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Federal lands

December 14, 2023

Federal lands are lands in the United States owned by the federal government. Pursuant to the Property Clause of the United States Constitution (Article 4, section 3, clause 2), Congress has the power to retain, buy, sell, and regulate federal lands, such as by limiting cattle grazing on them. These powers have been recognized in a long line of United States Supreme Court decisions.[1][2]

Ownership of federal lands in the 50 states, including subsurface rights. This map includes federal lands land held in trust for Native Americans, which may not be considered federal lands in other contexts.

The only mention in the United States Constitution of the specific types of land the federal government is authorized to own outside Washington D.C., in Article 1, Section 8, refers to "Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, Dock-yards, and other needful Buildings."

The federal government owns about 640 million acres (2.6 million km2) of land in the United States, about 28% of the total land area of 2.27 billion acres (9.2 million km2).[3][4] The majority of federal lands (610.1 million acres (2.469 million km2) or 95 percent area in 2015) are administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), National Park Service (NPS), or United States Forest Service (USFS). BLM, FWS, and NPS are part of the United States Department of the Interior, while the Forest Service is part of the United States Department of Agriculture. An additional 11.4 million acres (46 thousand km2) of land (about 2% of all federal land) is owned by the United States Department of Defense (DOD).[4] The majority of federal lands are located in Alaska and the Western states.[4]

Legal background edit

The United States Supreme Court has upheld the broad powers of the federal government to deal with federal lands, for example having unanimously held in Kleppe v. New Mexico[5] that "the complete power that Congress has over federal lands under this clause necessarily includes the power to regulate and protect wildlife living there, state law notwithstanding."[1]

Lands held by the United States in trust for Native American tribes are generally not considered public lands.[6] There are some 55 million acres (0.22 million km2) of land held in trust by the federal government for Indian tribes and almost 11 million acres (45 thousand km2) of land held in trust by the federal government for individual Natives. Although the United States holds legal title to these lands, the tribe or individual holds beneficial title (the right to use and benefit from the property).[7] As a result, Indian Country is "quasi-private, not public, land."[6] Nevertheless, "because the United States is a legal title holder, the federal government is a necessary part in all leases and dispositions of resources including trust land. For example, the secretary of the interior must approve any contract for payment or grant by an Indian tribe for services for the tribe 'relative to their lands' (25 U.S.C. § 81)."[7]

History of federal lands edit

The Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided for the survey and settlement of the lands that the original Thirteen Colonies ceded to the federal government after the American Revolution.[8] As additional lands were acquired by the United States from Spain, France, Native American Nations and other countries, the United States Congress directed that they be explored, surveyed, and made available for settlement.[8] During the Revolutionary War, military bounty land was promised to soldiers who fought for the colonies.[9] After the war, the Treaty of Paris of 1783, signed by the United States, the Kingdom of Great Britain, France, and Spain, ceded territory to the United States.[10][11] In the 1780s, other states relinquished their own claims to land in modern-day Ohio.[12] By this time, the United States needed revenue to function.[13] Land was sold so that the government would have money to survive.[13] In order to sell the land, surveys needed to be conducted. The Land Ordinance of 1785 instructed a geographer to oversee this work as undertaken by a group of surveyors.[13] The first years of surveying were completed by trial and error; once the territory of Ohio had been surveyed, a modern public land survey system had been developed.[14] In 1812, Congress established the General Land Office as part of the Department of the Treasury to oversee the disposition of these federal lands.[12] By the early 1800s, promised bounty land claims were finally fulfilled.[15]

In the 19th century, other bounty land and homestead laws were enacted to dispose of federal land.[8][15] These included, among others, the Homestead Act of 1862 and the Desert Lands Entry Act of 1877.[4] Several different types of patents existed.[16] These include cash entry, credit, homestead, Indian, military warrants, mineral certificates, private land claims, railroads, state selections, swamps, town sites, and town lots.[16] A system of local land offices spread throughout the territories, patenting land that was surveyed via the corresponding Office of the Surveyor General of a particular territory.[16] This pattern gradually spread across the entire United States.[14] Homestead entries peaked in 1910, when they amounted to 18.3 million acres (0.074 million km2), and sharply declined after 1935 and were eliminated in 1986.[4] The laws that spurred mass federal land transfers, with the exception of the General Mining Law of 1872 and the Desert Land Act of 1877, have since been repealed or superseded.[17]

