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Father Christmas

April 28, 2023

This article is about the Christmas character of English folklore and myth. For the correspondingly-named character in other countries and languages, see List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers by country. For other uses, see Father Christmas (disambiguation).

Father Christmas is the traditional English name for the personification of Christmas. Although now known as a Christmas gift-bringer, and typically considered to be synonymous with Santa Claus, he was originally part of a much older and unrelated English folkloric tradition. The recognisably modern figure of the English Father Christmas developed in the late Victorian period, but Christmas had been personified for centuries before then.[1]

1848 depiction of Father Christmas crowned with a holly wreath, holding a staff and a wassail bowl and carrying the Yule log

English personifications of Christmas were first recorded in the 15th century, with Father Christmas himself first appearing in the mid 17th century in the aftermath of the English Civil War. The Puritan-controlled English government had legislated to abolish Christmas, considering it papist, and had outlawed its traditional customs. Royalist political pamphleteers, linking the old traditions with their cause, adopted Old Father Christmas as the symbol of 'the good old days' of feasting and good cheer. Following the Restoration in 1660, Father Christmas's profile declined. His character was maintained during the late 18th and into the 19th century by the Christmas folk plays later known as mummers plays.

Until Victorian times, Father Christmas was concerned with adult feasting and merry-making. He had no particular connection with children, nor with the giving of presents, nocturnal visits, stockings, chimneys or reindeer. But as later Victorian Christmases developed into child-centric family festivals, Father Christmas became a bringer of gifts.

The popular American myth of Santa Claus arrived in England in the 1850s and Father Christmas started to take on Santa's attributes. By the 1880s the new customs had become established, with the nocturnal visitor sometimes being known as Santa Claus and sometimes as Father Christmas. He was often illustrated wearing a long red hooded gown trimmed with white fur.

Most residual distinctions between Father Christmas and Santa Claus largely faded away in the early years of the 20th century, and modern dictionaries consider the terms Father Christmas and Santa Claus to be synonymous.

Early midwinter celebrations

The custom of merrymaking and feasting at Christmastide first appears in the historical record during the High Middle Ages (c 1100–1300).[2] This almost certainly represented a continuation of pre-Christian midwinter celebrations in Britain of which—as the historian Ronald Hutton has pointed out—"we have no details at all".[2] Personifications came later, and when they did they reflected the existing custom.

15th century—the first English personifications of Christmas

The first known English personification of Christmas was associated with merry-making, singing and drinking. A carol attributed to Richard Smart, Rector of Plymtree in Devon from 1435 to 1477, has 'Sir Christemas' announcing the news of Christ's birth and encouraging his listeners to drink: "Buvez bien par toute la compagnie, / Make good cheer and be right merry, / And sing with us now joyfully: Nowell, nowell."[3]

Many late medieval Christmas customs incorporated both sacred and secular themes.[4] In Norwich in January 1443, at a traditional battle between the flesh and the spirit (represented by Christmas and Lent), John Gladman, crowned and disguised as 'King of Christmas', rode behind a pageant of the months "disguysed as the seson requird" on a horse decorated with tinfoil.[4]

16th century—feasting, entertainment and music

In most of England the archaic word 'Yule' had been replaced by 'Christmas' by the 11th century, but in some places 'Yule' survived as the normal dialect term.[5] The City of York maintained an annual St Thomas's Day celebration of The Riding of Yule and his Wife which involved a figure representing Yule who carried bread and a leg of lamb. In 1572 the riding was suppressed on the orders of the Archbishop, who complained of the "undecent and uncomely disguising" which drew multitudes of people from divine service.[6]

Such personifications, illustrating the medieval fondness for pageantry and symbolism,[5] extended throughout the Tudor and Stuart periods with Lord of Misrule characters, sometimes called 'Captain Christmas',[1] 'Prince Christmas'[1] or 'The Christmas Lord', presiding over feasting and entertainment in grand houses, university colleges and Inns of Court.[3]

In his allegorical play Summer's Last Will and Testament,[7] written in about 1592, Thomas Nashe introduced for comic effect a miserly Christmas character who refuses to keep the feast. He is reminded by Summer of the traditional role that he ought to be playing: "Christmas, how chance thou com’st not as the rest, / Accompanied with some music, or some song? / A merry carol would have graced thee well; / Thy ancestors have used it heretofore."[8]

17th century—religion and politics

Puritan criticisms

Early 17th century writers used the techniques of personification and allegory as a means of defending Christmas from attacks by radical Protestants.[9]

Responding to a perceived decline in the levels of Christmas hospitality provided by the gentry,[10] Ben Jonson in Christmas, His Masque (1616) dressed his Old Christmas in out-of-date fashions:[11] "attir'd in round Hose, long Stockings, a close Doublet, a high crownd Hat with a Broach, a long thin beard, a Truncheon, little Ruffes, white shoes, his Scarffes, and Garters tyed crosse". Surrounded by guards, Christmas asserts his rightful place in the Protestant Church and protests against attempts to exclude him:[12] "Why Gentlemen, doe you know what you doe? ha! would you ha'kept me out? Christmas, old Christmas? Christmas of London, and Captaine Christmas? ... they would not let me in: I must come another time! a good jeast, as if I could come more then once a yeare; why, I am no dangerous person, and so I told my friends, o'the Guard. I am old Gregorie Christmas still, and though I come out of Popes-head-alley as good a Protestant, as any i'my Parish."[13]

The stage directions to The Springs Glorie, a 1638 court masque by Thomas Nabbes, state, "Christmas is personated by an old reverend Gentleman in a furr'd gown and cappe &c."[9] Shrovetide and Christmas dispute precedence, and Shrovetide issues a challenge: "I say Christmas you are past date, you are out of the Almanack. Resigne, resigne." To which Christmas responds: "Resigne to thee! I that am the King of good cheere and feasting, though I come but once a yeare to raigne over bak't, boyled, roast and plum-porridge, will have being in despight of thy lard-ship."[14]

This sort of character was to feature repeatedly over the next 250 years in pictures, stage plays and folk dramas. Initially known as 'Sir Christmas' or 'Lord Christmas', he later became increasingly referred to as 'Father Christmas'.[9]

Puritan revolution—enter 'Father Christmas'

The rise of puritanism led to accusations of popery in connection with pre-reformation Christmas traditions.[3] When the Puritans took control of government in the mid-1640s they made concerted efforts to abolish Christmas and to outlaw its traditional customs.[15] For 15 years from around 1644, before and during the Interregnum of 1649-1660, the celebration of Christmas in England was forbidden.[15] The suppression was given greater legal weight from June 1647 when parliament passed an Ordinance for Abolishing of Festivals[16] which formally abolished Christmas in its entirety, along with the other traditional church festivals of Easter and Whitsun.[10]

It was in this context that Royalist pamphleteers linked the old traditions of Christmas with the cause of King and Church, while radical puritans argued for the suppression of Christmas both in its religious and its secular aspects.[17] In the hands of Royalist pamphlet writers, Old Father Christmas served as the symbol and spokesman of 'the good old days' of feasting and good cheer,[1] and it became popular for Christmastide's defenders to present him as lamenting past times.[18]

