Treaty of friendship

A treaty of friendship, also known as a friendship treaty, is a common generic name for any treaty establishing close ties between countries. Friendship treaties have been used for agreements about use and development of resources, territorial integrity, access to harbours, trading lanes and fisheries, and promises of cooperation. Whilst not common, there are some treaties agreeing to some forms of military alliance which have use friendship terminology in their titles,^[1] as well as some non-aggression pacts. Additionally, friendship treaties have also signalled an independent relationship with emerging states.^[2]

History

Ancient Greeks distinguished between three different types of friendships between two polities: Philiai, symmachia, and epimachia. Both symmachia and epimachia were types of alliances, with the former committing States to support each other in battle and the latter requiring parties to assist each other if one suffered an invasion. Philiai, then, made the important distinction of denoting friendship between polities but did not give the treaty partners the status of allies. Romans had a similar word amicitia, which was a state of diplomatic relations which could coexist with an alliance, or exist without it. The Romans employed a practice of establishing peace and friendship with polities on its peripheries, though in practice these relationships were usually built on unequal treaties, requiring the neighbour to support Rome militarily, though not necessarily the reverse.^[1]

In most cases, the friendship treaties are not based on equal partnership. This is particularly the case in treaties between aboriginal nations and the colonizers, both in America and in the Pacific, throughout the Colonial era. These treaties, often written primarily in the language of the coloniser, manipulated the terminology of friendship by the larger powers in order to create an environment of trust, primarily for the benefit of themselves. While promising protection in return for these benefits, the treaties are more subtle ways of accessing resources for commercial exploitation of smaller nations.^[1]

Since the early 2000s, friendship in international relations has been under closer analysis. Whilst friendship terminology had always been used in discourse and diplomacy, the analysis of friendship in international relations had been dismissed as merely being synonymous with good relations. In 2007, Felix Berenskoetter called for the inclusion of friendship analysis into international relations and since then a modest body of literature around the concept has been formed.^[3][4]

Terminology

In the Soviet Union, Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance or Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (Russian: Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимопомощи) was a standard Russian language reference to various treaties both internally, between the Soviet Republics, and externally, with countries considered friendly. This terminology is still in use for some post-Soviet states. The terminology was used in many so-called "friendship treaties" the Soviet Union made, but also was used in the Warsaw Pact.^[5]

In the United States, these types of treaties are commonly a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation. More than a hundred "Treaties of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation" have been signed since independence. Since 1946, these treaties have dealt with commercial matters concerned with the protection of persons, natural and juridical, and of the property and interests of such persons. They define the treatment each country owes the nationals of the other; their rights to engage in business and other activities within the boundaries of the former; and the respect due them, their property and their enterprises.^[5]

