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Fishing in India

February 19, 2023

Fishing in India is a major sector within the economy of India contributing 1.07% of its total GDP.[1] The fishing sector in India supports the livelihood of over 28 million people in the country, especially within the marginalized and vulnerable communities.[2] India is the third largest fish producing country in the world accounting for 7.96% of the global production and second largest producer of fish through aquaculture, after China. The total fish production during the FY 2020-21 is estimated at 14.73 million metric tonnes. [3] According to the National Fisheries Development Board the Fisheries Industry generates an export earnings of Rs 334.41 billion.[1] Centrally sponsored schemes will increase exports by Rs 1 lakh crore in FY25. 65,000 fishermen have been trained under these schemes from 2017 to 2020. Freshwater fishing consists of 55% of total fish production.[1]

Fishing boats
Fishing boats near Kollam in Kerala

According to the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, Dairying, fish production increased from 7.52 lakh tonnes in years 1950–51 to 125.90 lakh tonnes in years 2018–19, a 17 times increase.[4] Each year, India celebrates 10, July as the National Fish Farmers day.[5] Koyilandy harbour in Kerala is the largest fishing harbour in Asia. It has the longest breakwater.

India has 7,516 kilometres (4,670 mi) of marine coastline, 3,827 fishing villages and 1,914 traditional fish landing centers. India's fresh water resources consist of 195,210 kilometres (121,300 mi) of rivers and canals, 2.9 million hectares of minor and major reservoirs, 2.4 million hectares of ponds and lakes, and about 0.8 million hectares of flood plain wetlands and water bodies.[6] As of 2010, the marine and freshwater resources offered a combined sustainable catch fishing potential of over 4 million metric tonnes of fish. In addition, India's water and natural resources offer a tenfold growth potential in aquaculture (farm fishing) from 2010 harvest levels of 3.9 million metric tonnes of fish, if India were to adopt fishing knowledge, regulatory reforms and sustainability policies.[7]

History

 
Macchi, a traditional Muslim caste of fishermen - Tashrih al-aqvam (1825)
 
A fisherman in the backwaters of Kerala

Historical texts like Kautilya's Arthashastra (321–300 B.C.) and King Someswara's Manasollasa (1127 A.D.) refer to fish culture.[8] For centuries, India has had a traditional practice of fish culture in small ponds. Significant advances in productivity were made in the early nineteenth century with the controlled breeding of carp in tanks where river conditions are simulated. Brackishwater farming was done on an old system where man-made impediments in coastal wetlands and salt resistant deep water paddy fields. Moreover, traditional fishing methods have been in practise in central and south India for 2000 years.[8]

Economic benefits

 
Fish boats in Tamil Nadu

Fishing in India contributed over 1% of India's annual gross domestic product in 2008. Fishing in India employs about 14.5 million people.[6] To harvest the economic benefits from fishing, India has adopted exclusive economic zone, stretching 200 nautical miles (370 km) into the Indian Ocean, encompasses more than 2 million square kilometers. In addition to this marine zone, India has about 14,000 km2 of brackish water available for aquaculture, about 16,000 km2 of freshwater lakes, ponds, and swamps; and nearly 64,000 kilometers of rivers and streams. In 1990, there were 1.7 million full-time fishermen, 1.3 million part-time fishermen, and 2.3 million occasional fishermen, many of whom worked as saltmakers, ferrymen, seamen, or operated boats for hire.[9] In the early 1990s, the fishing fleet consisted of 180,000 traditional craft powered by sails or oars, 26,000 motorized traditional craft, and some 34,000 mechanized boats.[10]

Fish production rose from 800,000 tons in FY 1950 to 4.1 million tons in the early 1990s. From 1990 through 2010, Indian fish industry accelerated, reaching a total marine and freshwater fish production to about 8 million metric tons. In 2006, Indian central government initiated a dedicated organization focused on fisheries, under its Ministry of Agriculture. Special efforts have been made to promote extensive and intensive inland fish farming, modernize coastal fisheries, and encourage deep-sea fishing through joint ventures. These efforts led to a more than fourfold increase in coastal fish production from 520,000 tons in FY 1950 to 3.35 million tons in FY 2013. The increase in inland fish production was even more dramatic, increasing almost eightfold from 218,000 tons in FY 1950 to 6.10 million tons in FY 2013. The value of fish and processed fish exports increased from less than 1 percent of the total value of exports in FY 1960 to 3.6 percent in FY 1993. Between 1990 and 2007, fish production in India has grown at a higher rate than food grains, milk, eggs, and other food items.[11] Indian inland waters (rivers, reservoirs, wetlands, lakes and ponds) contribute 62–65% of the total fisheries production.[12]

Law and regulations

National laws include the British-era Indian Fisheries Act, 1897, which penalizes the killing of fish by poisoning water and by using explosives; the Environment Protection Act, 1986, being an umbrella act containing provisions for all environment related issues affecting fisheries and aquaculture industry in India, the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 prevents the fishing of rare species of fishes.[13] In 1996, the Indian Supreme Court prohibited the setting up of Shrimp farm ponds except traditional and improved traditional types of ponds on the Coastal Regulation Zone and on the Chilka Lake and Pulicat Lake. The Order No 722 (E) of 2002 prohibited the use of certain antibiotics and pharmacologically active substances in hatcheries of production of the juveniles and larvae, or in manufacturing the fish feed or in processing fish products.[14] In 2017, the Indian government banned selling of 158 fish species of ornamental fishes and also made it mandatory that a full-time fishery expert be present in the Ornamental fish farm for inspecting the health of the fishes. Regulations regarding the tank size, stocking density of fish and volume of water were also introduced.[15]