The Arraignment, Conviction and Imprisoning of Christmas (January 1646) describes a discussion between a town crier and a Royalist gentlewoman enquiring after Old Father Christmas who 'is gone from hence'.[15] Its anonymous author, a parliamentarian, presents Father Christmas in a negative light, concentrating on his allegedly popish attributes: "For age, this hoarie headed man was of great yeares, and as white as snow; he entred the Romish Kallender time out of mind; [he] is old ...; he was full and fat as any dumb Docter of them all. He looked under the consecrated Laune sleeves as big as Bul-beefe ... but, since the catholike liquor is taken from him, he is much wasted, so that he hath looked very thin and ill of late ... But yet some other markes that you may know him by, is that the wanton Women dote after him; he helped them to so many new Gownes, Hatts, and Hankerches, and other fine knacks, of which he hath a pack on his back, in which is good store of all sorts, besides the fine knacks that he got out of their husbands' pockets for household provisions for him. He got Prentises, Servants, and Schollars many play dayes, and therefore was well beloved by them also, and made all merry with Bagpipes, Fiddles, and other musicks, Giggs, Dances, and Mummings."[19]

 
Father Christmas depicted in The Vindication of Christmas, 1652

The character of 'Christmas' (also called 'father Christmas') speaks in a pamphlet of 1652, immediately after the English Civil War, published anonymously by the satirical Royalist poet John Taylor: The Vindication of Christmas or, His Twelve Yeares' Observations upon the Times. A frontispiece illustrates an old, bearded Christmas in a brimmed hat, a long open robe and undersleeves. Christmas laments the pitiful quandary he has fallen into since he came into "this headlesse countrey". "I was in good hope that so long a misery would have made them glad to bid a merry Christmas welcome. But welcome or not welcome, I am come...." He concludes with a verse: "Lets dance and sing, and make good chear, / For Christmas comes but once a year."[20]

 
Father Christmas, as illustrated in Josiah King's two pamphlets of 1658 and 1678

In 1658 Josiah King published The Examination and Tryall of Old Father Christmas (the earliest citation for the specific term 'Father Christmas' recognised by the Oxford English Dictionary).[21] King portrays Father Christmas as a white-haired old man who is on trial for his life based on evidence laid against him by the Commonwealth. Father Christmas's counsel mounts the defence: "Me thinks my Lord, the very Clouds blush, to see this old Gentleman thus egregiously abused. if at any time any have abused themselves by immoderate eating, and drinking or otherwise spoil the creatures, it is none of this old mans fault; neither ought he to suffer for it; for example the Sun and the Moon are by the heathens worship’d are they therefore bad because idolized? so if any abuse this old man, they are bad for abusing him, not he bad, for being abused." The jury acquits.[22][23]

Restoration

Following the Restoration in 1660, most traditional Christmas celebrations were revived, although as these were no longer contentious the historic documentary sources become fewer.[24]

In 1678 Josiah King reprinted his 1658 pamphlet with additional material. In this version, the restored Father Christmas is looking better: "[he] look't so smug and pleasant, his cherry cheeks appeared through his thin milk white locks, like [b]lushing Roses vail'd with snow white Tiffany ... the true Emblem of Joy and Innocence."[25]

Old Christmass Returnd, a ballad collected by Samuel Pepys, celebrated the revival of festivities in the latter part of the century: "Old Christmass is come for to keep open house / He scorns to be guilty of starving a mouse, / Then come boyes and welcome, for dyet the chief / Plumb pudding, Goose, Capon, minc't pies & Roast beef".[26]

18th century—a low profile

As interest in Christmas customs waned, Father Christmas's profile declined.[1] He still continued to be regarded as Christmas's presiding spirit, although his occasional earlier associations with the Lord of Misrule died out with the disappearance of the Lord of Misrule himself.[1] The historian Ronald Hutton notes, "after a taste of genuine misrule during the Interregnum nobody in the ruling elite seems to have had any stomach for simulating it."[27] Hutton also found "patterns of entertainment at late Stuart Christmases are remarkably timeless [and] nothing very much seems to have altered during the next century either."[27] The diaries of 18th and early 19th century clergy take little note of any Christmas traditions.[24]

In The Country Squire, a play of 1732, Old Christmas is depicted as someone who is rarely-found: a generous squire. The character Scabbard remarks, "Men are grown so ... stingy, now-a-days, that there is scarce One, in ten Parishes, makes any House-keeping. ... Squire Christmas ... keeps a good House, or else I do not know of One besides." When invited to spend Christmas with the squire, he comments "I will ... else I shall forget Christmas, for aught I see."[28] Similar opinions were expressed in Round About Our Coal Fire ... with some curious Memories of Old Father Christmas; Shewing what Hospitality was in former Times, and how little there remains of it at present (1734, reprinted with Father Christmas subtitle 1796).[29]

David Garrick's popular 1774 Drury Lane production of A Christmas Tale included a personified Christmas character who announced "Behold a personage well known to fame; / Once lov'd and honour'd – Christmas is my name! /.../ I, English hearts rejoic'd in days of yore; / for new strange modes, imported by the score, / You will not sure turn Christmas out of door!"[30][31]

Early records of folk plays

By the late 18th century Father Christmas had become a stock character in the Christmas folk plays later known as mummers plays. During the following century they became probably the most widespread of all calendar customs.[32] Hundreds of villages had their own mummers who performed traditional plays around the neighbourhood, especially at the big houses.[33] Father Christmas appears as a character in plays of the Southern England type,[34][35] being mostly confined to plays from the south and west of England and Wales.[36] His ritual opening speech is characterised by variants of a couplet closely reminiscent of John Taylor's "But welcome or not welcome, I am come..." from 1652.

The oldest extant speech[36][37] is from Truro, Cornwall in the late 1780s:

hare comes i ould father Christmas welcom or welcom not    
i hope ould father Christmas will never be forgot    
ould father Christmas a pair but woance a yare    
he lucks like an ould man of 4 score yare[38]		 Here comes I, old Father Christmas, welcome or welcome not,
I hope old Father Christmas will never be forgot.
Old Father Christmas appear[s] but once a year,
He looks like an old man of fourscore year [80].

19th century—revival

During the Victorian period Christmas customs enjoyed a significant revival, including the figure of Father Christmas himself as the emblem of 'good cheer'. His physical appearance at this time became more variable, and he was by no means always portrayed as the old and bearded figure imagined by 17th century writers.[3]

'Merry England' view of Christmas

In his 1808 poem Marmion, Walter Scott wrote:

"England was merry England, when / Old Christmas brought his sports again.
'Twas Christmas broach'd the mightiest ale; / 'Twas Christmas told the merriest tale;
A Christmas gambol oft could cheer / The poor man's heart through half the year."[39]

Scott's phrase Merry England has been adopted by historians to describe the romantic notion that there was a golden age of the English past, allegedly since lost, that was characterised by universal hospitality and charity. The notion had a profound influence on the way that popular customs were seen, and most of the 19th century writers who bemoaned the state of contemporary Christmases were, at least to some extent, yearning for the mythical Merry England version.[40]