List of Friendship Treaties

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

List of Friendship Treaties

Signatories	Treaty	Date Signed
Mosquito Nation   Great Britain	Treaty of Friendship and Alliance	16 March 1740
France   United States	Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–France)	6 February 1778
Morocco   United States	Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship	28 June 1786
Ottoman Empire   United States	Treaty of Tripoli (Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary)	4 November 1796
Johor   United Kingdom	Singapore Treaty of Friendship and Alliance^[6]	6 February 1819
Johor   United Kingdom	Crawfurd Treaty (Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between the Honourable East India Company, and the Sultan and the Temenggong of Johore)^[7]^[8]	2 August 1824
Argentina   United Kingdom	Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Between Argentina and the United Kingdom	1825
Hawaii   United States	Hawaii-United States Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation	1849
Brunei   United States	Brunei–United States Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Commerce and Navigation	23 June 1850
Japan   United Kingdom	Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty	14 October 1854
Korea   United States	United States–Korea Treaty of 1882	1882
Brazil   Japan	Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Brazil and Japan^[9]	1895
Tonga   United Kingdom	Treaty of Friendship between Tonga and the United Kingdom.	1900
Bolivia   Chile	Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904)	20 October 1904
Mongolia   Tibet	Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet	11 January 1913
Persia   Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic	Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship	26 February 1921
Turkey   Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic	Treaty of Moscow (1921) ^[note 1]	16 March 1921
Germany   United States	Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Relations between Germany and the United States of America	8 December 1923
Kingdom of Italy   Ethiopian Empire	Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928 (Italo–Ethiopian Treaty of Friendship and Arbitration)	2 August 1928
Portugal   Spain	Portuguese–Spanish Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression	17 March 1939
Nazi Germany   Soviet Union	German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation	23 August 1939
Nazi Germany   Turkey	German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship	18 June 1941
Ecuador   Peru	Rio Protocol aka Protocol of Friendship and Peace	29 January 1942
China   Soviet Union	Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance	14 August 1945
China   United States	Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China	4 November 1946
Finland   Soviet Union	Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948	8 April 1948
India   Bhutan	1949 Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship	9 August 1949
India     Nepal	1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship	31 July 1950
Greece   Turkey   Yugoslavia	Balkan Pact (1953)	28 February 1953
Netherlands   United States	DAFT (Dutch-American Friendship Treaty)	27 March 1956
Indonesia   Malaya	Treaty of Friendship between the Federation of Malaya and the Republic of Indonesia^[10]	17 April 1959
North Korea   Soviet Union	The DPRK-Soviet Union Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance^[11]	6 July 1961
China   North Korea	Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty	11 July 1961
New Zealand   Samoa	Treaty of Friendship	1 August 1962
France   West Germany	Élysée Treaty aka Treaty of Friendship	22 January 1963
India   Soviet Union	Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation	August 1971
Bangladesh   India	Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace	19 March 1972
Australia   Japan	Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation	16 June 1976
Portugal   Spain	Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Portugal	2 November 1977
China   Japan	Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China	12 August 1978
Afghanistan   Soviet Union	Soviet-Afghan Treaty of Friendship^[12]	12 December 1978
Cambodia   Vietnam	Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation^[13]	1979
Kiribati   United States	Treaty of Tarawa aka Treaty of Friendship Between the United States of America and the Republic of Kiribati	20 September 1979
Equatorial Guinea   Spain	Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Equatorial Guinea of 1980	23 October 1980
Argentina   Chile	Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina	29 November 1984
Kazakhstan   Russia	Kazakh-Russian Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance^[14]	25 May 1992
Tajikistan   Russia	Russia-Tajikistan Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance^[15]	25 May 1993
Russia   Ukraine	Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty	31 May 1997
North Korea   Russia	North Korea-Russia Treaty of 2000 [ja]	9 February 2000
China   Russia	2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship	16 July 2001
Italy   Libya	2008 Treaty of Benghazi^[16]	30 August 2008

1. The preamble of the treaty stating that it is a "Treaty of Friendship and Brotherhood"

See also

• Treaty
• Commercial treaty
• List of treaties

References

1. Devere, Heather; Mark, Simon; Verbitsky, Jane (2011-12-01). "The Language of Friendship in International Treaties". International Politics. 48. doi:10.1057/ip.2010.34.
2. Devere, Heather (2014). Friendship in International Treaties. pp. 182–198. doi:10.1057/9781137396341_10.
3. "Friendship and Positive Peace: Conceptualising Friendship in Politics and International Relations (in Politics and Governance)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
4. Berenskoetter, Felix (2007-09-01). "Friends, There Are No Friends? An Intimate Reframing of the International". Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 35 (3): 647–676. doi:10.1177/03058298070350031501. ISSN 0305-8298.
5. Walker, Herman. "Modern treaties of friendship, commerce and navigation". Minnesota Law Review.
6. "Treaty of Friendship and Alliance". www.roots.gov.sg. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
7. "1824 Treaty of Friendship and Alliance | Infopedia". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
8. "Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between the Honourable East India Company, and the Sultan and the Temenggong of Johore (1824)". Jus Mundi. 1824-08-02.
9. Ninomiya, Masato O centenário do Tratado de Amizade, Comércio e Navegação entre Brasil e Japão November 18, 2011
10. Treaty of Friendship between the Federation of Malaya and the Republic of Indonesia.
11. Studies), Marie DuMond (Center for Strategic and International. "1961 Treaty of Friendship Cooperation and Mutual Assistance Between..." www.documentcloud.org. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
12. Whitney, Craig R. (1978-12-06). "20‐Year Treaty Moves Afghans Closer to Soviet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
13. Pobzeb Vang, Five Principles of Chinese Foreign Policies
14. "Russia-Kazakhstan | Russia-Kazakhstan relations | The Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Kazakhstan". www.rfembassy.kz. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
15. "Relations of Tajikistan with Russia | Ministry of foreign affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan". mfa.tj. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
16. Ronzitti, Natalino. "The Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation between Italy and Libya: New Prospects for Cooperation in the Mediterranean?" (PDF). www.gla.ac.uk. Bulletin of Italian Politics Vol. 1, No. 1, 2009, 125-133.