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Ship mill

February 06, 2023

A ship mill, more commonly known as a boat mill is a type of watermill. The milling and grinding technology and the drive (waterwheel) are built on a floating platform on this type of mill.[1] Its first recorded use dates back to mid-6th century AD Italy.[2]

The ship mill at Minden, Germany.

Technology

 
A ship mill (drawing 1 after H.Ernst, 1805)
 
A ship mill (drawing 2 after H.Ernst, 1805)

Between barge and boat well is the undershot water wheel, which is driven by the flowing water of the current. There is also evidence of water mills for which both sides had a narrower water wheel, similar to an old paddle steamer. The floating platform is anchored at the most intense point in the current, to the bridge piers for easy access to the mill, or to the shore.

Floating allows the mill to operate with the same power despite changing water levels. The efficiency of the mill can at best match a standard undershot mill. Ship mills could potentially run full-time, good for tasks that demanded constant power.

Ship mills could be drawn to shore (due to shipping, rafting, ice) when needed. In central Europe ship mills were, as most water and wind mills, owned by lords or monasteries. Ship mills in Central Europe have not remained; after the advent of riverboat traffic, they became a hindrance. Ship mills last about fifty years.

History

See also: List of early medieval watermills

In the 537 siege of Rome, supplies were interrupted by the Goths from providing the population with vital flour from the surrounding water mills. Also, the aqueducts that supplied Rome with water and some cities which had water-driven mills could no longer work. The solution devised by the Eastern Roman general Belisarius was the "reverse principle of a water mill" - the ship mills, which were anchored on the Tiber river around Rome.[2]

It was a type of watermill powered by water wheels mounted on the sides of vessels moored in midstream, preferably close to bridges where the current is stronger. From then on, the ship mill spread to Europe, reaching Paris (556), Geneva (563) and Dijon (c. 575).[3]

Ship mills were developed in the Islamic world some time between the 8th and 10th centuries.[4] They were employed along the Tigris at Mosul in 10th-century Iraq, where large ship mills made of wood and iron could produce 10 tons of flour from corn daily for the granary in Baghdad.[5] In 1184, Ibn Jubayr described ship mills in the same region on the Khabur River.[5] From the lack of records, it appears that they did not spread further to Iran.[6]

From the late 10th century onwards, there was an expansion of milling in Northern Europe.[4] Since then, ship mills were common in much of Europe until the 19th century, with a few of them surviving today.[7]

The German terms "Schiffsmühle" or "Schiffmühle" are used according to local language preferences.

Geographical spread of ship mills

 
German ship mills on the Rhine at Cologne, around 1411.
 
Ship mills under a bridge in Paris in the 1310s.

Ship mills were used on most major rivers in Europe.

Tourism

There are some replicas of ship mills:

There are also ship mills on land, as monuments:

  • In Magdeburg (Germany), on the banks of the Elbe. There were once up to 23 pieces.
  • In Bad Düben (Germany) in the castle grounds, there is the mountain ship mill, formerly with the grain as crushed.


Notes

  1. ^ "Deutsches Museum: Ship Mill", The Deutsches Museum's collections: Ship Mill (Model), 1819 (see below: External links).
  2. ^ a b Wikander 2000, p. 383
  3. ^ Wikander 2000, p. 384
  4. ^ a b Hill, Donald (2013). A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times. Routledge. pp. 163–166. ISBN 9781317761570.
  5. ^ a b Hill 1984, p. 137
  6. ^ Harverson 1993, p. 176, fn. 31
  7. ^ Forbes 1965, pp. 105f.