 
A Merry England vision of Old Christmas 1836

Thomas Hervey's The Book of Christmas (1836), illustrated by Robert Seymour, exemplifies this view.[41] In Hervey's personification of the lost charitable festival, "Old Father Christmas, at the head of his numerous and uproarious family, might ride his goat through the streets of the city and the lanes of the village, but he dismounted to sit for some few moments by each man's hearth; while some one or another of his merry sons would break away, to visit the remote farm-houses or show their laughing faces at many a poor man's door." Seymour's illustration shows Old Christmas dressed in a fur gown, crowned with a holly wreath, and riding a yule goat.[42]

 
Christmas with his children 1836

In an extended allegory, Hervey imagines his contemporary Old Father Christmas as a white-bearded magician dressed in a long robe and crowned with holly. His children are identified as Roast Beef (Sir Loin) and his faithful squire or bottle-holder Plum Pudding; the slender figure of Wassail with her fount of perpetual youth; a 'tricksy spirit' who bears the bowl and is on the best of terms with the Turkey; Mumming; Misrule, with a feather in his cap; the Lord of Twelfth Night under a state-canopy of cake and wearing his ancient crown; Saint Distaff looking like an old maid ("she used to be a sad romp; but her merriest days we fear are over"); Carol singing; the Waits; and the twin-faced Janus.[43]

Hervey ends by lamenting the lost "uproarious merriment" of Christmas, and calls on his readers "who know anything of the 'old, old, very old, gray-bearded gentleman' or his family to aid us in our search after them; and with their good help we will endeavor to restore them to some portion of their ancient honors in England".[44]

Father Christmas or Old Christmas, represented as a jolly-faced bearded man often surrounded by plentiful food and drink, started to appear regularly in illustrated magazines of the 1840s.[1] He was dressed in a variety of costumes and usually had holly on his head,[1] as in these illustrations from the Illustrated London News:

  • Illustrated London News, 1840s
  •  

    Old Christmas 1842

  •  

    Old Christmas / Father Christmas 1843

  •  

    Old Christmas 1847

Charles Dickens's 1843 novel A Christmas Carol was highly influential, and has been credited both with reviving interest in Christmas in England and with shaping the themes attached to it.[45] A famous image from the novel is John Leech's illustration of the 'Ghost of Christmas Present'.[46] Although not explicitly named Father Christmas, the character wears a holly wreath, is shown sitting among food, drink and wassail bowl, and is dressed in the traditional loose furred gown—but in green rather than the red that later become ubiquitous.[3]

Later 19th century mumming

Old Father Christmas continued to make his annual appearance in Christmas folk plays throughout the 19th century, his appearance varying considerably according to local custom. Sometimes, as in Hervey's book of 1836,[47] he was portrayed (below left) as a hunchback.[48][49]

One unusual portrayal (below centre) was described several times by William Sandys between 1830 and 1852, all in essentially the same terms:[32] "Father Christmas is represented as a grotesque old man, with a large mask and comic wig, and a huge club in his hand."[50] This representation is considered by the folklore scholar Peter Millington to be the result of the southern Father Christmas replacing the northern Beelzebub character in a hybrid play.[32][51] A spectator to a Worcestershire version of the St George play in 1856 noted, "Beelzebub was identical with Old Father Christmas."[52]

A mummers play mentioned in The Book of Days (1864) opened with "Old Father Christmas, bearing, as emblematic devices, the holly bough, wassail-bowl, &c".[53] A corresponding illustration (below right) shows the character wearing not only a holly wreath but also a gown with a hood.

  • Old Father Christmas in folk plays
  •  

    A hunchback Old Father Christmas in an 1836 play with long robe, holly wreath and staff.

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    An 1852 play. The Old Father Christmas character is on the far left.

  •  

    A party of mummers 1864

In a Hampshire folk play of 1860 Father Christmas is portrayed as a disabled soldier: "[he] wore breeches and stockings, carried a begging-box, and conveyed himself upon two sticks; his arms were striped with chevrons like a noncommissioned officer."[54]

In the latter part of the 19th century and the early years of the next the folk play tradition in England rapidly faded,[55] and the plays almost died out after the First World War[56] taking their ability to influence the character of Father Christmas with them.

Father Christmas as gift-giver

In pre-Victorian personifications, Father Christmas had been concerned essentially with adult feasting and games. He had no particular connection with children, nor with the giving of presents.[1][9] But as Victorian Christmases developed into family festivals centred mainly on children,[57] Father Christmas started to be associated with the giving of gifts.

The Cornish Quaker diarist Barclay Fox relates a family party given on 26 December 1842 that featured "the venerable effigies of Father Christmas with scarlet coat & cocked hat, stuck all over with presents for the guests, by his side the old year, a most dismal & haggard old beldame in a night cap and spectacles, then 1843 [the new year], a promising baby asleep in a cradle".[58]

In Britain, the first evidence of a child writing letters to Father Christmas requesting gift has been found in 1895.[59]

Santa Claus crosses the Atlantic

The figure of Santa Claus had originated in the US, drawing at least partly upon Dutch St Nicolas traditions.[9] A New York publication of 1821, A New-Year’s Present, contained an illustrated poem Old Santeclaus with Much Delight in which a Santa figure on a reindeer sleigh brings presents for good children and a "long, black birchen rod" for use on the bad ones.[60] In 1823 came the famous poem A Visit from St. Nicholas, usually attributed to the New York writer Clement Clarke Moore, which developed the character further. Moore's poem became immensely popular[1] and Santa Claus customs, initially localized in the Dutch American areas, were becoming general in the United States by the middle of the century.[48]

 
Santa Claus, as presented in Howitt's Journal of Literature and Popular Progress, London 1848

The January 1848 edition of Howitt's Journal of Literature and Popular Progress, published in London, carried an illustrated article entitled "New Year's Eve in Different Nations". This noted that one of the chief features of the American New Year's Eve was a custom carried over from the Dutch, namely the arrival of Santa Claus with gifts for the children. Santa Claus is "no other than the Pelz Nickel of Germany ... the good Saint Nicholas of Russia ... He arrives in Germany about a fortnight before Christmas, but as may be supposed from all the visits he has to pay there, and the length of his voyage, he does not arrive in America, until this eve."[61]

In 1851 advertisements began appearing in Liverpool newspapers for a new transatlantic passenger service to and from New York aboard the Eagle Line's ship Santa Claus,[62] and returning visitors and emigrants to the British Isles on this and other vessels will have been familiar with the American figure.[48] There were some early adoptions in Britain. A Scottish reference has Santa Claus leaving presents on New Year's Eve 1852, with children "hanging their stockings up on each side of the fire-place, in their sleeping apartments, at night, and waiting patiently till morning, to see what Santa Claus puts into them during their slumbers".[63] In Ireland in 1853, on the other hand, presents were being left on Christmas Eve according to a character in a newspaper short story who says "... tomorrow will be Christmas. What will Santa Claus bring us?"[64] A poem published in Belfast in 1858 includes the lines "The children sleep; they dream of him, the fairy, / Kind Santa Claus, who with a right good will / Comes down the chimney with a footstep airy ..."[65]

A Visit from St. Nicholas was published in England in December 1853 in Notes and Queries. An explanatory note states that the St Nicholas figure is known as Santa Claus in New York State and as Krishkinkle in Pennsylvania.[66]

