotic giant branch 3 It does not display a chemical enhancement of s process elements 8 The star has an apparent visual magnitude of approximately 2 26 2 It has an estimated 24 times the mass of the Sun with an age of 6 5 million years 6 g2 Andromedae BC component with an overall apparent visual magnitude of 4 84 26 is 9 6 arcseconds away from g1 Andromedae at a position angle of 63 degrees 11 g1 and g2 have an orbital period of approximately 5 000 years 9 In October 1842 Wilhelm Struve found that g2 Andromedae was itself a double star whose components were separated by less than an arcsecond 18 The components are an object of apparent visual magnitude 5 5 g Andromedae B and an A type main sequence star with apparent visual magnitude 6 3 g Andromedae C 26 They have an orbital period of about 64 years and a high eccentricity ovalness of 0 927 29 Spectrograms taken from 1957 to 1959 revealed that g Andromedae B was itself a spectroscopic binary composed of two B type main sequence stars orbiting each other with a period of 2 67 days 31 The two orbits may be coplanar 29 At present the angular distance between both stars is 0 16 arcsecond 1 Almach as a name EditUSS Almaack AKA 10 was the name of United States navy ship See also EditNGC 752References Edit a b c d e van Leeuwen F 2007 Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction Astronomy and Astrophysics 474 2 653 664 arXiv 0708 1752 Bibcode 2007A amp A 474 653V doi 10 1051 0004 6361 20078357 S2CID 18759600 a b c d e f g Hoffleit Dorrit Jaschek Carlos 1991 The Bright star catalogue Bibcode 1991bsc book H database entry CDS Retrieved 2019 11 19 a b c d Rao S Sumangala Giridhar Sunetra Lambert David L January 2012 Chemical composition of a sample of candidate post asymptotic giant branch stars Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 419 2 1254 1270 Bibcode 2012MNRAS 419 1254R doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2011 19780 x a b Keenan Philip C McNeil Raymond C 1989 The Perkins catalog of revised MK types for the cooler stars Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 71 245 Bibcode 1989ApJS 71 245K doi 10 1086 191373 a b c Wilson Ralph Elmer 1953 General catalogue of stellar radial velocities Carnegie Institute Washington D C Publication Bibcode 1953GCRV C 0W a b c Tetzlaff N Neuhauser R Hohle M M January 2011 A catalogue of young runaway Hipparcos stars within 3 kpc from the Sun Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 410 1 190 200 arXiv 1007 4883 Bibcode 2011MNRAS 410 190T doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2010 17434 x S2CID 118629873 a b Jim Kaler Almach Stars Retrieved 2019 11 19 a b Giridhar Sunetra Arellano Ferro A November 2005 Chemical composition of evolved stars of high galactic latitude Astronomy and Astrophysics 443 1 297 308 arXiv astro ph 0509061 Bibcode 2005A amp A 443 297G doi 10 1051 0004 6361 20041495 S2CID 18557538 a b Tokovinin A A HIP 9640 Multiple Star Catalogue Retrieved 2019 11 19 gam01 And SIMBAD Centre de donnees astronomiques de Strasbourg Retrieved August 19 2008 a b c d e Mason Brian D Wycoff Gary L Hartkopf William I Douglass Geoffrey G Worley Charles E 2001 The 2001 US Naval Observatory Double Star CD ROM I The Washington Double Star Catalog The Astronomical Journal 122 6 3466 Bibcode 2001AJ 122 3466M doi 10 1086 323920 02039 4220 components A BC The Washington Double Star Catalog Archived from the original on 2006 02 20 Retrieved 2019 11 19 a b Robert Burnham 1 January 1978 Andromeda Cetus Courier Corporation ISBN 978 0 486 23567 7 Kunitzsch Paul Smart Tim 2006 A Dictionary of Modern star Names A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations 2nd rev ed Cambridge Massachusetts Sky Publishing Company ISBN 978 1 931559 44 7 a b Naming Stars IAU org Retrieved 16 December 2017 A A Tokovinin MSC a catalogue of physical multiple stars CDS Retrieved 2019 11 19 Hessman F V Dhillon V S Winget D E Schreiber M R Horne K Marsh T R Guenther E Schwope A Heber U 2010 On the naming convention used for multiple star systems and extrasolar planets arXiv 1012 0707 astro ph SR IAU Working Group on Star Names WGSN Retrieved 22 May 2016 a b c Richard Hinckley Allen 1899 Star names and Their Meanings New York G E Stechert pp 36 37 Ridpath Ian 1988 Star Tales ISBN 0 7188 2695 7 Knobel E B June 1895 Al Achsasi Al Mouakket on a catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Mohammad Al Achsasi Al Mouakket Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 55 8 429 Bibcode 1895MNRAS 55 429K doi 10 1093 mnras 55 8 429 Richard H Allen 28 February 2013 Star Names Their Lore and Meaning Courier Corporation ISBN 978 0 486 13766 7 h Cet Deneb Algenubi 8 Cet Deneb Algenubi t Cet Durre Menthor z Cet Baten Kaitos and y Cet were Al Naʽamat the Hen Ostriches in Chinese AEEA Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 10 日 Rogers J H 1998 Origins of the ancient constellations I The Mesopotamian traditions Journal of the British Astronomical Association 108 9 Bibcode 1998JBAA 108 9R William Tyler Olcott December 1985 Star Lore of All Ages Health Research Books ISBN 978 0 7873 1096 7 a b Component 2 HIP 9640 database entry Hipparcos catalogue CDS ID I 239 a b c d e Hoffleit Dorrit Jaschek Carlos 1991 The Bright star catalogue Bibcode 1991bsc book H database entry CDS Retrieved 2019 11 19 Entry 02039 4220 discoverer code STT 38BC The Washington Double Star Catalog Archived 2006 02 20 at the Wayback Machine United States Naval Observatory Accessed on line August 19 2008 a b c Brown A G A et al Gaia collaboration August 2018 Gaia Data Release 2 Summary of the contents and survey properties Astronomy amp Astrophysics 616 A1 arXiv 1804 09365 Bibcode 2018A amp A 616A 1G doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201833051 Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR a b c Docobo J A Ling J F April 2007 Orbits and System Masses of 14 Visual Double Stars with Early Type Components The Astronomical Journal 133 4 1209 1216 Bibcode 2007AJ 133 1209D doi 10 1086 511070 gam02 And SIMBAD Centre de donnees astronomiques de Strasbourg Retrieved August 19 2008 Maestre L A Wright J A 1960 A Preliminary Study of the Spectroscopic Binary Gamma Andromedae B The Astrophysical Journal 131 119 Bibcode 1960ApJ 131 119M doi 10 1086 146813 External links EditAlmaak Gamma Andromedae at The Internet Encyclopedia of Science Image ALMACH Almaak on AstroDwarf Gamma Andromedae on WikiSky DSS2 SDSS GALEX IRAS Hydrogen a X Ray Astrophoto Sky Map Articles and images Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gamma Andromedae amp oldid 1123109859, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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