Between 1781 and 2018, the federal government divested itself of estimated 1.29 billion acres (5.2 million km2) of public domain land.[4] The vast majority (97%) of transfers of federal land to private ownership occurred before 1940.[4] Beginning in the early 20th century, U.S. government policy shifted from disposing of public land to retaining and managing it.[4] Congress took additional steps toward recognizing the value of the assets on public lands and directed the Executive Branch to manage activities on the remaining public lands.[17] The Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 allowed leasing, exploration, and production of selected commodities, such as coal, oil, gas, and sodium to take place on public lands.[18] The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 established the United States Grazing Service to manage the public rangelands by establishment of advisory boards that set grazing fees.[19][20] The Oregon and California Revested Lands Sustained Yield Management Act of 1937, commonly referred as the O&C Act, required sustained yield management of the timberlands in western Oregon.[21]

Sagebrush Rebellion movement in the Western United States in the 1970s and the 1980s sought major changes to federal land control, use, and disposal policy in 13 western states in which federal land holdings include between 20% and 85% of a state's area.[22][23] Supporters of the movement wanted more state and local control over the lands, if not outright transfer of them to state and local authorities and/or privatization.[24]

From 1990 to 2018, the overall acreage held by the federal government decreased by 4.9% (i.e., from 646.9 million acres (2.618 million km2) to 615.3 million acres (2.490 million km2)).[4] Over that time period, the federal acreage held by the Bureau of Land Management and Department of Defense decreased by 10.2% and 56.8%, respectively, and the federal acreage held by the Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service increased by 0.8%, 2.7%, and 5.0%, respectively.[4] Over the 1990–2018 time period, the largest decline in federal acreage was in Alaska (a decrease of 9.4%, or 23.0 million acres (0.093 million km2)) and in the 11 contiguous states of the West (a 3% decrease in federal land, or 10.7 million acres (0.043 million km2)).[4]

Primary federal land holders edit

 
This map shows land owned by different federal government agencies.

The four primary federal land holders are:

The fifth largest federal landowner is the United States Department of Defense, which owns, leases, or possessed 26.1 million acres (0.106 million km2) worldwide, of which 8.8 million acres (0.036 million km2) are located in the United States (this figure excluded United States Army Corps of Engineers land). DoD thus administers approximately 1% of federal land. DOD land is mostly military bases and reservations.[4] The largest single DOD-owned, all-land tract is the 2.3-million-acre White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico.[25]

Together, the BLM, FWS, NPS, Forest Service, and DOD manage about 96% of federal land.[4] The remaining 4% of federal land is controlled by other federal agencies, including the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, the United States Postal Service, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the U.S. Department of Energy.[4]

Distribution edit

Federal land is concentrated in the Western United States. Nationwide, the federal government owns 27.4% of all land area. There are significant variations regionally; the federal government owns 61.3% of the land area in Alaska, 46.4% of the land area in the 11 contiguous Western states; and 4.2% of the land area of other states. The state with the highest percentage of land held by the federal government is Nevada (80.1%); the states with the lowest percentage of land held by the federal government are Connecticut and Iowa (0.3%).[4]

