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Wikipedia

GW501516

October 28, 2023

GW501516 (also known as GW-501,516, GW1516, GSK-516, Cardarine, and on the black market as Endurobol[1]) is a PPARδ receptor agonist that was invented in a collaboration between Ligand Pharmaceuticals and GlaxoSmithKline in the 1990s. It entered into clinical development as a drug candidate for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, but was abandoned in 2007 because animal testing showed that the drug caused cancer to develop rapidly in several organs.[2]

GW501516
Clinical data
Pregnancy
category
  • N/A
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
  • none
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: Scheduled as illegal from June 2018
  • UK: Unscheduled
  • US: Unscheduled
Identifiers
  • {2-methyl-4-[({4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-5-yl}methyl)sulfanyl]-2-methylphenoxy}acetic acid
CAS Number
  • 317318-70-0 Y
PubChem CID
  • 9803963
IUPHAR/BPS
  • 2687
ChemSpider
  • 7979723
UNII
  • 7I2HA1NU22
ChEBI
  • CHEBI:73726 Y
ChEMBL
  • ChEMBL38943 N
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
  • DTXSID3041037
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC21H18F3NO3S2
Molar mass453.49 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
  • O=C(COc1ccc(SCc2c(C)nc(c3ccc(C(F)(F)F)cc3)s2)cc1C)O
  • InChI=1S/C21H18F3NO3S2/c1-12-9-16(7-8-17(12)28-10-19(26)27)29-11-18-13(2)25-20(30-18)14-3-5-15(6-4-14)21(22,23)24/h3-9H,10-11H2,1-2H3,(H,26,27)
  • Key:YDBLKRPLXZNVNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
 NY (what is this?)  (verify)

In 2007, research was published showing that high doses of GW501516 given to mice dramatically improved their physical performance; the work was widely discussed in popular media, and led to a black market for the drug candidate and to its abuse by athletes as a doping agent. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) developed a test for GW501516 and other related chemicals and added them to the prohibited list in 2009; it has issued additional warnings to athletes that GW501516 is not safe.

History Edit

GW501516 was initially discovered during a research collaboration between GSK and Ligand Pharmaceuticals that began in 1992.[3] The discovery of the compound was published in a 2001 issue of PNAS.[4] Oliver et al. reported that they used "combinatorial chemistry and structure-based drug design" to develop it.[5] One of the authors was the son of Leo Sternbach who discovered benzodiazepines in the 1960s.[6]

R & D Focus Drug News reported that GSK began phase I trials of the compound for the treatment of hyperlipidemia in 2000[7] followed by phase I/II in 2002.[8] In 2003, Ligand Pharmaceuticals earned a $1 million payment as a result of GSK continuing phase I development.[9]

By 2007, GW501516 had completed two phase II clinical studies and other studies relating to obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease,[10][11] but GSK abandoned further development of the drug in 2007 for reasons which were not disclosed at the time.[12] It later emerged that the drug was discontinued because animal testing showed that the drug caused cancer to develop rapidly in several organs, at dosages of 3 mg/kg/day in both mice and rats.[2][13][14]

Ronald M. Evans's laboratory purchased a sample of GW501516 and gave mice a much higher dose than had been used in GSK's experiments; they found that the compound dramatically increased the physical performance of the mice.[15] The work was published in 2007 in Cell and was widely reported in the popular press including The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal.[16]

Performance-enhancing drug Edit

Concerns were raised prior to the 2008 Beijing Olympics that GW501516 could be used by athletes as a performance-enhancing drug that was not currently controlled by regulations or detected by standard tests. One of the main researchers from the study on enhanced endurance consequently developed a urine test to detect the drug, and made it available to the International Olympic Committee. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) developed a test for GW501516 and other related PPARδ modulators,[17] and added such drugs to the prohibited list in 2009.[18]

GW501516 has been promoted on bodybuilding and athletics websites[19] and by 2011 had already been available for some time on the black market.[1][20] In 2011, it was reported to cost $1,000 for 10 g.[16] In 2012, WADA recategorised GW501516 from a gene doping compound to a "hormone and metabolic modulator".[21]