In India, annually fishing is officially banned for 47 days (shortened from 61 days prior to 2020) during first two months of monsoon season for the breeding and spawning of the fishes.[16] During this time mechanised fishing vessels like trawlers are banned from fishing[17][18]

In 2019, a separate ministry named the Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries was formed.[19]

Research and training

 
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute in Kochi

Fisheries research and training institutions in India are supported by central and state governments. The major fisheries research institutions operating under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research are

Fishery training is provided by the Central Institute of Fisheries Education in Mumbai, which has ancillary institutions at Barrackpore in Uttar Pradesh and Hyderabad in Telangana.

The Government of India established the National Fisheries Development Board in 2006 with its headquarters in Hyderabad.[20] The NFDB works from a four-story tin-clad building shaped like a fish; built in 2012 and reportedly based on a 1992 sculpture by Frank Gehry in Barcelona, the building is considered an example of mimetic architecture.

The Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training with facilities in Chennai, Kochi and Vishakapatnam trains operators of deep-sea fishing vessels and technicians for shore establishments. Fisheries Institute of Technology and Training (FITT) was established in Chennai in collaboration Tata Group to improve the socioeconomic condition of fishermen.[21] The Integrated Fisheries Project was established to research on processing, popularizing and marketing of unusual fish. At present there are 19 Fisheries colleges run by state Governments.

Issues

Despite rapid growth in total fish production, an individual fish farmers’ average annual production in India is only 2 tonnes, compared to 172 tonnes in Norway, 72 tonnes in Chile, and 6 tonnes per fisherman in China.[22] In India, fishing and selling of critically endangered fish species are banned. But sometimes, due to a lack of awareness drives from fisheries department officials, critically endangered species are killed.[13] The annual fishing (trawling) ban is done during the monsoon season for breeding and spawning of fish species. But some fish species like Cuttlefish and squid breed and spawn during October. So there have been suggestions to increase the trawling ban to 90 days.[23]

Indian fishermen sometimes get captured by the navies of Sri Lanka and Pakistan. Skirmishes with the Sri Lankan navy often result in casualties and damage of boats.[24] As of 2014, out of the 281 Indian prisoners in Pakistan jails 232 are Indian fishermen. In 2013, an Indian fisherman died in Pakistan jail. In 2014, another Indian fisherman died in Pakistan jail.[25] In 2020 the Pakistan Marines fired on two Indian boats near the international maritime boundary line (IMBL) in an incident in which one fisherman was injured.[26]

There has been an increase in the number of Chinese deap-sea fishing trawlers in the Southern Indian Ocean which has caused concerns in India. Between 2015 and 2019, around 500 Chinese trawlers were sighted in the region[27]

Aquaculture

Carp

Carp farming in the country started between 1970 and 1980 due to the demonstrated high production levels of 8 to 10 tonnes/hectare/year in an incubation center. Late 1980s saw the dawn of aquaculture in India and transformed fish culture into a more modern enterprise. With the economic liberalization of the early 1990s, fishing industry got a major investment boost.[7]

India's breeding and culture technologies include primarily different species of carp, including the important Indian major carp species (notably catla, mrigal and rohu); other species such as catfish, murrel and prawns are recent additions. The culture systems adopted in the country vary greatly depending on the input available in any particular region as well as on the investment capabilities of the farmer. While extensive aquaculture is carried out in comparatively large water bodies with stocking of the fish seed as the only input beyond utilising natural productivity, elements of fertilisation and feeding have been introduced into semi-intensive culture. The different culture systems in Indian practice include:[8]

  • Intensive pond culture with supplementary feeding and aeration (10–15 tonnes/ha/yr)
  • Composite carp culture (4–6 tonnes/ha/yr)
  • Weed-based carp polyculture (3–4 tonnes/ha/yr)
  • Integrated fish farming with poultry, pigs, ducks, horticulture, etc. (3–5 tonnes/ha/yr)
  • Pen culture (3–5 tonnes/ha/yr)
  • Cage culture (10–15 kg/m2/yr)
  • Running-water fish culture (20–50 kg/m2/yr)

Prawn or shrimp

Freshwater prawn farming in India has grown rapidly since 2000 with Andhra Pradesh and Kerala contributing to approximately 60 percent of the total water area dedicated to prawn farming, followed by West Bengal.[8] In fiscal 2016, India became the biggest exporter of shrimps by overtaking Vietnam. Frozen shrimp is the top item of export among seafood, accounting for 38.28 per cent in quantity and 64.50 per cent of the total earnings in dollar terms in 2016–17. The overall export of shrimp during 2016-17 was pegged at 434,484 MT, worth US$3.726 billion. USA was the largest import market for frozen shrimp (165,827 MT), followed by the European Union (EU) (77,178 MT), South East Asia (1,05,763 MT), Japan (31,284 MT), Middle East (19,554 MT), China (7,818 MT) and other countries (27,063 MT). Shrimp exports from India are expected to nearly double to US$7 billion by 2022, driven by strong demand, high quality, improved product mix, and an increase in aquaculture area in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Gujarat, Odisha and West Bengal.[28][29]

The giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) is the dominant species chosen for aquaculture, followed by the Indian white prawn (Fenneropenaeus indicus) and Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). In 2015–16, West Bengal (61,998 MT) was the largest producer of tiger shrimp for export, followed by Odisha (9,191 MT). Andhra Pradesh (295,332 MT) was the largest producer of Pacific white shrimp.[30]

Freshwater aquaculture

Freshwater aquaculture accounts for nearly 55% of the total fish production in India and Second Largest Producer of Inland fish in the world.[31][32] Aquaculture resources in India include 2.36 million hectares of ponds and tanks, 1.07 million hectares of beels, jheels and derelict waters plus in addition 0.12 million kilometers of canals, 3.15 million hectares of reservoirs and 0.72 million hectares of upland lakes that could be utilised for aquaculture purposes. Ponds and tanks are the prime resources for freshwater aquaculture in India. However, less than 10 percent of India's natural potential is used for aquaculture currently. For bringing more areas under scientific fisheries and aquaculture, the Indian government and premier fisheries research institutes are trying hard to sensitize the fish farmers and entrepreneurs regarding the package of practices and prospects of the highly promising ‘culture-based fisheries technology (CBF)’ in inland waters. Utilization of untapped inland waters through CBF is one of the foremost strategies for achieving blue revolution. CBF is generally practiced in inland waters having areas between 100 and 1000 ha (lakes, wetlands and small reservoirs) and cautiously in 1000–5000 ha (medium-sized reservoirs)[12]

Brackishwater aquaculture

The FAO of the United Nations estimates that about 1.2 million hectares of potential brackishwater area available in India is suitable for farming, in addition to this, around 8.5 million hectares of salt affected areas are also available, of which about 2.6 million hectares could be exclusively utilised for aquaculture due to the unsuitability of these resources for other agriculture based activities. However, just like India's fresh water resources, the total brackishwater area under cultivation is only just over 13 percent of the potential water area available. Carp hatcheries in both the public and private sectors have contributed towards the increase in seed production from 6321 million fry in 1985–1986 to over 18500 million fry in 2007. There are 35 freshwater prawn hatcheries in the coastal states producing over 200 million seed per annum. Furthermore, the 237 shrimp hatcheries with a production capacity of approximately 11.425 billion post larvae per year are meeting the seed requirement of the brackish water shrimp farming sector.[8]

Ornamental Fish

India's domestic ornamental fish Industry is 300 crore rupees worth. In 2017, India exported ornamental fish worth Rs 9.5 crore, a 40% increase from the previous year.[33]

Sea Weed

Karnataka is the largest producer of seaweed in India producing 22 thousand tonnes followed by Gujarat, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep. The red seaweed is the most cultivated variety of seaweed in India. In 2018 the Indian government set up 10,000 seaweeds culture units in Andhra Pradesh under the Central government's Blue Revolution scheme.[34]

Distribution

 
Vellayil Fishing Harbour

There are ten main fishing harbors at:[35]

23 minor fishing harbours and 95 fish-landing centres are designated to provide landing and berthing facilities to fishing craft.

Leading fish producing states in India, 2019–2020
Rank[36] State Total production (lakh metric tonnes)
1 Andhra Pradesh 34.5
2 West Bengal 17.42
3 Gujarat 8.34
4 Odisha 6.85
5 Tamil Nadu 6.82

Top ten states fish production every year[37]

States 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
Inland Marine Total Inland Marine Total Inland Marine Total Inland Marine Total Inland Marine Total
Andhra Pradesh 154864563147863489768748648

Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).</ref></ref></ref>

4.38 20.18 15.03 4.75 19.79 18.32 5.2 23.52 21.86 5.8 27.66 28.45 6.05 34.5
West Bengal 13.92 1.88 15.81 14.38 1.79 16.17 14.93 1.78 16.71 15.25 1.77 17.02 15.57 1.85 17.42
Gujarat 0.98 6.96 7.93 1.11 6.98 8.1 1.12 6.97 8.1 1.17 6.99 8.16 3.34 12.11 15.45
'Kerala 3.2 4.1402148567486517487896471564836746grygfuybeiei6tf 1.36 3.33 4.7 1.77 4.45 5.21 5.55 5.53 10.08 5.35 10.00 15.35
Tamil Nadu 1.92 4.32 6.24 2.4 4.57 6.98 2.43 4.67 7.09 1.97 4.72 6.69 1.85 6.97 8.82
Uttar Pradesh 4.64 0 4.64 4.94 0 4.94 5.05 0 5.05 6.18 0 6.18 6.29 0 6.29
Maharashtra 1.35 4.67 6.03 1.44 4.64 6.08 1.46 4.34 5.8 2 4.63 6.63 1.31 4.75 6.06
Odisha 1.98 3.57 5.55 2.23 4 6.23 1.69 4.12 5.81 1.59 3.99 5.57 1.88 4.14 6.03
Bihar 4.32 0 4.32 4.8 0 4.8 5.07 0 5.07 5.09 0 5.09 5.88 0 5.88
Karnataka 1.86 5.22 7.09 2.02 5.24 7.26 2.11 5.17 7.28 1.61 4.31 5.93 1.48 4.14 5.63
India 61.36 34.43 95.79 66.91 35.69 102.6 71.62 36 107.62 78.06 36.25 114.31 89.02 36.88 125.9