Primary laws regarding federal lands edit

Acquired lands edit

In the United States, acquired lands refer to a category of public lands in federal ownership that were obtained by the federal government through purchase, condemnation, gift, or exchange.[26]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Paul Rodgers, United States Constitutional Law: An Introduction (2011), p. 100-101.
  2. ^ Gibson v. Chouteau, 80 U.S. 92, 99 (1872), U.S. v. Grimaud, 220 U.S. 506 (1911), Light v. U.S. 220 U.S. 523 (1911), Utah Power & Light Co. v. U.S., 243 U.S. 389, 405 (1917), Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 U.S. 288, 336 (1936).
  3. ^ Lipton, Eric, and Clifford Krauss, Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling, New York Times, August 24, 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Carol Hardy Vincent, Carla N. Argueta, & Laura A. Hanson, Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data, Congressional Research Service (updated February 21, 2020).
  5. ^ Kleppe v. New Mexico, 426 U.S. 529 (1976).
  6. ^ a b Tom Fredericks & Andrea Aseff, When Did Congress Deem Indian Lands Public Lands?: The Problem of BLM Exercising Oil and Gas Regulatory Jurisdiction, 33 Energy Law Journal 119 (2012).
  7. ^ a b "Trust Land" in Treaties with American Indians: An Encyclopedia of Rights, Conflicts, and Sovereignty (ed. Donald L. Fixico: ABC-CLIO, 2008), p. 956.
  8. ^ a b c "The BLM: The Agency and its History". GPO. from the original on November 26, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  9. ^ "Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land-Warrant Application Files (p. 7)" (PDF). National Archives and Records Administration (1974). (PDF) from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  10. ^ "British-American Diplomacy Treaty of Paris – Hunter Miller's Notes". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. from the original on May 16, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
  11. ^ Black, Jeremy. British foreign policy in an age of revolutions, 1783–1793 (1994) pp 11–20
  12. ^ a b A History of the Rectangular Survey System by C. Albert White, 1983, Pub: Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management: For sale by G.P.O.
  13. ^ a b c Vernon Carstensen, "Patterns on the American Land." Journal of Federalism, Fall 1987, Vol. 18 Issue 4, pp 31–39
  14. ^ a b White, C. Albert (1991). A history of the rectangular survey system. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
  15. ^ a b "Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land-Warrant Application Files (p. 3)" (PDF). National Archives and Records Administration (1974). (PDF) from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  16. ^ a b c "Records of the Bureau of Land Management [BLM] (Record Group 49) 1685–1993 (bulk 1770–1982)". National Archives and Records Administration. from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  17. ^ a b . BLM. Archived from the original on November 26, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  18. ^ "Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 As Amended" (PDF). BLM. (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  19. ^ Wishart, David J. (ed.). "Taylor Grazing Act". Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  20. ^ Elliott, Clayton R. (August 2010). Innovation in the U.S. Bureau of Land Management: Insights from Integrating Mule Deer Management with Oil and Gas Leasing (Masters Thesis). University of Montana. p. 45. hdl:2027.42/77588.
  21. ^ "O&C Sustained Yield Act: the Law, the Land, the Legacy" (PDF). Bureau of Land Management. (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
  22. ^ Ross W. Gorte; Carol Hardy Vincent; Laura A. Hanson; Marc R. Rosenblum (8 February 2012). "Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data" (PDF). Table 1. Federal Land by State, 2010. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  23. ^ "The Open West, Owned by the Federal Government". New York Times. 23 Mar 2012.
  24. ^ "Andrus predicts end to West's 'rebellion'". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. June 11, 1980. p. 15C.
  25. ^ White Sands Missile Range and Trinity Site, National Park Service (revised 03/14/12).
  26. ^   This article incorporates public domain material from Jasper Womach. Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition (PDF). Congressional Research Service.

Further reading edit

  • Vincent, Carol Hardy; Comay, Laura B.; Crafton, R. Eliot; Hoover, Katie (November 23, 2018). Federal Land Ownership: Acquisition and Disposal Authorities (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  • Wilson, Randall K. America's Public Lands: From Yellowstone to Smokey Bear and Beyond. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2014.