1854 marked the first English publication of Carl Krinkin; or, The Christmas Stocking by the popular American author Susan Warner.[1] The novel was published three times in London in 1854–5, and there were several later editions.[67] Characters in the book include both Santa Claus (complete with sleigh, stocking and chimney),[67] leaving presents on Christmas Eve and—separately—Old Father Christmas. The Stocking of the title tells of how in England, "a great many years ago", it saw Father Christmas enter with his traditional refrain "Oh! here come I, old father Christmas, welcome or not ..." He wore a crown of yew and ivy, and he carried a long staff topped with holly-berries. His dress "was a long brown robe which fell down about his feet, and on it were sewed little spots of white cloth to represent snow".[68]

Merger with Santa Claus

As the US-inspired customs became popular in England, Father Christmas started to take on Santa's attributes.[1] His costume became more standardised, and although depictions often still showed him carrying holly, the holly crown became rarer and was often replaced with a hood.[1][9] It still remained common, though, for Father Christmas and Santa Claus to be distinguished, and as late as the 1890s there were still examples of the old-style Father Christmas appearing without any of the new American features.[69]

Appearances in public

The blurring of public roles occurred quite rapidly. In an 1854 newspaper description of the public Boxing Day festivities in Luton, Bedfordshire, a gift-giving Father Christmas/Santa Claus figure was already being described as 'familiar': "On the right-hand side was Father Christmas's bower, formed of evergreens, and in front was the proverbial Yule log, glistening in the snow ... He wore a great furry white coat and cap, and a long white beard and hair spoke to his hoar antiquity. Behind his bower he had a large selection of fancy articles which formed the gifts he distributed to holders of prize tickets from time to time during the day ... Father Christmas bore in his hand a small Christmas tree laden with bright little gifts and bon-bons, and altogether he looked like the familiar Santa Claus or Father Christmas of the picture book."[70] Discussing the shops of Regent Street in London, another writer noted in December of that year, "you may fancy yourself in the abode of Father Christmas or St. Nicholas himself."[71]

During the 1860s and 70s Father Christmas became a popular subject on Christmas cards, where he was shown in many different costumes.[49] Sometimes he gave presents and sometimes received them.[49]

 
Old Father Christmas, or The Cave of Mystery 1866

An illustrated article of 1866 explained the concept of The Cave of Mystery. In an imagined children's party this took the form of a recess in the library which evoked "dim visions of the cave of Aladdin" and was "well filled ... with all that delights the eye, pleases the ear, or tickles the fancy of children". The young guests "tremblingly await the decision of the improvised Father Christmas, with his flowing grey beard, long robe, and slender staff".[72]

 
Father Christmas 1879, with holly crown and wassail bowl, the bowl now being used for the delivery of children's presents

From the 1870s onwards, Christmas shopping had begun to evolve as a separate seasonal activity, and by the late 19th century it had become an important part of the English Christmas.[73] The purchasing of toys, especially from the new department stores, became strongly associated with the season.[74] The first retail Christmas Grotto was set up in JR Robert's store in Stratford, London in December 1888,[73] and shopping arenas for children—often called 'Christmas Bazaars'—spread rapidly during the 1890s and 1900s, helping to assimilate Father Christmas/Santa Claus into society.[73]

Sometimes the two characters continued to be presented as separate, as in a procession at the Olympia Exhibition of 1888 in which both Father Christmas and Santa Claus took part, with Little Red Riding Hood and other children's characters in between.[75] At other times the characters were conflated: in 1885 Mr Williamson's London Bazaar in Sunderland was reported to be a "Temple of juvenile delectation and delight. In the well-lighted window is a representation of Father Christmas, with the printed intimation that 'Santa Claus is arranging within.'"[76]

 
Domestic Theatricals 1881

Even after the appearance of the store grotto, it was still not firmly established who should hand out gifts at parties. A writer in the Illustrated London News of December 1888 suggested that a Sibyl should dispense gifts from a 'snow cave',[77] but a little over a year later she had changed her recommendation to a gypsy in a 'magic cave'.[78] Alternatively, the hostess could "have Father Christmas arrive, towards the end of the evening, with a sack of toys on his back. He must have a white head and a long white beard, of course. Wig and beard can be cheaply hired from a theatrical costumier, or may be improvised from tow in case of need. He should wear a greatcoat down to his heels, liberally sprinkled with flour as though he had just come from that land of ice where Father Christmas is supposed to reside."[78]

As secret nocturnal visitor

The nocturnal visitor aspect of the American myth took much longer to become naturalised. From the 1840s it had been accepted readily enough that presents were left for children by unseen hands overnight on Christmas Eve, but the receptacle was a matter of debate,[79] as was the nature of the visitor. Dutch tradition had St Nicholas leaving presents in shoes laid out on 5 December,[80] while in France shoes were filled by Père Noël.[79] The older shoe custom and the newer American stocking custom trickled only slowly into Britain, with writers and illustrators remaining uncertain for many years.[79] Although the stocking eventually triumphed,[79] the shoe custom had still not been forgotten by 1901 when an illustration entitled Did you see Santa Claus, Mother? was accompanied by the verse "Her Christmas dreams / Have all come true; / Stocking o'erflows / and likewise shoe."[81]

 
Fairy Gifts by JA Fitzgerald showing nocturnal visitors in 1868, before the American Santa Claus tradition took hold.

Before Santa Claus and the stocking became ubiquitous, one English tradition had been for fairies to visit on Christmas Eve to leave gifts in shoes set out in front of the fireplace.[82][83]

Aspects of the American Santa Claus myth were sometimes adopted in isolation and applied to Father Christmas. In a short fantasy piece, the editor of the Cheltenham Chronicle in 1867 dreamt of being seized by the collar by Father Christmas, "rising up like a Geni of the Arabian Nights ... and moving rapidly through the aether". Hovering over the roof of a house, Father Christmas cries 'Open Sesame' to have the roof roll back to disclose the scene within.[84]

It was not until the 1870s that the tradition of a nocturnal Santa Claus began to be adopted by ordinary people.[9] The poem The Baby's Stocking, which was syndicated to local newspapers in 1871, took it for granted that readers would be familiar with the custom, and would understand the joke that the stocking might be missed as "Santa Claus wouldn't be looking for anything half so small."[85] On the other hand, when The Preston Guardian published its poem Santa Claus and the Children in 1877 it felt the need to include a long preface explaining exactly who Santa Claus was.[86]

Folklorists and antiquarians were not, it seems, familiar with the new local customs and Ronald Hutton notes that in 1879 the newly formed Folk-Lore Society, ignorant of American practices, was still "excitedly trying to discover the source of the new belief".[9]

In January 1879 the antiquarian Edwin Lees wrote to Notes and Queries seeking information about an observance he had been told about by 'a country person': "On Christmas Eve, when the inmates of a house in the country retire to bed, all those desirous of a present place a stocking outside the door of their bedroom, with the expectation that some mythical being called Santiclaus will fill the stocking or place something within it before the morning. This is of course well known, and the master of the house does in reality place a Christmas gift secretly in each stocking; but the giggling girls in the morning, when bringing down their presents, affect to say that Santiclaus visited and filled the stockings in the night. From what region of the earth or air this benevolent Santiclaus takes flight I have not been able to ascertain ..."[87] Lees received several responses, linking 'Santiclaus' with the continental traditions of St Nicholas and 'Petit Jesus' (Christkind),[88] but no-one mentioned Father Christmas and no-one was correctly able to identify the American source.[48][89]