References

  • Forbes, R. J. (1965), Studies in Ancient Technology, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Leiden: E. J. Brill, pp. 105f.
  • Harverson, Michael (1993), "Watermills in Iran", Iran, 31: 149–177, doi:10.2307/4299897
  • "Deutsches Museum: Ship Mill", The Deutsches Museum's collections: Ship Mill (Model), 1819 (see below: External links).
  • Heinrich Ernst: Anweisung zum praktischen Mühlenbau. Leipzig 1805.
  • Hill, Donald (1984), "Information on Engineering in the Works of Muslim Geographers", History of Technology, 9: 127–142
  • Daniela Gräf, "Boat Mills in Europe from Medieval to Modern Times". Veröffentlichungen des Landesamtes für Archäologie, Sachsen 51, 2006.
  • J. Mager, G. Meißner, W. Orf: Die Kulturgeschichte der Mühlen ("The Cultural History of Mills"), Leipzig 1988.
  • Adam Meltzer: Mühlenbaukunst ("Mill Architecture"), Merseburg 1805.
  • "Wien - 22. Bezirk/Donaustadt", Wien.gv.at, 2008, webpage (15 subpages): Wien.gv.at-donaustadt (in German).
  • Wikander, Örjan (2000), "The Water-Mill", in Wikander, Örjan (ed.), Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, vol. 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 371–400, ISBN 90-04-11123-9

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shipmills.
  • Historische Schiffsmühle, Magdeburg (Sachsen-Anhalt/Germany ...Historical ship mill, Magdeburg (Saxony-Anhalt/Germany) - photos and videos tagged with ship mill, webpage: flickr.com-9676.
  • "Deutsches Museum: Ship Mill", The Deutsches Museum's collections: Ship Mill (Model), 1819, webpage: mill/ deutsches-museum.de-ship-mill[permanent dead link] (English).

German webpages

  • www.schiffmuehle.de Die Schiffmühle in Minden.
  • www.schiffsmuehle.at Die Murecker Schiffsmühle auf der Mur.
  • www.schiffmuehle.at Die Schiffmühle in Orth.
  • Bergschiffmühle in Bad Düben.
  • www.deutsche-muehlen.de DGM.
  • www.fan-nds.de Archäologische Funde.
  • Schiffmühle in Slowakia Die Schiffsmühle in Kolarovo.
  • www.earthlights.de-minden Image gallery of ship mill in Minden.