In 2013, WADA took the rare step of warning potential users of the compound of the possible health risks, stating that "clinical approval has not, and will not be given for this substance"; the New Scientist attributed the warning to the risks of the drug causing cancer.[19][22]

A number of athletes have tested positive for GW501516. At the Vuelta Ciclista a Costa Rica in December 2012, four Costa Rican riders tested positive for GW501516. Three of them received two-year suspensions, while the fourth received 12 years as it was his second doping violation.[23][24][25] In April 2013, Russian cyclist Valery Kaykov was suspended by cycling's governing body UCI after having tested positive for GW501516. Kaykov's team RusVelo dismissed him immediately[26] and in May 2013, Venezuelan Miguel Ubeto was provisionally suspended by the Lampre team.[27] In February 2014, Russian race walker Elena Lashmanova tested positive for GW501516.[28][29] In April 2019,the American heavyweight boxer Jarrell Miller tested positive for GW501516 which caused his challenge for Anthony Joshua's World Heavyweight titles to be cancelled.[30] In December 2020, Miller was suspended for 2 years for repeated violations.[31] In July 2022, the 2012 800m Olympic silver medalist from Botswana, Nijel Amos tested positive for GW501516 and was provisionally suspended just days before the 2022 World Athletics Championships.[32]

Mode of action Edit

GW501516 is a selective agonist (activator) of the PPARδ receptor.[33] It displays high affinity (Ki = 1 nM) and potency (EC50 = 1 nM) for PPARδ with > 1,000 fold selectivity over PPARα and PPARγ.[5]