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "India's Blue Economy net getting biger". Financial Express. 14 February 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  2. ^ "Page 279 - economic_survey_2021-2022". www.indiabudget.gov.in. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  3. ^ Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Government of India. "Annual Report 2021-22" (PDF). p. 9.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ "Fish production in india every year" (PDF).
  5. ^ "National fish farmers day celebrations from July 9 in Port City". United News of India. 7 June 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  6. ^ a b "India - National Fishery Sector Overview". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2006.
  7. ^ a b Sasmita Panda, Gagan Kumar Panigrahi, Surendra nath Padhi (2016). Earning Animals. Germany: Anchor Academic. p. 70.
  8. ^ a b c d e "National Aquaculture Sector Overview: India". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2009.
  9. ^ Area Handbook, series (1996). Area Handbook Series, American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies Volume 550 of DA pam. United States: American University, Foreign Area Studies. pp. 416. ISBN 0-8444-0833-6.
  10. ^ American University, (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies (1996). Area Handbook Series Volume 550 of DA pam. United States: American University, Foreign Area Studies. pp. 416. ISBN 0-8444-0833-6.
  11. ^ "Fisheries". Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. 2007.
  12. ^ a b Roy, Koushik (2017). "Technicalities to be considered for culture fisheries development in Indian inland waters: seed and feed policy review". Environment, Development and Sustainability. 21: 281–302. doi:10.1007/s10668-017-0037-3. S2CID 158126876.
  13. ^ a b "Critically endangered sawfish sold by fishermen for meat". New Indian Express. 4 August 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  14. ^ "National Aquaculture Legislation". Food And Agriculture Organisation of United Nations. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  15. ^ Krishnakumar, P.K. (16 June 2017). "Ornamental fish industry hit by new regulations". Economic Times. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  16. ^ "Deep sea fishing ban perioreduced from 61 days to 47". The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 2020-05-29. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-01-12.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  17. ^ Bindiya Chari (27 May 2019). "Goa prepares for annual 61-day fishing ban". Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  18. ^ New Indian Express (15 April 2019). "Annual fishing ban along Tamil Nadu coast comes into effect". Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  19. ^ "GCMMF welcomes separate ministry for animal husbandry". Hindu Business Line. 1 June 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  20. ^ . National Fisheries Development Board - Govt of India. 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
  21. ^ "FITT" (PDF).
  22. ^ "The state of world fisheries and aquaculture, 2010" (PDF). FAO of the United Nations. 2010.
  23. ^ Haritha John (5 August 2019). "Net profit or loss? Kerala's trawling ban during the monsoon has become a bone of contention". Scroll. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  24. ^ "Sri Lankan navy attacks Tamil Nadu fishermen, 20 boats damaged". The Indian Express. 5 September 2017.
  25. ^ Shivam Vij (27 May 2014). "The cynical politics behind why India and Pakistan keep arresting fishermen". Scroll. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  26. ^ "India slams Pakistan for 'deliberate' attack and firing on Indian fishermen". Timesnow News. 14 April 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  27. ^ Dinakar Peri (9 September 2019). "Chinese trawlers in southern Indian Ocean worry India". The Hindu. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  28. ^ "India's Seafood Export at all-time High in 2016-17 :MPEDA". Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Commerce & Industry. 7 June 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  29. ^ "Indian shrimp exports set to nearly double to $7 billion by 2022". CRISIL. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  30. ^ Gupta, Jayanta (14 December 2017). "Big Bengal boost to India's No. 1 shrimp exporter tag". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  31. ^ http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/I9540EN.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  32. ^ https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2017/04/aquaculture-in-india-report-2017.pdf pg.3
  33. ^ P K KRISHNAKUMAR (16 June 2017). "Ornamental fish industry hit by new regulations". Economic Times. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  34. ^ "10,000 seaweed culture units to be set up in the state soon". 26 June 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  35. ^ Shashikala, Bhalkare (2016). Fish Economics and Fish Biotechnology. USA: Lulu Publications. p. 136.
  36. ^ S Guru Srikanth. "Andhra stands first in fish production, shows Economic Survey". Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  37. ^ "Indian States fish production" (PDF).