By the 1880s the American myth had become firmly established in the popular English imagination, the nocturnal visitor sometimes being known as Santa Claus and sometimes as Father Christmas (often complete with a hooded robe).[9] An 1881 poem imagined a child awaiting a visit from Santa Claus and asking "Will he come like Father Christmas, / Robed in green and beard all white? / Will he come amid the darkness? / Will he come at all tonight?"[9][90] The French writer Max O'Rell, who evidently thought the custom was established in the England of 1883, explained that Father Christmas "descend par la cheminée, pour remplir de bonbons et de joux les bas que les enfants ont suspendus au pied du lit." [comes down the chimney, to fill with sweets and games the stockings that the children have hung from the foot of the bed].[89] And in her poem Agnes: A Fairy Tale (1891), Lilian M Bennett treats the two names as interchangeable: "Old Santa Claus is exceedingly kind, / but he won't come to Wide-awakes, you will find... / Father Christmas won't come if he can hear / You're awake. So to bed my bairnies dear."[91] The commercial availability from 1895 of Tom Smith & Co's Santa Claus Surprise Stockings indicates how deeply the American myth had penetrated English society by the end of the century.[92]

Representations of the developing character at this period were sometimes labelled 'Santa Claus' and sometimes 'Father Christmas', with a tendency for the latter still to allude to old-style associations with charity and with food and drink, as in several of these Punch illustrations:

  • Father Christmas in Punch, 1890s
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    The Awakening of Father Christmas 1891

  •  

    "Where's your stocking?" 1895

  •  

    Father Christmas Up-To-Date 1896

  •  

    Father Christmas Not Up-To-Date 1897

20th century

Any residual distinctions between Father Christmas and Santa Claus largely faded away in the early years of the new century, and it was reported in 1915, "The majority of children to-day ... do not know of any difference between our old Father Christmas and the comparatively new Santa Claus, as, by both wearing the same garb, they have effected a happy compromise."[93]

It took many years for authors and illustrators to agree that Father Christmas's costume should be portrayed as red—although that was always the most common colour—and he could sometimes be found in a gown of brown, green, blue or white.[1][3][70] Mass media approval of the red costume came following a Coca-Cola advertising campaign that was launched in 1931.[1]

 
Father Christmas cartoon, Punch, Dec 1919
 
An English postcard of 1919 epitomises the OED's definition[21] of Father Christmas as "a personification of Christmas, now conventionally pictured as a benevolent old man with a long white beard and red clothes trimmed with white fur, who brings presents for children on the night before Christmas Day".

Father Christmas's common form for much of the 20th century was described by his entry in the Oxford English Dictionary. He is "the personification of Christmas as a benevolent old man with a flowing white beard, wearing a red sleeved gown and hood trimmed with white fur, and carrying a sack of Christmas presents".[21] One of the OED's sources is a 1919 cartoon in Punch, reproduced here.[94] The caption reads:

Uncle James (who after hours of making up rather fancies himself as Father Christmas). "Well, my little man, and do you know who I am?"
The Little Man. "No, as a matter of fact I don't. But Father's downstairs; perhaps he may be able to tell you."

In 1951 an editorial in The Times opined that while most adults may be under the impression that [the English] Father Christmas is home-bred, and is "a good insular John Bull old gentleman", many children, "led away ... by the false romanticism of sledges and reindeer", post letters to Norway addressed simply to Father Christmas or, "giving him a foreign veneer, Santa Claus".[95]

Differences between the English and US representations were discussed in The Illustrated London News of 1985. The classic illustration by the US artist Thomas Nast was held to be "the authorised version of how Santa Claus should look—in America, that is." In Britain, people were said to stick to the older Father Christmas, with a long robe, large concealing beard, and boots similar to Wellingtons.[96]

 
Father Christmas Packing 1931, as imagined in a private letter by JRR Tolkien, published in 1976

Father Christmas appeared in many 20th century English-language works of fiction, including J. R. R. Tolkien's Father Christmas Letters, a series of private letters to his children written between 1920 and 1942 and first published in 1976.[97] Other 20th century publications include C. S. Lewis's The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950), Raymond Briggs's Father Christmas (1973) and its sequel Father Christmas Goes on Holiday (1975). The character was also celebrated in popular songs, including "I Believe in Father Christmas" by Greg Lake (1974) and "Father Christmas" by The Kinks (1977).

In 1991, Raymond Briggs's two books were adapted as an animated short film, Father Christmas, starring Mel Smith as the voice of the title character.

21st century

For modern usages in which Father Christmas is treated as synonymous with Santa Claus, see Santa Claus.

Modern dictionaries consider the terms Father Christmas and Santa Claus to be synonymous.[98][99] The respective characters are now to all intents and purposes indistinguishable, although some people are still said to prefer the term 'Father Christmas' over 'Santa', nearly 150 years after Santa's arrival in England.[1] According to Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (19th edn, 2012), Father Christmas is considered to be "[a] British rather than a US name for Santa Claus, associating him specifically with Christmas. The name carries a somewhat socially superior cachet and is thus preferred by certain advertisers."[100]