In rats, binding of GW501516 to PPARδ recruits the coactivator PGC-1α. The PPARδ/coactivator complex in turn upregulates the expression of proteins involved in energy expenditure.[34] Furthermore, in rats treated with GW501516, increased fatty acid metabolism in skeletal muscle and protection against diet-induced obesity and type II diabetes was observed. In obese rhesus monkeys, GW501516 increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and lowered very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL).[34]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b Koh B (2013-03-22). "Anti-doping agency warns cheats on the health risks of Endurobol". The Conversation.
  2. ^ a b Sahebkar A, Chew GT, Watts GF (March 2014). "New peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists: potential treatments for atherogenic dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 15 (4): 493–503. doi:10.1517/14656566.2014.876992. PMID 24428677. S2CID 21158696. Despite these promising early results, the further investigation and development of GW501516 was discontinued after observations in animal studies of its association with the rapid induction of cancers in several organs (liver, stomach, tongue, skin, bladder, ovaries, womb and testes
  3. ^ "GW501516 GlaxoSmithKline, Ligand milestone payment". R & D Focus Drug News. 28 June 2004.
  4. ^ Wolf G (November 2003). "The function of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta in energy homeostasis". Nutr. Rev. 61 (11): 387–90. doi:10.1301/nr.2003.nov.387-390. PMID 14677574. S2CID 12362203.
  5. ^ a b Oliver WR, Shenk JL, Snaith MR, Russell CS, Plunket KD, Bodkin NL, Lewis MC, Winegar DA, Sznaidman ML, Lambert MH, Xu HE, Sternbach DD, Kliewer SA, Hansen BC, Willson TM (April 2001). "A selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonist promotes reverse cholesterol transport". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (9): 5306–11. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.5306O. doi:10.1073/pnas.091021198. PMC 33205. PMID 11309497.
  6. ^ Flynn J (11 February 2004). "Father and Son: In Two Generations, Drug Research Sees a Big Shift". The Wall Street Journal.[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ "GW501516 Glaxo Wellcome phase change I, UK". R & D Focus Drug News. 20 November 2000.
  8. ^ "GW501516 GlaxoSmithKline phase change II, UK". R & D Focus Drug News. 25 February 2002.
  9. ^ "Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Earns $1 Million Milestone Payment as GlaxoSmithKline Advances Development of 501516". Reuters Significant Developments. 5 June 2003.
  10. ^ Barish GD, Narkar VA, Evans RM (March 2006). "PPAR delta: a dagger in the heart of the metabolic syndrome". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 116 (3): 590–7. doi:10.1172/JCI27955. PMC 1386117. PMID 16511591.
  11. ^ Dressel U, Allen TL, Pippal JB, Rohde PR, Lau P, Muscat GE (December 2003). "The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta agonist, GW501516, regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid catabolism and energy uncoupling in skeletal muscle cells". Molecular Endocrinology. 17 (12): 2477–93. doi:10.1210/me.2003-0151. PMID 14525954.
  12. ^ Billin AN (October 2008). "PPAR-beta/delta agonists for Type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia: an adopted orphan still looking for a home". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 17 (10): 1465–71. doi:10.1517/13543784.17.10.1465. PMID 18808307. S2CID 86564263.
  13. ^ Geiger LE, Dunsford WS, Lewis DJ, Brennan C, Liu KC, Newsholme SJ (2009). (PDF). 48th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology. Baltimore: Society of Toxicology. p. 105. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-04.
  14. ^ Newsholme SJ, Dunsford WS, Brodie T, Brennan C, Brown M, Geiger LE (2009). (PDF). 48th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology. Baltimore: Society of Toxicology. p. 105. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-04.
  15. ^ Fan W, Waizenegger W, Lin CS, Sorrentino V, He MX, Wall CE, et al. (May 2017). "PPARδ Promotes Running Endurance by Preserving Glucose". Cell Metabolism. 25 (5): 1186–1193.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.006. PMC 5492977. PMID 28467934.
  16. ^ a b Bezar M (2011-11-01). "Faster. Higher. Squeakier". Outside magazine. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
  17. ^ Laurance J, Rajan A (2008-08-01). "Warning to Beijing Olympics over pills that mimic exercise". Health News, Health & Wellbeing. The Independent. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
  18. ^ WADA 2009 Prohibited List February 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ a b "Anti-doping agency warns athletes of black market drug". New Scientist. 2013-03-26.
  20. ^ Thevis M, Geyer H, Thomas A, Schänzer W (May 2011). "Trafficking of drug candidates relevant for sports drug testing: detection of non-approved therapeutics categorized as anabolic and gene doping agents in products distributed via the Internet". Drug Test Anal. 3 (5): 331–6. doi:10.1002/dta.283. PMID 21538997.
  21. ^ Sanchis-Gomar F, Lippi G (March 2012). "Telmisartan as metabolic modulator: a new perspective in sports doping?". J Strength Cond Res. 26 (3): 608–10. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31824301b6. PMID 22130396.
  22. ^ . World Anti-Doping Agency. 2013-03-21. Archived from the original on June 2, 2013.
  23. ^ Stokes S (15 April 2013). "GW501516 positives confirmed, three of four riders are from same BCR Pizza Hut team". velonation.com.
  24. ^ Stokes S (30 July 2013). "Four riders each handed two year bans for use of GW501516". velonation.com.
  25. ^ List of sanctions July 15, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, uci.ch
  26. ^ "European champion Valery Kaykov sacked for failing drug test". BBC. 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2013-04-11.
  27. ^ "Miguel Ubeto Aponte provisionally suspended". UCI. 2013-05-13. Archived from the original on 2013-06-28. Retrieved 2013-05-15.
  28. ^ Sanctioned athletes list – 26 June 2014
  29. ^ Associated Press: Doping probe launched into Russian walkers, espn.com, 11 July 2014
  30. ^ Dan Rafael (2019-04-19). "Sources: 'Big Baby' Miller failed three drug tests". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
  31. ^ "Heavyweight Miller gets 2-year PED suspension". ESPN.com. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  32. ^ "London 2012 medallist Nijel Amos suspended after positive doping test". the Guardian. 13 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  33. ^ Pelton P (April 2006). "GW-501516 GlaxoSmithKline/Ligand". Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 7 (4): 360–70. PMID 16625823.
  34. ^ a b Sprecher DL (December 2007). "Lipids, lipoproteins, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-delta". The American Journal of Cardiology. 100 (11 A): n20-4. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.08.009. PMID 18047848.