Further reading

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fishing in India.
  • "Library of Congress Country Studies". U.S. Library of Congress (released in public domain). Retrieved 2007-10-06.
  • Indian Journal of Fisheries (Indian Council of Agricultural Research)

February 19, 2023
fishing, india, major, sector, within, economy, india, contributing, total, fishing, sector, india, supports, livelihood, over, million, people, country, especially, within, marginalized, vulnerable, communities, india, third, largest, fish, producing, country. Fishing in India is a major sector within the economy of India contributing 1 07 of its total GDP 1 The fishing sector in India supports the livelihood of over 28 million people in the country especially within the marginalized and vulnerable communities 2 India is the third largest fish producing country in the world accounting for 7 96 of the global production and second largest producer of fish through aquaculture after China The total fish production during the FY 2020 21 is estimated at 14 73 million metric tonnes 3 According to the National Fisheries Development Board the Fisheries Industry generates an export earnings of Rs 334 41 billion 1 Centrally sponsored schemes will increase exports by Rs 1 lakh crore in FY25 65 000 fishermen have been trained under these schemes from 2017 to 2020 Freshwater fishing consists of 55 of total fish production 1 Fishing boats Fishing boats near Kollam in Kerala According to the Ministry of Fisheries Animal Husbandry Dairying fish production increased from 7 52 lakh tonnes in years 1950 51 to 125 90 lakh tonnes in years 2018 19 a 17 times increase 4 Each year India celebrates 10 July as the National Fish Farmers day 5 Koyilandy harbour in Kerala is the largest fishing harbour in Asia It has the longest breakwater India has 7 516 kilometres 4 670 mi of marine coastline 3 827 fishing villages and 1 914 traditional fish landing centers India s fresh water resources consist of 195 210 kilometres 121 300 mi of rivers and canals 2 9 million hectares of minor and major reservoirs 2 4 million hectares of ponds and lakes and about 0 8 million hectares of flood plain wetlands and water bodies 6 As of 2010 the marine and freshwater resources offered a combined sustainable catch fishing potential of over 4 million metric tonnes of fish In addition India s water and natural resources offer a tenfold growth potential in aquaculture farm fishing from 2010 harvest levels of 3 9 million metric tonnes of fish if India were to adopt fishing knowledge regulatory reforms and sustainability policies 7 Contents 1 History 2 Economic benefits 3 Law and regulations 4 Research and training 5 Issues 6 Aquaculture 6 1 Carp 6 2 Prawn or shrimp 6 3 Freshwater aquaculture 6 4 Brackishwater aquaculture 6 5 Ornamental Fish 6 6 Sea Weed 7 Distribution 7 1 Top ten states fish production every year 37 8 See also 9 References 10 Further readingHistory Edit Macchi a traditional Muslim caste of fishermen Tashrih al aqvam 1825 A fisherman in the backwaters of Kerala Historical texts like Kautilya s Arthashastra 321 300 B C and King Someswara s Manasollasa 1127 A D refer to fish culture 8 For centuries India has had a traditional practice of fish culture in small ponds Significant advances in productivity were made in the early nineteenth century with the controlled breeding of carp in tanks where river conditions are simulated Brackishwater farming was done on an old system where man made impediments in coastal wetlands and salt resistant deep water paddy fields Moreover traditional fishing methods have been in practise in central and south India for 2000 years 8 Economic benefits Edit Fish boats in Tamil Nadu Fishing in India contributed over 1 of India s annual gross domestic product in 2008 Fishing in India employs about 14 5 million people 6 To harvest the economic benefits from fishing India has adopted exclusive economic zone stretching 200 nautical miles 370 km into the Indian Ocean encompasses more than 2 million square kilometers In addition to this marine zone India has about 14 000 km2 of brackish water available for aquaculture about 16 000 km2 of freshwater lakes ponds and swamps and nearly 64 000 kilometers of rivers and streams In 1990 there were 1 7 million full time fishermen 1 3 million part time fishermen and 2 3 million occasional fishermen many of whom worked as saltmakers ferrymen seamen or operated boats for hire 9 In the early 1990s the fishing fleet consisted of 180 000 traditional craft powered by sails or oars 26 000 motorized traditional craft and some 34 000 mechanized boats 10 Fish production rose from 800 000 tons in FY 1950 to 4 1 million tons in the early 1990s From 1990 through 2010 Indian fish industry accelerated reaching a total marine and freshwater fish production to about 8 million metric tons In 2006 Indian central government initiated a dedicated organization focused on fisheries under its Ministry of Agriculture Special efforts have been made to promote extensive and intensive inland fish farming modernize coastal fisheries and encourage deep sea fishing through joint ventures These efforts led to a more than fourfold increase in coastal fish production from 520 000 tons in FY 1950 to 3 35 million tons in FY 2013 The increase in inland fish production was even more dramatic increasing almost eightfold from 218 000 tons in FY 1950 to 6 10 million tons in FY 2013 The value of fish and processed fish exports increased from less than 1 percent of the total value of exports in FY 1960 to 3 6 percent in FY 1993 Between 1990 and 2007 fish production in India has grown at a higher rate than food grains milk eggs and other food items 11 Indian inland waters rivers reservoirs wetlands lakes and ponds contribute 62 65 of the total