December 14, 2023
federal, lands, lands, united, states, owned, federal, government, pursuant, property, clause, united, states, constitution, article, section, clause, congress, power, retain, sell, regulate, federal, lands, such, limiting, cattle, grazing, them, these, powers. Federal lands are lands in the United States owned by the federal government Pursuant to the Property Clause of the United States Constitution Article 4 section 3 clause 2 Congress has the power to retain buy sell and regulate federal lands such as by limiting cattle grazing on them These powers have been recognized in a long line of United States Supreme Court decisions 1 2 Ownership of federal lands in the 50 states including subsurface rights This map includes federal lands land held in trust for Native Americans which may not be considered federal lands in other contexts The only mention in the United States Constitution of the specific types of land the federal government is authorized to own outside Washington D C in Article 1 Section 8 refers to Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be for the erection of Forts Magazines Arsenals Dock yards and other needful Buildings The federal government owns about 640 million acres 2 6 million km2 of land in the United States about 28 of the total land area of 2 27 billion acres 9 2 million km2 3 4 The majority of federal lands 610 1 million acres 2 469 million km2 or 95 percent area in 2015 are administered by the Bureau of Land Management BLM United States Fish and Wildlife Service FWS National Park Service NPS or United States Forest Service USFS BLM FWS and NPS are part of the United States Department of the Interior while the Forest Service is part of the United States Department of Agriculture An additional 11 4 million acres 46 thousand km2 of land about 2 of all federal land is owned by the United States Department of Defense DOD 4 The majority of federal lands are located in Alaska and the Western states 4 Contents 1 Legal background 2 History of federal lands 3 Primary federal land holders 4 Distribution 5 Primary laws regarding federal lands 6 Acquired lands 7 See also 8 References 9 Further readingLegal background editThe United States Supreme Court has upheld the broad powers of the federal government to deal with federal lands for example having unanimously held in Kleppe v New Mexico 5 that the complete power that Congress has over federal lands under this clause necessarily includes the power to regulate and protect wildlife living there state law notwithstanding 1 Lands held by the United States in trust for Native American tribes are generally not considered public lands 6 There are some 55 million acres 0 22 million km2 of land held in trust by the federal government for Indian tribes and almost 11 million acres 45 thousand km2 of land held in trust by the federal government for individual Natives Although the United States holds legal title to these lands the tribe or individual holds beneficial title the right to use and benefit from the property 7 As a result Indian Country is quasi private not public land 6 Nevertheless because the United States is a legal title holder the federal government is a necessary part in all leases and dispositions of resources including trust land For example the secretary of the interior must approve any contract for payment or grant by an Indian tribe for services for the tribe relative to their lands 25 U S C 81 7 History of federal lands editThe Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided for the survey and settlement of the lands that the original Thirteen Colonies ceded to the federal government after the American Revolution 8 As additional lands were acquired by the United States from Spain France Native American Nations and other countries the United States Congress directed that they be explored surveyed and made available for settlement 8 During the Revolutionary War military bounty land was promised to soldiers who fought for the colonies 9 After the war the Treaty of Paris of 1783 signed by the United States the Kingdom of Great Britain France and Spain ceded territory to the United States 10 11 In the 1780s other states relinquished their own claims to land in modern day Ohio 12 By this time the United States needed revenue to function 13 Land was sold so that the government would have money to survive 13 In order to sell the land surveys needed to be conducted The Land Ordinance of 1785 instructed a geographer to oversee this work as undertaken by a group of surveyors 13 The first years of surveying were completed by trial and error once the territory of Ohio had been surveyed a modern public land survey system had been developed 14 In 1812 Congress established the General Land Office as part of the Department of the Treasury to oversee the disposition of these federal lands 12 By the early 1800s promised bounty land claims were finally fulfilled 15 In the 19th century other bounty land and homestead laws were enacted to dispose of federal land 8 15 These included among others the Homestead Act of 1862 and the Desert Lands Entry Act of 1877 4 Several different types of patents existed 16 These include cash entry credit homestead Indian military warrants mineral certificates private land claims railroads state selections swamps town sites and town lots 16 A system of local land offices spread throughout the territories patenting land that was surveyed via the corresponding Office