October 28, 2023
gw501516, also, known, gw1516, cardarine, black, market, endurobol, pparδ, receptor, agonist, that, invented, collaboration, between, ligand, pharmaceuticals, glaxosmithkline, 1990s, entered, into, clinical, development, drug, candidate, metabolic, cardiovascu. GW501516 also known as GW 501 516 GW1516 GSK 516 Cardarine and on the black market as Endurobol 1 is a PPARd receptor agonist that was invented in a collaboration between Ligand Pharmaceuticals and GlaxoSmithKline in the 1990s It entered into clinical development as a drug candidate for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases but was abandoned in 2007 because animal testing showed that the drug caused cancer to develop rapidly in several organs 2 GW501516Clinical dataPregnancycategoryN ARoutes ofadministrationBy mouthATC codenoneLegal statusLegal statusAU Scheduled as illegal from June 2018 UK Unscheduled US UnscheduledIdentifiersIUPAC name 2 methyl 4 4 methyl 2 4 trifluoromethyl phenyl 1 3 thiazol 5 yl methyl sulfanyl 2 methylphenoxy acetic acidCAS Number317318 70 0 YPubChem CID9803963IUPHAR BPS2687ChemSpider7979723UNII7I2HA1NU22ChEBICHEBI 73726 YChEMBLChEMBL38943 NCompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID3041037Chemical and physical dataFormulaC 21H 18F 3N O 3S 2Molar mass453 49 g mol 13D model JSmol Interactive imageSMILES O C COc1ccc SCc2c C nc c3ccc C F F F cc3 s2 cc1C OInChI InChI 1S C21H18F3NO3S2 c1 12 9 16 7 8 17 12 28 10 19 26 27 29 11 18 13 2 25 20 30 18 14 3 5 15 6 4 14 21 22 23 24 h3 9H 10 11H2 1 2H3 H 26 27 Key YDBLKRPLXZNVNB UHFFFAOYSA N N Y what is this verify In 2007 research was published showing that high doses of GW501516 given to mice dramatically improved their physical performance the work was widely discussed in popular media and led to a black market for the drug candidate and to its abuse by athletes as a doping agent The World Anti Doping Agency WADA developed a test for GW501516 and other related chemicals and added them to the prohibited list in 2009 it has issued additional warnings to athletes that GW501516 is not safe Contents 1 History 1 1 Performance enhancing drug 2 Mode of action 3 See also 4 ReferencesHistory EditGW501516 was initially discovered during a research collaboration between GSK and Ligand Pharmaceuticals that began in 1992 3 The discovery of the compound was published in a 2001 issue of PNAS 4 Oliver et al reported that they used combinatorial chemistry and structure based drug design to develop it 5 One of the authors was the son of Leo Sternbach who discovered benzodiazepines in the 1960s 6 R amp D Focus Drug News reported that GSK began phase I trials of the compound for the treatment of hyperlipidemia in 2000 7 followed by phase I II in 2002 8 In 2003 Ligand Pharmaceuticals earned a 1 million payment as a result of GSK continuing phase I development 9 By 2007 GW501516 had completed two phase II clinical studies and other studies relating to obesity diabetes dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease 10 11 but GSK abandoned further development of the drug in 2007 for reasons which were not disclosed at the time 12 It later emerged that the drug was discontinued because animal testing showed that the drug caused cancer to develop rapidly in several organs at dosages of 3 mg kg day in both mice and rats 2 13 14 Ronald M Evans s laboratory purchased a sample of GW501516 and gave mice a much higher dose than had been used in GSK s experiments they found that the compound dramatically increased the physical performance of the mice 15 The work was published in 2007 in Cell and was widely reported in the popular press including The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal 16 Performance enhancing drug Edit Concerns were raised prior to the 2008 Beijing Olympics that GW501516 could be used by athletes as a performance enhancing drug that was not currently controlled by regulations or detected by standard tests One of the main researchers from the study on enhanced endurance consequently developed a urine test to detect the drug and made it available to the International Olympic Committee The World Anti Doping Agency WADA developed a test for GW501516 and other related PPARd modulators 17 and