References

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External links

  •   Media related to Father Christmas at Wikimedia Commons

April 28, 2023
father, christmas, this, article, about, christmas, character, english, folklore, myth, correspondingly, named, character, other, countries, languages, list, christmas, winter, gift, bringers, country, other, uses, disambiguation, traditional, english, name, p. This article is about the Christmas character of English folklore and myth For the correspondingly named character in other countries and languages see List of Christmas and winter gift bringers by country For other uses see Father Christmas disambiguation Father Christmas is the traditional English name for the personification of Christmas Although now known as a Christmas gift bringer and typically considered to be synonymous with Santa Claus he was originally part of a much older and unrelated English folkloric tradition The recognisably modern figure of the English Father Christmas developed in the late Victorian period but Christmas had been personified for centuries before then 1 1848 depiction of Father Christmas crowned with a holly wreath holding a staff and a wassail bowl and carrying the Yule log English personifications of Christmas were first recorded in the 15th century with Father Christmas himself first appearing in the mid 17th century in the aftermath of the English Civil War The Puritan controlled English government had legislated to abolish Christmas considering it papist and had outlawed its traditional customs Royalist political pamphleteers linking the old traditions with their cause adopted Old Father Christmas as the symbol of the good old days of feasting and good cheer Following the Restoration in 1660 Father Christmas s profile declined His character was maintained during the late 18th and into the 19th century by the Christmas folk plays later known as mummers plays Until Victorian times Father Christmas was concerned with adult feasting and merry making He had no particular connection with children nor with the giving of presents nocturnal visits stockings chimneys or reindeer But as later Victorian Christmases developed into child centric family festivals Father Christmas became a bringer of gifts The popular American myth of Santa Claus arrived in England in the 1850s and Father Christmas started to take on Santa s attributes By the 1880s the new customs had become established with the nocturnal visitor sometimes being known as Santa Claus and sometimes as Father Christmas He was often illustrated wearing a long red hooded gown trimmed with white fur Most residual distinctions between Father Christmas and Santa Claus largely faded away in the early years of the 20th century and modern dictionaries consider the terms Father Christmas and Santa Claus to be synonymous Contents 1 Early midwinter celebrations 2 15th century the first English personifications of Christmas 3 16th century feasting entertainment and music 4 17th century religion and politics 4 1 Puritan criticisms 4 2 Puritan revolution enter Father Christmas 4 3 Restoration 5 18th century a low profile 5 1 Early records of folk plays 6 19th century revival 6 1 Merry England view of Christmas 6 2 Later 19th century mumming 6 3 Father Christmas as gift giver 6 4 Santa Claus crosses the Atlantic 6 5 Merger with Santa Claus 6 5 1 Appearances in public 6 5 2 As secret nocturnal visitor 7 20th century 8 21st century 9 References 10 External linksEarly midwinter celebrations EditThe custom of merrymaking and feasting at Christmastide first appears in the historical record during the High Middle Ages c 1100 1300 2 This almost certainly represented a continuation of pre Christian midwinter celebrations in Britain of which as the historian Ronald Hutton has pointed out we have no details at all 2 Personifications came later and when they did they reflected the existing custom 15th century the first English personifications of Christmas EditThe first known English personification of Christmas was associated with merry making singing and drinking A carol attributed to Richard Smart Rector of Plymtree in Devon from 1435 to 1477 has Sir Christemas announcing the news of Christ s birth and encouraging his listeners to drink Buvez bien par toute la compagnie Make good cheer and be right merry And sing with us now joyfully Nowell nowell 3 Many late medieval Christmas customs incorporated both sacred and secular themes 4 In Norwich in January 1443 at a traditional battle between the flesh and the spirit represented by Christmas and Lent John Gladman crowned and disguised as King of Christmas rode behind a pageant of the months disguysed as the seson requird on a horse decorated with tinfoil 4 16th century feasting entertainment and music EditIn most of England the archaic word Yule had been replaced by Christmas by the 11th century but in some places Yule survived as the normal dialect term 5 The City of York maintained an annual St Thomas s Day celebration of The Riding of Yule and his Wife which involved a figure representing Yule who carried bread and a leg of lamb In 1572 the riding was suppressed on the orders of the Archbishop who complained of the undecent and uncomely disguising which drew multitudes of people from divine service 6 Such personifications illustrating the medieval fondness for pageantry and symbolism 5 extended throughout the Tudor and Stuart periods with Lord of Misrule characters sometimes called Captain Christmas 1 Prince Christmas 1 or The Christmas Lord presiding over feasting and entertainment in grand houses university colleges and Inns of Court 3 In his allegorical play Summer s Last Will and Testament 7 written in about 1592 Thomas Nashe introduced for comic effect a miserly Christmas character who refuses to keep the feast He is reminded by Summer of the traditional role that he ought to be playing Christmas how chance thou com st not as the rest Accompanied with some music or some song A merry carol would have graced thee well Thy ancestors have used it heretofore 8 17th century religion and politics EditPuritan criticisms Edit Early 17th century writers used the techniques of personification and allegory as a means of defending Christmas from attacks by radical Protestants 9 Responding to a perceived decline in the levels of Christmas hospitality provided by the gentry 10 Ben Jonson in Christmas His Masque 1616 dressed his Old Christmas in out of date fashions 11 attir d in round Hose long Stockings a close Doublet a high crownd Hat with a Broach a long thin beard a Truncheon little Ruffes white shoes his Scarffes and Garters tyed crosse Surrounded by guards Christmas asserts his rightful place in the Protestant Church and protests against attempts to exclude him 12 Why Gentlemen doe you know what you doe ha would you ha kept me out Christmas old Christmas Christmas of London and Captaine Christmas they would not let me in I must come another time a good jeast as if I could come more then once a yeare why I am no dangerous person and so I told my friends o the Guard I am old Gregorie Christmas still and though I come out of Popes head alley as good a Protestant as any i my Parish 13 The stage directions to The Springs Glorie a 1638 court masque by Thomas Nabbes state Christmas is personated by an old reverend Gentleman in a furr d gown and cappe amp c 9 Shrovetide and Christmas dispute precedence and Shrovetide issues a challenge I say Christmas you are past date you are out of the Almanack Resigne resigne To which Christmas responds Resigne to thee I that am the King of good cheere and feasting though I come but once a yeare to raigne over bak t boyled roast and plum porridge will have being in despight of thy lard ship 14 This sort of character was to feature repeatedly over the next 250 years in pictures stage plays and folk dramas Initially known as Sir Christmas or Lord Christmas he later became increasingly referred to as Father Christmas 9 Puritan revolution enter Father Christmas Edit The rise of puritanism led to accusations of popery in connection with pre reformation Christmas traditions 3 When the Puritans took control of government in the mid 1640s they made concerted efforts to abolish Christmas and to outlaw its traditional customs 15 For 15 years from around 1644 before and during the Interregnum of 1649 1660 the celebration of Christmas in England was forbidden 15 The suppression was given greater legal weight from June 1647 when parliament passed an Ordinance for Abolishing of Festivals 16 which formally abolished Christmas in its entirety along with the other traditional church festivals of Easter and Whitsun 10 It was in this context that Royalist pamphleteers linked the old traditions of Christmas with the cause of King and Church while radical puritans argued for the suppression of Christmas both in its religious and its secular aspects 17 In the hands of Royalist pamphlet writers Old Father Christmas served as the symbol and spokesman of the good old days of feasting and good cheer 1 and it became popular for Christmastide s defenders to present him as lamenting past times 18 The Arraignment Conviction and Imprisoning of Christmas January 1646 describes a discussion between a town crier and a Royalist gentlewoman enquiring after Old Father Christmas who is gone from hence 15 Its anonymous author a parliamentarian presents Father Christmas in a negative light concentrating on his allegedly popish attributes For age this hoarie headed man was of great yeares and as white as snow he entred the Romish Kallender time out of mind he is old he was full and fat as any dumb Docter of them all He looked under