of the Surveyor General of a particular territory 16 This pattern gradually spread across the entire United States 14 Homestead entries peaked in 1910 when they amounted to 18 3 million acres 0 074 million km2 and sharply declined after 1935 and were eliminated in 1986 4 The laws that spurred mass federal land transfers with the exception of the General Mining Law of 1872 and the Desert Land Act of 1877 have since been repealed or superseded 17 Between 1781 and 2018 the federal government divested itself of estimated 1 29 billion acres 5 2 million km2 of public domain land 4 The vast majority 97 of transfers of federal land to private ownership occurred before 1940 4 Beginning in the early 20th century U S government policy shifted from disposing of public land to retaining and managing it 4 Congress took additional steps toward recognizing the value of the assets on public lands and directed the Executive Branch to manage activities on the remaining public lands 17 The Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 allowed leasing exploration and production of selected commodities such as coal oil gas and sodium to take place on public lands 18 The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 established the United States Grazing Service to manage the public rangelands by establishment of advisory boards that set grazing fees 19 20 The Oregon and California Revested Lands Sustained Yield Management Act of 1937 commonly referred as the O amp C Act required sustained yield management of the timberlands in western Oregon 21 Sagebrush Rebellion movement in the Western United States in the 1970s and the 1980s sought major changes to federal land control use and disposal policy in 13 western states in which federal land holdings include between 20 and 85 of a state s area 22 23 Supporters of the movement wanted more state and local control over the lands if not outright transfer of them to state and local authorities and or privatization 24 From 1990 to 2018 the overall acreage held by the federal government decreased by 4 9 i e from 646 9 million acres 2 618 million km2 to 615 3 million acres 2 490 million km2 4 Over that time period the federal acreage held by the Bureau of Land Management and Department of Defense decreased by 10 2 and 56 8 respectively and the federal acreage held by the Forest Service Fish and Wildlife Service and National Park Service increased by 0 8 2 7 and 5 0 respectively 4 Over the 1990 2018 time period the largest decline in federal acreage was in Alaska a decrease of 9 4 or 23 0 million acres 0 093 million km2 and in the 11 contiguous states of the West a 3 decrease in federal land or 10 7 million acres 0 043 million km2 4 Primary federal land holders edit nbsp This map shows land owned by different federal government agencies The four primary federal land holders are Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management BLM The agency was formed in 1946 from the consolidation of the Grazing Service and the General Land Office BLM manages about 244 4 million acres 0 989 million km2 of federal lands as of 2018 more than any other agency Of these more than 99 are in the 11 Western states or Alaska BLM primarily emphasizes rangeland but also administers lands for purposes other than grazing including recreation timber energy and mineral extraction and conservation including watershed and wildlife fish habitat 4 United States Fish and Wildlife Service FWS Manages about 89 2 million acres 0 361 million km2 of federal land as of 2018 of which 85 9 are in Alaska FWS administered land is primarily for conservation and promotion of wildlife however some other uses such as resource extraction are permitted under certain conditions and in certain areas 4 National Park Service NPS Manages about 79 9 million acres 0 323 million km2 of federal land as of 2018 of which 66 are in Alaska There are 428 official NPS units with a variety of titles including national park national monument national historic site national recreation area and national battlefield 4 Department of Agriculture United States Forest Service USFS Manages about 192 9 million acres 0 781 million km2 of national forests as of 2018 Although Forest Service holdings are mostly in the West the USFS also manages about 60 of all federal lands in the Eastern United States 4 The fifth largest federal landowner is the United States Department of Defense which owns leases or possessed 26 1 million acres 0 106 million km2 worldwide of which 8 8 million acres 0 036 million km2 are located in the United States this figure excluded United States Army Corps of Engineers land DoD thus administers approximately 1 of federal land DOD land is mostly military bases and reservations 4 The largest single DOD owned all land tract is the 2 3 million acre White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico 25 Together the BLM FWS NPS Forest Service and DOD manage about 96 of federal land 4 The remaining 4 of federal land is controlled by other federal agencies including the United States Army Corps of Engineers the Bureau of Reclamation the United States Postal Service the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the U S Department of Energy 4 Distribution editFederal land is concentrated in the Western United States Nationwide the federal government owns 27 4 of all land area There are significant variations regionally the federal government owns 61 3 of the land area in Alaska 46 4 of