added such drugs to the prohibited list in 2009 18 GW501516 has been promoted on bodybuilding and athletics websites 19 and by 2011 had already been available for some time on the black market 1 20 In 2011 it was reported to cost 1 000 for 10 g 16 In 2012 WADA recategorised GW501516 from a gene doping compound to a hormone and metabolic modulator 21 In 2013 WADA took the rare step of warning potential users of the compound of the possible health risks stating that clinical approval has not and will not be given for this substance the New Scientist attributed the warning to the risks of the drug causing cancer 19 22 A number of athletes have tested positive for GW501516 At the Vuelta Ciclista a Costa Rica in December 2012 four Costa Rican riders tested positive for GW501516 Three of them received two year suspensions while the fourth received 12 years as it was his second doping violation 23 24 25 In April 2013 Russian cyclist Valery Kaykov was suspended by cycling s governing body UCI after having tested positive for GW501516 Kaykov s team RusVelo dismissed him immediately 26 and in May 2013 Venezuelan Miguel Ubeto was provisionally suspended by the Lampre team 27 In February 2014 Russian race walker Elena Lashmanova tested positive for GW501516 28 29 In April 2019 the American heavyweight boxer Jarrell Miller tested positive for GW501516 which caused his challenge for Anthony Joshua s World Heavyweight titles to be cancelled 30 In December 2020 Miller was suspended for 2 years for repeated violations 31 In July 2022 the 2012 800m Olympic silver medalist from Botswana Nijel Amos tested positive for GW501516 and was provisionally suspended just days before the 2022 World Athletics Championships 32 Mode of action EditGW501516 is a selective agonist activator of the PPARd receptor 33 It displays high affinity Ki 1 nM and potency EC50 1 nM for PPARd with gt 1 000 fold selectivity over PPARa and PPARg 5 In rats binding of GW501516 to PPARd recruits the coactivator PGC 1a The PPARd coactivator complex in turn upregulates the expression of proteins involved in energy expenditure 34 Furthermore in rats treated with GW501516 increased fatty acid metabolism in skeletal muscle and protection against diet induced obesity and type II diabetes was observed In obese rhesus monkeys GW501516 increased high density lipoprotein HDL and lowered very low density lipoprotein VLDL 34 See also EditAcadesine GFT505 GW0742 Irisin Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor Sodelglitazar SR9009References Edit a b Koh B 2013 03 22 Anti doping agency warns cheats on the health risks of Endurobol The Conversation a b Sahebkar A Chew GT Watts GF March 2014 New peroxisome proliferator activated receptor agonists potential treatments for atherogenic dyslipidemia and non alcoholic fatty liver disease Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 15 4 493 503 doi 10 1517 14656566 2014 876992 PMID 24428677 S2CID 21158696 Despite these promising early results the further investigation and development of GW501516 was discontinued after observations in animal studies of its association with the rapid induction of cancers in several organs liver stomach tongue skin bladder ovaries womb and testes GW501516 GlaxoSmithKline Ligand milestone payment R amp D Focus Drug News 28 June 2004 Wolf G November 2003 The function of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta in energy homeostasis Nutr Rev 61 11 387 90 doi 10 1301 nr 2003 nov 387 390 PMID 14677574 S2CID 12362203 a b Oliver WR Shenk JL Snaith MR Russell CS Plunket KD Bodkin NL Lewis MC Winegar DA Sznaidman ML Lambert MH Xu HE Sternbach DD Kliewer SA Hansen BC Willson TM April 2001 A selective peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta agonist promotes reverse cholesterol transport Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 9 5306 11 Bibcode 2001PNAS 98 5306O doi 10 1073 pnas 091021198 PMC 33205 PMID 11309497 Flynn J 11 February 2004 Father and Son In Two Generations Drug Research Sees a Big Shift The Wall Street Journal permanent dead link GW501516 Glaxo Wellcome phase change I UK R amp D Focus Drug News 20 November 2000 GW501516 GlaxoSmithKline phase change II UK R amp D Focus Drug News 25 February 2002 Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Earns 1 Million Milestone Payment as GlaxoSmithKline Advances Development of 501516 Reuters Significant Developments 5 June 2003 Barish GD Narkar VA Evans RM March 2006 PPAR delta a dagger in the heart of the metabolic syndrome The Journal of Clinical Investigation 116 3 590 7 doi 10 1172 JCI27955 PMC 1386117 PMID 16511591 Dressel U Allen TL Pippal JB Rohde PR Lau P Muscat GE December 2003 The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor beta delta agonist GW501516 regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid catabolism and energy uncoupling in skeletal muscle cells Molecular Endocrinology 17 12 2477 93 doi 10 1210 me 2003 0151 PMID 14525954 Billin AN October 2008 PPAR beta delta agonists for Type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia an adopted orphan still looking for a home Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 17 10 1465 71 doi 10 1517 13543784 17 10 1465 PMID 18808307 S2CID 86564263 Geiger LE Dunsford WS Lewis DJ Brennan C Liu KC Newsholme SJ 2009 PS 895 Rat carcinogenicity study with GW501516 a PPAR delta agonist PDF 48th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology Baltimore Society of Toxicology p 105 Archived from the original PDF on 2015 05 04 Newsholme SJ Dunsford WS Brodie T Brennan C Brown M Geiger LE 2009 PS 896 Mouse carcinogenicity study with GW501516 a PPAR delta agonist PDF 48th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology Baltimore Society of Toxicology p 105 Archived from the original PDF on 2015 05 04 Fan W Waizenegger W Lin CS Sorrentino V He MX Wall CE et al May 2017 PPARd Promotes Running Endurance by Preserving Glucose Cell Metabolism 25 5 1186 1193 e4 doi 10 1016 j cmet 2017 04 006 PMC 5492977 PMID 28467934 a b Bezar M 2011 11 01 Faster Higher Squeakier Outside magazine Retrieved 2013 04 02 Laurance J Rajan A 2008 08 01 Warning to Beijing Olympics over pills that mimic exercise Health News Health amp Wellbeing The Independent Retrieved 2008 08 01 WADA 2009 Prohibited List Archived February 3 2009 at the Wayback Machine a b Anti doping agency warns athletes of black market drug New Scientist 2013 03 26 Thevis M Geyer H Thomas A Schanzer W May 2011 Trafficking of drug candidates relevant for sports drug testing detection of non approved therapeutics categorized as anabolic and gene doping agents in products distributed via the Internet Drug Test Anal 3 5 331 6 doi 10 1002 dta 283 PMID 21538997 Sanchis Gomar F Lippi G March 2012 Telmisartan as metabolic modulator a new perspective in sports doping J Strength Cond Res 26 3 608 10 doi 10 1519 JSC 0b013e31824301b6 PMID 22130396 WADA issues alert on GW501516 World Anti Doping Agency 2013 03 21 Archived from the original on June 2 2013 Stokes S 15 April 2013 GW501516 positives confirmed three of four riders are from same BCR Pizza Hut team velonation com Stokes S 30 July 2013 Four riders each handed two year bans for use of GW501516 velonation com List of sanctions Archived July 15 2014 at the Wayback Machine uci ch European champion Valery Kaykov sacked for failing drug test BBC 2013 04 11 Retrieved 2013 04 11 Miguel Ubeto Aponte provisionally suspended UCI 2013 05 13 Archived from the original on 2013 06 28 Retrieved 2013 05 15 Sanctioned athletes list 26 June 2014 Associated Press Doping probe launched into Russian walkers espn com 11 July 2014 Dan Rafael 2019 04 19 Sources Big Baby Miller failed three drug tests ESPN com Retrieved 2019 04 21 Heavyweight Miller gets 2 year PED suspension ESPN com 2 December 2020 Retrieved 13 July 2022 London 2012 medallist Nijel Amos suspended after positive doping test the Guardian 13 July 2022 Retrieved 13 July 2022 Pelton P April 2006 GW 501516 GlaxoSmithKline Ligand Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs 7 4 360 70 PMID 16625823 a b Sprecher DL December 2007 Lipids lipoproteins and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta The American Journal of Cardiology 100 11 A n20 4 doi 10 1016 j amjcard 2007 08 009 PMID 18047848 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title GW501516 amp oldid 1172664886, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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