the consecrated Laune sleeves as big as Bul beefe but since the catholike liquor is taken from him he is much wasted so that he hath looked very thin and ill of late But yet some other markes that you may know him by is that the wanton Women dote after him he helped them to so many new Gownes Hatts and Hankerches and other fine knacks of which he hath a pack on his back in which is good store of all sorts besides the fine knacks that he got out of their husbands pockets for household provisions for him He got Prentises Servants and Schollars many play dayes and therefore was well beloved by them also and made all merry with Bagpipes Fiddles and other musicks Giggs Dances and Mummings 19 Father Christmas depicted in The Vindication of Christmas 1652 The character of Christmas also called father Christmas speaks in a pamphlet of 1652 immediately after the English Civil War published anonymously by the satirical Royalist poet John Taylor The Vindication of Christmas or His Twelve Yeares Observations upon the Times A frontispiece illustrates an old bearded Christmas in a brimmed hat a long open robe and undersleeves Christmas laments the pitiful quandary he has fallen into since he came into this headlesse countrey I was in good hope that so long a misery would have made them glad to bid a merry Christmas welcome But welcome or not welcome I am come He concludes with a verse Lets dance and sing and make good chear For Christmas comes but once a year 20 Father Christmas as illustrated in Josiah King s two pamphlets of 1658 and 1678 In 1658 Josiah King published The Examination and Tryall of Old Father Christmas the earliest citation for the specific term Father Christmas recognised by the Oxford English Dictionary 21 King portrays Father Christmas as a white haired old man who is on trial for his life based on evidence laid against him by the Commonwealth Father Christmas s counsel mounts the defence Me thinks my Lord the very Clouds blush to see this old Gentleman thus egregiously abused if at any time any have abused themselves by immoderate eating and drinking or otherwise spoil the creatures it is none of this old mans fault neither ought he to suffer for it for example the Sun and the Moon are by the heathens worship d are they therefore bad because idolized so if any abuse this old man they are bad for abusing him not he bad for being abused The jury acquits 22 23 Restoration Edit Following the Restoration in 1660 most traditional Christmas celebrations were revived although as these were no longer contentious the historic documentary sources become fewer 24 In 1678 Josiah King reprinted his 1658 pamphlet with additional material In this version the restored Father Christmas is looking better he look t so smug and pleasant his cherry cheeks appeared through his thin milk white locks like b lushing Roses vail d with snow white Tiffany the true Emblem of Joy and Innocence 25 Old Christmass Returnd a ballad collected by Samuel Pepys celebrated the revival of festivities in the latter part of the century Old Christmass is come for to keep open house He scorns to be guilty of starving a mouse Then come boyes and welcome for dyet the chief Plumb pudding Goose Capon minc t pies amp Roast beef 26 18th century a low profile EditAs interest in Christmas customs waned Father Christmas s profile declined 1 He still continued to be regarded as Christmas s presiding spirit although his occasional earlier associations with the Lord of Misrule died out with the disappearance of the Lord of Misrule himself 1 The historian Ronald Hutton notes after a taste of genuine misrule during the Interregnum nobody in the ruling elite seems to have had any stomach for simulating it 27 Hutton also found patterns of entertainment at late Stuart Christmases are remarkably timeless and nothing very much seems to have altered during the next century either 27 The diaries of 18th and early 19th century clergy take little note of any Christmas traditions 24 In The Country Squire a play of 1732 Old Christmas is depicted as someone who is rarely found a generous squire The character Scabbard remarks Men are grown so stingy now a days that there is scarce One in ten Parishes makes any House keeping Squire Christmas keeps a good House or else I do not know of One besides When invited to spend Christmas with the squire he comments I will else I shall forget Christmas for aught I see 28 Similar opinions were expressed in Round About Our Coal Fire with some curious Memories of Old Father Christmas Shewing what Hospitality was in former Times and how little there remains of it at present 1734 reprinted with Father Christmas subtitle 1796 29 David Garrick s popular 1774 Drury Lane production of A Christmas Tale included a personified Christmas character who announced Behold a personage well known to fame Once lov d and honour d Christmas is my name I English hearts rejoic d in days of yore for new strange modes imported by the score You will not sure turn Christmas out of door 30 31 Early records of folk plays Edit By the late 18th century Father Christmas had become a stock character in the Christmas folk plays later known as mummers plays During the following century they became probably the most widespread of all calendar customs 32 Hundreds of villages had their own mummers who performed traditional plays around the neighbourhood especially at the big houses 33 Father Christmas appears as a character in plays of the Southern England type 34 35 being mostly confined to plays from the south and west of England and Wales 36 His ritual opening speech is characterised by variants of a couplet closely reminiscent of John Taylor s But welcome or not welcome I am come from 1652 The oldest extant speech 36 37 is from Truro Cornwall in the late 1780s hare comes i ould father Christmas welcom or welcom not i hope ould father Christmas will never be forgot ould father Christmas a pair but woance a yare he lucks like an ould man of 4 score yare 38 Here comes I old Father Christmas welcome or welcome not I hope old Father Christmas will never be forgot Old Father Christmas appear s but once a year He looks like an old man of fourscore year 80 19th century revival EditDuring the Victorian period Christmas customs enjoyed a significant revival including the figure of Father Christmas himself as the emblem of good cheer His physical appearance at this time became more variable and he was by no means always portrayed as the old and bearded figure imagined by 17th century writers 3 Merry England view of Christmas Edit In his 1808 poem Marmion Walter Scott wrote England was merry England when Old Christmas brought his sports again Twas Christmas broach d the mightiest ale Twas Christmas told the merriest tale A Christmas gambol oft could cheer The poor man s heart through half the year 39 Scott s phrase Merry England has been adopted by historians to describe the romantic notion that there was a golden age of the English past allegedly since lost that was characterised by universal hospitality and charity The notion had a profound influence on the way that popular customs were seen and most of the 19th century writers who bemoaned the state of contemporary Christmases were at least to some extent yearning for the mythical Merry England version 40 A Merry England vision of Old Christmas 1836 Thomas Hervey s The Book of Christmas 1836 illustrated by Robert Seymour exemplifies this view 41 In Hervey s personification of the lost charitable festival Old Father Christmas at the head of his numerous and uproarious family might ride his goat through the streets of the city and the lanes of the village but he dismounted to sit for some few moments by each man s hearth while some one or another of his merry sons would break away to visit the remote farm houses or show their laughing faces at many a poor man s door Seymour s illustration shows Old Christmas dressed in a fur gown crowned with a holly wreath and riding a yule goat 42 Christmas with his children 1836 In an extended allegory Hervey imagines his contemporary Old Father Christmas as a white bearded magician dressed in a long robe and crowned with holly His children are identified as Roast Beef Sir Loin and his faithful squire or bottle holder Plum Pudding the slender figure of Wassail with her fount of perpetual youth a tricksy spirit who bears the bowl and is on the best of terms with the Turkey Mumming Misrule with a feather in his cap the Lord of Twelfth Night under a state canopy of cake and wearing his ancient crown Saint Distaff looking like an old maid she used to be a sad romp but her merriest days we fear are over Carol singing the Waits and the twin faced Janus 43 Hervey ends by lamenting the lost uproarious merriment of Christmas and calls on his readers who know anything of the old old very old gray bearded gentleman or his family to aid us in our search after them and with their good help we will endeavor to restore them to some portion of their ancient honors in England 44 Father Christmas or Old Christmas represented as a jolly faced bearded man often surrounded by plentiful food and drink started to appear regularly in illustrated magazines of the 1840s 1 He was dressed in a variety of costumes and usually had holly on his head 1 as in these illustrations from the Illustrated London News Illustrated London News 1840s Old Christmas 1842 Old Christmas Father Christmas 1843 Old Christmas 1847 Ghost of Christmas Present in Charles Dickens s A Christmas Carol 1843 Charles Dickens s 1843 novel A Christmas Carol was highly influential and has been credited both with reviving interest in Christmas in England and with shaping the themes