fisheries production 12 Law and regulations EditNational laws include the British era Indian Fisheries Act 1897 which penalizes the killing of fish by poisoning water and by using explosives the Environment Protection Act 1986 being an umbrella act containing provisions for all environment related issues affecting fisheries and aquaculture industry in India the Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act 1974 and the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 The Wildlife Protection Act 1972 prevents the fishing of rare species of fishes 13 In 1996 the Indian Supreme Court prohibited the setting up of Shrimp farm ponds except traditional and improved traditional types of ponds on the Coastal Regulation Zone and on the Chilka Lake and Pulicat Lake The Order No 722 E of 2002 prohibited the use of certain antibiotics and pharmacologically active substances in hatcheries of production of the juveniles and larvae or in manufacturing the fish feed or in processing fish products 14 In 2017 the Indian government banned selling of 158 fish species of ornamental fishes and also made it mandatory that a full time fishery expert be present in the Ornamental fish farm for inspecting the health of the fishes Regulations regarding the tank size stocking density of fish and volume of water were also introduced 15 In India annually fishing is officially banned for 47 days shortened from 61 days prior to 2020 during first two months of monsoon season for the breeding and spawning of the fishes 16 During this time mechanised fishing vessels like trawlers are banned from fishing 17 18 In 2019 a separate ministry named the Ministry of Animal Husbandry Dairying and Fisheries was formed 19 Research and training Edit Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute in Kochi Fisheries research and training institutions in India are supported by central and state governments The major fisheries research institutions operating under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research are Fishery Survey of India Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute at Kochi Central Institute of Fisheries Education at Mumbai Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute at Barrackpore in West Bengal Central Fisheries Corporation at Kolkata the Central Institute of Coastal Engineering for Fisheries at Bangalore and Central Institute of Fisheries Technology at Kochi in Kerala Fishery training is provided by the Central Institute of Fisheries Education in Mumbai which has ancillary institutions at Barrackpore in Uttar Pradesh and Hyderabad in Telangana The Government of India established the National Fisheries Development Board in 2006 with its headquarters in Hyderabad 20 The NFDB works from a four story tin clad building shaped like a fish built in 2012 and reportedly based on a 1992 sculpture by Frank Gehry in Barcelona the building is considered an example of mimetic architecture The Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training with facilities in Chennai Kochi and Vishakapatnam trains operators of deep sea fishing vessels and technicians for shore establishments Fisheries Institute of Technology and Training FITT was established in Chennai in collaboration Tata Group to improve the socioeconomic condition of fishermen 21 The Integrated Fisheries Project was established to research on processing popularizing and marketing of unusual fish At present there are 19 Fisheries colleges run by state Governments Issues EditDespite rapid growth in total fish production an individual fish farmers average annual production in India is only 2 tonnes compared to 172 tonnes in Norway 72 tonnes in Chile and 6 tonnes per fisherman in China 22 In India fishing and selling of critically endangered fish species are banned But sometimes due to a lack of awareness drives from fisheries department officials critically endangered species are killed 13 The annual fishing trawling ban is done during the monsoon season for breeding and spawning of fish species But some fish species like Cuttlefish and squid breed and spawn during October So there have been suggestions to increase the trawling ban to 90 days 23 Indian fishermen sometimes get captured by the navies of Sri Lanka and Pakistan Skirmishes with the Sri Lankan navy often result in casualties and damage of boats 24 As of 2014 out of the 281 Indian prisoners in Pakistan jails 232 are Indian fishermen In 2013 an Indian fisherman died in Pakistan jail In 2014 another Indian fisherman died in Pakistan jail 25 In 2020 the Pakistan Marines fired on two Indian boats near the international maritime boundary line IMBL in an incident in which one fisherman was injured 26 There has been an increase in the number of Chinese deap sea fishing trawlers in the Southern Indian Ocean which has caused concerns in India Between 2015 and 2019 around 500 Chinese trawlers were sighted in the region 27 Aquaculture EditCarp Edit Carp farming in the country started between 1970 and 1980 due to the demonstrated high production levels of 8 to 10 tonnes hectare year in an incubation center Late 1980s saw the dawn of aquaculture in India and transformed fish culture into a more modern enterprise With the economic liberalization of the early 1990s fishing industry got a major investment boost 7 India s breeding and culture technologies include primarily different species of carp including the important Indian major carp species notably catla mrigal and rohu other species such as catfish murrel and prawns are recent additions The culture systems adopted in the country vary greatly depending on the input available in any particular region as well as on the investment capabilities of the farmer While extensive aquaculture is carried out in comparatively large water bodies with stocking