February 06, 2023
ship, mill, ship, mill, more, commonly, known, boat, mill, type, watermill, milling, grinding, technology, drive, waterwheel, built, floating, platform, this, type, mill, first, recorded, dates, back, century, italy, ship, mill, minden, germany, contents, tech. A ship mill more commonly known as a boat mill is a type of watermill The milling and grinding technology and the drive waterwheel are built on a floating platform on this type of mill 1 Its first recorded use dates back to mid 6th century AD Italy 2 The ship mill at Minden Germany Contents 1 Technology 2 History 3 Geographical spread of ship mills 4 Tourism 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links 7 1 German webpagesTechnology Edit A ship mill drawing 1 after H Ernst 1805 A ship mill drawing 2 after H Ernst 1805 Between barge and boat well is the undershot water wheel which is driven by the flowing water of the current There is also evidence of water mills for which both sides had a narrower water wheel similar to an old paddle steamer The floating platform is anchored at the most intense point in the current to the bridge piers for easy access to the mill or to the shore Floating allows the mill to operate with the same power despite changing water levels The efficiency of the mill can at best match a standard undershot mill Ship mills could potentially run full time good for tasks that demanded constant power Ship mills could be drawn to shore due to shipping rafting ice when needed In central Europe ship mills were as most water and wind mills owned by lords or monasteries Ship mills in Central Europe have not remained after the advent of riverboat traffic they became a hindrance Ship mills last about fifty years History EditSee also List of early medieval watermills In the 537 siege of Rome supplies were interrupted by the Goths from providing the population with vital flour from the surrounding water mills Also the aqueducts that supplied Rome with water and some cities which had water driven mills could no longer work The solution devised by the Eastern Roman general Belisarius was the reverse principle of a water mill the ship mills which were anchored on the Tiber river around Rome 2 It was a type of watermill powered by water wheels mounted on the sides of vessels moored in midstream preferably close to bridges where the current is stronger From then on the ship mill spread to Europe reaching Paris 556 Geneva 563 and Dijon c 575 3 Ship mills were developed in the Islamic world some time between the 8th and 10th centuries 4 They were employed along the Tigris at Mosul in 10th century Iraq where large ship mills made of wood and iron could produce 10 tons of flour from corn daily for the granary in Baghdad 5 In 1184 Ibn Jubayr described ship mills in the same region on the Khabur River 5 From the lack of records it appears that they did not spread further to Iran 6 From the late 10th century onwards there was an expansion of milling in Northern Europe 4 Since then ship mills were common in much of Europe until the 19th century with a few of them surviving today 7 The German terms Schiffsmuhle or Schiffmuhle are used according to local language preferences Geographical spread of ship mills Edit German ship mills on the Rhine at Cologne around 1411 Ship mills under a bridge in Paris in the 1310s Ship mills were used on most major rivers in Europe Elbe until 1911 Rhine Strasbourg and Mainz 9th 12th centuries Danube Regensburg 1493 mentioned Vienna at Kaisermuhlen Old Danube or Orth an der Donau in Lower Austria Mur Austria Slovenia Croatia and Hungary Weser Minden 1326 first mentioned Tiber Rome Seine Paris near or under the bridges Marne Garonne Loire in France until 1850 Kura Tbilisi since at least the 10th century until 1920 30s Po Mantua province from 851 until 1945 Tourism EditThere are some replicas of ship mills working ship mill on the Weser river in Minden North Rhine Westphalia Germany ship mill on the Mulde river in Hofgen Saxony Germany in the hollow since 1992 all year on the river the water is pumped working ship mill on the Danube in Orth an der Donau Austria working ship mill on the Danube in Rackeve Hungary ship mill on the Mur river in Mureck Styria Austria ship mill on the Mur river in Verzej Slovenia ship mill on the Mur river in Sveti Martin na Muri Croatia There are also ship mills on land as monuments In Magdeburg Germany on the banks of the Elbe There were once up to 23 pieces In Bad Duben Germany in the castle grounds there is the mountain ship mill formerly with the grain as crushed A ship mill in Magdeburg Germany A ship mill in Hofgen at Grimma Germany A ship mill on the Mur River near Verzej Slovenia A ship mill replica on the Mur River at Mursko Sredisce Croatia Notes Edit Deutsches Museum Ship Mill The Deutsches Museum s collections Ship Mill Model 1819 see below External links a b Wikander 2000 p 383 Wikander 2000 p 384 a b Hill Donald 2013 A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times Routledge pp 163 166 ISBN 9781317761570 a b Hill 1984 p 137 Harverson 1993 p 176 fn 31 Forbes 1965 pp 105f References EditForbes R J 1965 Studies in Ancient Technology vol 2 2nd ed Leiden E J Brill pp 105f Harverson Michael 1993 Watermills in Iran Iran 31 149 177 doi 10 2307 4299897 Deutsches Museum Ship Mill The Deutsches Museum s collections Ship Mill Model 1819 see below External links Heinrich Ernst Anweisung zum praktischen Muhlenbau Leipzig 1805 Hill Donald 1984 Information on Engineering in the Works of Muslim Geographers History of Technology 9 127 142 Daniela Graf Boat Mills in Europe from Medieval to Modern Times Veroffentlichungen des Landesamtes fur Archaologie Sachsen 51 2006 J Mager G Meissner W Orf Die Kulturgeschichte der Muhlen The Cultural History of Mills Leipzig 1988 Adam Meltzer Muhlenbaukunst Mill Architecture Merseburg 1805 Wien 22 Bezirk Donaustadt Wien gv at 2008 webpage 15 subpages Wien gv at donaustadt in German Wikander Orjan 2000 The Water Mill in Wikander Orjan ed Handbook of Ancient Water Technology Technology and Change in History vol 2 Leiden Brill pp 371 400 ISBN 90 04 11123 9External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shipmills Historische Schiffsmuhle Magdeburg Sachsen Anhalt Germany Historical ship mill Magdeburg Saxony Anhalt Germany photos and videos tagged with ship mill webpage flickr com 9676 Deutsches Museum Ship Mill The Deutsches Museum s collections Ship Mill Model 1819 webpage mill deutsches museum de ship mill permanent dead link English German webpages Edit www schiffmuehle de Die Schiffmuhle in Minden www schiffsmuehle at Die Murecker Schiffsmuhle auf der Mur www schiffmuehle at Die Schiffmuhle in Orth www duebener heide de heimatverein schiffm html Bergschiffmuhle in Bad Duben www deutsche muehlen de DGM www fan nds de Archaologische Funde Schiffmuhle in Slowakia Die Schiffsmuhle in Kolarovo www earthlights de minden Image gallery of ship mill in Minden Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ship mill amp oldid 1134123111, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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