the land area in the 11 contiguous Western states and 4 2 of the land area of other states The state with the highest percentage of land held by the federal government is Nevada 80 1 the states with the lowest percentage of land held by the federal government are Connecticut and Iowa 0 3 4 Primary laws regarding federal lands editAlaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Endangered Species Act 16 U S C 1531 et seq Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 FLPMA Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act Baca Act Pub L 106 248 text PDF Mineral Leasing Act National Environmental Policy Act NEPA Omnibus Public Land Management Act Pub L 111 11 text PDF Taylor Grazing Act 43 U S C 315 et seq Wild and Free Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971Acquired lands editIn the United States acquired lands refer to a category of public lands in federal ownership that were obtained by the federal government through purchase condemnation gift or exchange 26 See also editFederal enclaveReferences edit a b Paul Rodgers United States Constitutional Law An Introduction 2011 p 100 101 Gibson v Chouteau 80 U S 92 99 1872 U S v Grimaud 220 U S 506 1911 Light v U S 220 U S 523 1911 Utah Power amp Light Co v U S 243 U S 389 405 1917 Ashwander v Tennessee Valley Authority 297 U S 288 336 1936 Lipton Eric and Clifford Krauss Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling New York Times August 24 2012 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Carol Hardy Vincent Carla N Argueta amp Laura A Hanson Federal Land Ownership Overview and Data Congressional Research Service updated February 21 2020 Kleppe v New Mexico 426 U S 529 1976 a b Tom Fredericks amp Andrea Aseff When Did Congress Deem Indian Lands Public Lands The Problem of BLM Exercising Oil and Gas Regulatory Jurisdiction 33 Energy Law Journal 119 2012 a b Trust Land in Treaties with American Indians An Encyclopedia of Rights Conflicts and Sovereignty ed Donald L Fixico ABC CLIO 2008 p 956 a b c The BLM The Agency and its History GPO Archived from the original on November 26 2014 Retrieved November 14 2014 Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Warrant Application Files p 7 PDF National Archives and Records Administration 1974 Archived PDF from the original on February 13 2015 Retrieved November 14 2014 British American Diplomacy Treaty of Paris Hunter Miller s Notes The Avalon Project at Yale Law School Archived from the original on May 16 2015 Retrieved October 19 2014 Black Jeremy British foreign policy in an age of revolutions 1783 1793 1994 pp 11 20 a b A History of the Rectangular Survey System by C Albert White 1983 Pub Washington D C U S Dept of the Interior Bureau of Land Management For sale by G P O a b c Vernon Carstensen Patterns on the American Land Journal of Federalism Fall 1987 Vol 18 Issue 4 pp 31 39 a b White C Albert 1991 A history of the rectangular survey system Washington DC Government Printing Office a b Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Warrant Application Files p 3 PDF National Archives and Records Administration 1974 Archived PDF from the original on February 13 2015 Retrieved November 14 2014 a b c Records of the Bureau of Land Management BLM Record Group 49 1685 1993 bulk 1770 1982 National Archives and Records Administration Archived from the original on November 29 2014 Retrieved November 14 2014 a b BLM and Its Predecessors A Long and Varied History BLM Archived from the original on November 26 2014 Retrieved November 14 2014 Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 As Amended PDF BLM Archived PDF from the original on September 23 2015 Retrieved November 14 2014 Wishart David J ed Taylor Grazing Act Encyclopedia of the Great Plains University of Nebraska Lincoln Archived from the original on November 29 2014 Retrieved November 14 2014 Elliott Clayton R August 2010 Innovation in the U S Bureau of Land Management Insights from Integrating Mule Deer Management with Oil and Gas Leasing Masters Thesis University of Montana p 45 hdl 2027 42 77588 O amp C Sustained Yield Act the Law the Land the Legacy PDF Bureau of Land Management Archived PDF from the original on October 24 2012 Retrieved March 6 2012 Ross W Gorte Carol Hardy Vincent Laura A Hanson Marc R Rosenblum 8 February 2012 Federal Land Ownership Overview and Data PDF Table 1 Federal Land by State 2010 Congressional Research Service Retrieved 28 April 2014 The Open West Owned by the Federal Government New York Times 23 Mar 2012 Andrus predicts end to West s rebellion Eugene Register Guard Oregon Associated Press June 11 1980 p 15C White Sands Missile Range and Trinity Site National Park Service revised 03 14 12 nbsp This article incorporates public domain material from Jasper Womach Report for Congress Agriculture A Glossary of Terms Programs and Laws 2005 Edition PDF Congressional Research Service Further reading editVincent Carol Hardy Comay Laura B Crafton R Eliot Hoover Katie November 23 2018 Federal Land Ownership Acquisition and Disposal Authorities PDF Washington DC Congressional Research Service Retrieved 11 December 2018 Wilson Randall K America s Public Lands From Yellowstone to Smokey Bear and Beyond Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers 2014 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Federal lands amp oldid 1172466191, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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