of the fish seed as the only input beyond utilising natural productivity elements of fertilisation and feeding have been introduced into semi intensive culture The different culture systems in Indian practice include 8 Intensive pond culture with supplementary feeding and aeration 10 15 tonnes ha yr Composite carp culture 4 6 tonnes ha yr Weed based carp polyculture 3 4 tonnes ha yr Integrated fish farming with poultry pigs ducks horticulture etc 3 5 tonnes ha yr Pen culture 3 5 tonnes ha yr Cage culture 10 15 kg m2 yr Running water fish culture 20 50 kg m2 yr Prawn or shrimp Edit Freshwater prawn farming in India has grown rapidly since 2000 with Andhra Pradesh and Kerala contributing to approximately 60 percent of the total water area dedicated to prawn farming followed by West Bengal 8 In fiscal 2016 India became the biggest exporter of shrimps by overtaking Vietnam Frozen shrimp is the top item of export among seafood accounting for 38 28 per cent in quantity and 64 50 per cent of the total earnings in dollar terms in 2016 17 The overall export of shrimp during 2016 17 was pegged at 434 484 MT worth US 3 726 billion USA was the largest import market for frozen shrimp 165 827 MT followed by the European Union EU 77 178 MT South East Asia 1 05 763 MT Japan 31 284 MT Middle East 19 554 MT China 7 818 MT and other countries 27 063 MT Shrimp exports from India are expected to nearly double to US 7 billion by 2022 driven by strong demand high quality improved product mix and an increase in aquaculture area in Andhra Pradesh Kerala Gujarat Odisha and West Bengal 28 29 The giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon is the dominant species chosen for aquaculture followed by the Indian white prawn Fenneropenaeus indicus and Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei In 2015 16 West Bengal 61 998 MT was the largest producer of tiger shrimp for export followed by Odisha 9 191 MT Andhra Pradesh 295 332 MT was the largest producer of Pacific white shrimp 30 Freshwater aquaculture Edit Freshwater aquaculture accounts for nearly 55 of the total fish production in India and Second Largest Producer of Inland fish in the world 31 32 Aquaculture resources in India include 2 36 million hectares of ponds and tanks 1 07 million hectares of beels jheels and derelict waters plus in addition 0 12 million kilometers of canals 3 15 million hectares of reservoirs and 0 72 million hectares of upland lakes that could be utilised for aquaculture purposes Ponds and tanks are the prime resources for freshwater aquaculture in India However less than 10 percent of India s natural potential is used for aquaculture currently For bringing more areas under scientific fisheries and aquaculture the Indian government and premier fisheries research institutes are trying hard to sensitize the fish farmers and entrepreneurs regarding the package of practices and prospects of the highly promising culture based fisheries technology CBF in inland waters Utilization of untapped inland waters through CBF is one of the foremost strategies for achieving blue revolution CBF is generally practiced in inland waters having areas between 100 and 1000 ha lakes wetlands and small reservoirs and cautiously in 1000 5000 ha medium sized reservoirs 12 Brackishwater aquaculture Edit The FAO of the United Nations estimates that about 1 2 million hectares of potential brackishwater area available in India is suitable for farming in addition to this around 8 5 million hectares of salt affected areas are also available of which about 2 6 million hectares could be exclusively utilised for aquaculture due to the unsuitability of these resources for other agriculture based activities However just like India s fresh water resources the total brackishwater area under cultivation is only just over 13 percent of the potential water area available Carp hatcheries in both the public and private sectors have contributed towards the increase in seed production from 6321 million fry in 1985 1986 to over 18500 million fry in 2007 There are 35 freshwater prawn hatcheries in the coastal states producing over 200 million seed per annum Furthermore the 237 shrimp hatcheries with a production capacity of approximately 11 425 billion post larvae per year are meeting the seed requirement of the brackish water shrimp farming sector 8 Ornamental Fish Edit India s domestic ornamental fish Industry is 300 crore rupees worth In 2017 India exported ornamental fish worth Rs 9 5 crore a 40 increase from the previous year 33 Sea Weed Edit Karnataka is the largest producer of seaweed in India producing 22 thousand tonnes followed by Gujarat Maharashtra and Lakshadweep The red seaweed is the most cultivated variety of seaweed in India In 2018 the Indian government set up 10 000 seaweeds culture units in Andhra Pradesh under the Central government s Blue Revolution scheme 34 Distribution Edit Vellayil Fishing Harbour There are ten main fishing harbors at 35 Mangalore in Karnataka Chellanam Vypeen Koyilandy Neendakara Vizhinjam in Kerala Tuticorin Nagapattinam Chennai in Tamil Nadu Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and Raichak in West Bengal23 minor fishing harbours and 95 fish landing centres are designated to provide landing and berthing facilities to fishing craft Leading fish producing states in India 2019 2020 Rank 36 State Total production lakh metric tonnes 1 Andhra Pradesh 34 52 West Bengal 17 423 Gujarat 8 344 Odisha 6 855 Tamil Nadu 6 82Top ten states fish production every year 37 Edit States 2013 14 2014 15 2015 16 2016 17 2017 18Inland Marine Total Inland Marine Total Inland Marine Total Inland Marine Total Inland Marine TotalAndhra Pradesh 154864563147863489768748648 Cite error A lt ref gt tag is missing the closing lt ref gt see the help page lt ref gt lt ref gt lt ref gt 4 38 20 18 15 03 4 75 19 79 18 32 5 2 23 52 21 86 5 8 27 66 28 45 6 05 34 5West Bengal 13 92 1 88 15 81 14 38 1 79 16 17 14 93 1 78 16 71 15 25 1 77 17 02 15 57 1 85 17 42Gujarat 0 98 6 96 7 93 1 11 6 98 8 1 1 12 6 97 8 1 1 17 6 99 8 16 3 34 12 11 15 45 Kerala 3 2 4 1402148567486517487896471564836746grygfuybeiei6tf 1 36 3 33 4 7 1 77 4 45 5 21 5 55 5 53 10 08 5 35 10 00 15 35Tamil Nadu 1 92 4 32 6 24 2 4 4 57 6 98 2 43 4 67 7 09 1 97 4 72 6 69 1 85 6 97 8 82Uttar Pradesh 4 64 0 4 64 4 94 0 4 94 5 05 0 5 05 6 18 0 6 18 6 29 0 6 29Maharashtra 1 35 4 67 6 03 1 44 4 64 6 08 1 46 4 34 5 8 2 4 63 6 63 1 31 4 75 6 06Odisha 1 98 3 57 5 55 2 23 4 6 23 1 69 4 12 5 81 1 59 3 99 5 57 1 88 4 14 6 03Bihar 4 32 0 4 32 4 8 0 4 8 5 07 0 5 07 5 09 0 5 09 5 88 0 5 88Karnataka 1 86 5 22 7 09 2 02 5 24 7 26 2 11 5 17 7 28 1 61 4 31 5 93 1 48 4 14 5 63India 61 36 34 43 95 79 66 91 35 69 102 6 71 62 36 107 62 78 06 36 25 114 31 89 02 36 88 125 9See also Edit India portalForestry in India Borders of India Coastal India Exclusive economic zone of India Outline of IndiaReferences Edit a b c India s Blue Economy net getting biger Financial Express 14 February 2020 Retrieved 18 July 2020 Page 279 economic survey 2021 2022 www indiabudget gov in Retrieved 2022 07 18 Department of Fisheries Ministry of Fisheries Animal Husbandry amp Dairying Government of India Annual Report 2021 22 PDF p 9 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Fish production in india every year PDF National fish farmers day celebrations from July 9 in Port City United News of India 7 June 2018 Retrieved 19 July 2020 a b India National Fishery Sector Overview Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2006 a b Sasmita Panda Gagan Kumar Panigrahi Surendra nath Padhi 2016 Earning Animals Germany Anchor Academic p 70 a b c d e National Aquaculture Sector Overview India Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2009 Area Handbook series 1996 Area Handbook Series American University Washington D C Foreign Area Studies Volume 550 of DA pam United States American University Foreign Area Studies pp 416 ISBN 0 8444 0833 6 American University Washington D C Foreign Area Studies 1996 Area Handbook Series Volume 550 of DA pam United States American University Foreign Area Studies pp 416 ISBN 0 8444 0833 6 Fisheries Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore 2007 a b Roy Koushik 2017 Technicalities to be considered for culture fisheries development in Indian inland waters seed and feed policy review Environment Development and Sustainability 21 281 302 doi 10 1007 s10668 017 0037 3 S2CID 158126876 a b Critically endangered sawfish sold by fishermen for meat New Indian Express 4 August 2019 Retrieved 19 July 2020 National Aquaculture Legislation Food And Agriculture Organisation of United Nations Retrieved 19 July 2020 Krishnakumar P K 16 June 2017 Ornamental fish industry hit by new regulations Economic Times Retrieved 19 July 2020 Deep sea fishing ban perioreduced from 61 days to 47 The Hindu Special Correspondent 2020 05 29 ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 2021 01 12 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint others link Bindiya Chari 27 May 2019 Goa prepares for annual 61 day fishing ban Retrieved 19 July 2020 New Indian Express 15 April 2019 Annual fishing ban along Tamil Nadu coast comes into effect Retrieved 19 July 2020 GCMMF welcomes separate ministry for animal husbandry Hindu Business Line 1 June 2019 Retrieved 18 July 2020 Activities of NFDB National Fisheries Development Board Govt of India 2008 Archived from the original on 2012 01 25 Retrieved 2011 12 23 FITT PDF The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2010 PDF FAO of the United Nations 2010 Haritha John 5 August 2019 Net profit or loss Kerala s trawling ban during the monsoon has become a bone of contention Scroll Retrieved 19 July 2020 Sri Lankan navy attacks Tamil Nadu fishermen 20 boats damaged The Indian Express 5 September 2017 Shivam Vij 27 May 2014 The cynical politics behind why India and Pakistan keep arresting fishermen Scroll Retrieved 19 July 2020 India slams Pakistan for deliberate attack and firing on Indian fishermen Timesnow News 14 April 2020 Retrieved 18 July 2020 Dinakar Peri 9 September 2019 Chinese trawlers in southern Indian Ocean worry India The Hindu Retrieved 19 July 2020 India s Seafood Export at all time High in 2016 17 MPEDA Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Commerce amp Industry 7 June 2017 Retrieved 25 July 2018 Indian shrimp exports set to nearly double to 7 billion by 2022 CRISIL 13 December 2017 Retrieved 25 July 2018 Gupta Jayanta 14 December 2017 Big Bengal boost to India s No 1 shrimp exporter tag The Times of India Retrieved 25 July 2018 http www fao org 3 i9540en I9540EN pdf bare URL PDF https www rvo nl sites default files 2017 04 aquaculture in india report 2017 pdf pg 3 P K KRISHNAKUMAR 16 June 2017 Ornamental fish industry hit by new regulations Economic Times Retrieved 19 July 2020 10 000 seaweed culture units to be set up in the state soon 26 June 2018 Retrieved 19 July 2020 Shashikala Bhalkare 2016 Fish Economics and Fish Biotechnology USA Lulu Publications p 136 S Guru Srikanth Andhra stands first in fish production shows Economic Survey Retrieved 4 September 2022 Indian States fish production PDF Further reading Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fishing in India Library of Congress Country Studies U S Library of Congress released in public domain Retrieved 2007 10 06 Indian Journal of Fisheries Indian Council of Agricultural Research Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fishing in India amp oldid 1137761129, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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