attached to it 45 A famous image from the novel is John Leech s illustration of the Ghost of Christmas Present 46 Although not explicitly named Father Christmas the character wears a holly wreath is shown sitting among food drink and wassail bowl and is dressed in the traditional loose furred gown but in green rather than the red that later become ubiquitous 3 Later 19th century mumming Edit Old Father Christmas continued to make his annual appearance in Christmas folk plays throughout the 19th century his appearance varying considerably according to local custom Sometimes as in Hervey s book of 1836 47 he was portrayed below left as a hunchback 48 49 One unusual portrayal below centre was described several times by William Sandys between 1830 and 1852 all in essentially the same terms 32 Father Christmas is represented as a grotesque old man with a large mask and comic wig and a huge club in his hand 50 This representation is considered by the folklore scholar Peter Millington to be the result of the southern Father Christmas replacing the northern Beelzebub character in a hybrid play 32 51 A spectator to a Worcestershire version of the St George play in 1856 noted Beelzebub was identical with Old Father Christmas 52 A mummers play mentioned in The Book of Days 1864 opened with Old Father Christmas bearing as emblematic devices the holly bough wassail bowl amp c 53 A corresponding illustration below right shows the character wearing not only a holly wreath but also a gown with a hood Old Father Christmas in folk plays A hunchback Old Father Christmas in an 1836 play with long robe holly wreath and staff An 1852 play The Old Father Christmas character is on the far left A party of mummers 1864In a Hampshire folk play of 1860 Father Christmas is portrayed as a disabled soldier he wore breeches and stockings carried a begging box and conveyed himself upon two sticks his arms were striped with chevrons like a noncommissioned officer 54 In the latter part of the 19th century and the early years of the next the folk play tradition in England rapidly faded 55 and the plays almost died out after the First World War 56 taking their ability to influence the character of Father Christmas with them Father Christmas as gift giver Edit In pre Victorian personifications Father Christmas had been concerned essentially with adult feasting and games He had no particular connection with children nor with the giving of presents 1 9 But as Victorian Christmases developed into family festivals centred mainly on children 57 Father Christmas started to be associated with the giving of gifts The Cornish Quaker diarist Barclay Fox relates a family party given on 26 December 1842 that featured the venerable effigies of Father Christmas with scarlet coat amp cocked hat stuck all over with presents for the guests by his side the old year a most dismal amp haggard old beldame in a night cap and spectacles then 1843 the new year a promising baby asleep in a cradle 58 In Britain the first evidence of a child writing letters to Father Christmas requesting gift has been found in 1895 59 Santa Claus crosses the Atlantic Edit The figure of Santa Claus had originated in the US drawing at least partly upon Dutch St Nicolas traditions 9 A New York publication of 1821 A New Year s Present contained an illustrated poem Old Santeclaus with Much Delight in which a Santa figure on a reindeer sleigh brings presents for good children and a long black birchen rod for use on the bad ones 60 In 1823 came the famous poem A Visit from St Nicholas usually attributed to the New York writer Clement Clarke Moore which developed the character further Moore s poem became immensely popular 1 and Santa Claus customs initially localized in the Dutch American areas were becoming general in the United States by the middle of the century 48 Santa Claus as presented in Howitt s Journal of Literature and Popular Progress London 1848 The January 1848 edition of Howitt s Journal of Literature and Popular Progress published in London carried an illustrated article entitled New Year s Eve in Different Nations This noted that one of the chief features of the American New Year s Eve was a custom carried over from the Dutch namely the arrival of Santa Claus with gifts for the children Santa Claus is no other than the Pelz Nickel of Germany the good Saint Nicholas of Russia He arrives in Germany about a fortnight before Christmas but as may be supposed from all the visits he has to pay there and the length of his voyage he does not arrive in America until this eve 61 In 1851 advertisements began appearing in Liverpool newspapers for a new transatlantic passenger service to and from New York aboard the Eagle Line s ship Santa Claus 62 and returning visitors and emigrants to the British Isles on this and other vessels will have been familiar with the American figure 48 There were some early adoptions in Britain A Scottish reference has Santa Claus leaving presents on New Year s Eve 1852 with children hanging their stockings up on each side of the fire place in their sleeping apartments at night and waiting patiently till morning to see what Santa Claus puts into them during their slumbers 63 In Ireland in 1853 on the other hand presents were being left on Christmas Eve according to a character in a newspaper short story who says tomorrow will be Christmas What will Santa Claus bring us 64 A poem published in Belfast in 1858 includes the lines The children sleep they dream of him the fairy Kind Santa Claus who with a right good will Comes down the chimney with a footstep airy 65 A Visit from St Nicholas was published in England in December 1853 in Notes and Queries An explanatory note states that the St Nicholas figure is known as Santa Claus in New York State and as Krishkinkle in Pennsylvania 66 1854 marked the first English publication of Carl Krinkin or The Christmas Stocking by the popular American author Susan Warner 1 The novel was published three times in London in 1854 5 and there were several later editions 67 Characters in the book include both Santa Claus complete with sleigh stocking and chimney 67 leaving presents on Christmas Eve and separately Old Father Christmas The Stocking of the title tells of how in England a great many years ago it saw Father Christmas enter with his traditional refrain Oh here come I old father Christmas welcome or not He wore a crown of yew and ivy and he carried a long staff topped with holly berries His dress was a long brown robe which fell down about his feet and on it were sewed little spots of white cloth to represent snow 68 Merger with Santa Claus Edit As the US inspired customs became popular in England Father Christmas started to take on Santa s attributes 1 His costume became more standardised and although depictions often still showed him carrying holly the holly crown became rarer and was often replaced with a hood 1 9 It still remained common though for Father Christmas and Santa Claus to be distinguished and as late as the 1890s there were still examples of the old style Father Christmas appearing without any of the new American features 69 Appearances in public Edit The blurring of public roles occurred quite rapidly In an 1854 newspaper description of the public Boxing Day festivities in Luton Bedfordshire a gift giving Father Christmas Santa Claus figure was already being described as familiar On the right hand side was Father Christmas s bower formed of evergreens and in front was the proverbial Yule log glistening in the snow He wore a great furry white coat and cap and a long white beard and hair spoke to his hoar antiquity Behind his bower he had a large selection of fancy articles which formed the gifts he distributed to holders of prize tickets from time to time during the day Father Christmas bore in his hand a small Christmas tree laden with bright little gifts and bon bons and altogether he looked like the familiar Santa Claus or Father Christmas of the picture book 70 Discussing the shops of Regent Street in London another writer noted in December of that year you may fancy yourself in the abode of Father Christmas or St Nicholas himself 71 During the 1860s and 70s Father Christmas became a popular subject on Christmas cards where he was shown in many different costumes 49 Sometimes he gave presents and sometimes received them 49 Old Father Christmas or The Cave of Mystery 1866 An illustrated article of 1866 explained the concept of The Cave of Mystery In an imagined children s party this took the form of a recess in the library which evoked dim visions of the cave of Aladdin and was well filled with all that delights the eye pleases the ear or tickles the fancy of children The young guests tremblingly await the decision of the improvised Father Christmas with his flowing grey beard long robe and slender staff 72 Father Christmas 1879 with holly crown and wassail bowl the bowl now being used for the delivery of children s presents From the 1870s onwards Christmas shopping had begun to evolve as a separate seasonal activity and by the late 19th century it had become an important part of the English Christmas 73 The purchasing of toys especially from the new department stores became strongly associated with the season 74 The first retail Christmas Grotto was set up in JR Robert s store in Stratford London in December 1888 73 and shopping arenas for children often called Christmas Bazaars spread rapidly during the 1890s and 1900s helping to assimilate Father Christmas Santa Claus into society 73 Sometimes the two characters continued to be presented as separate as in a procession at the Olympia Exhibition of 1888 in which both Father Christmas and Santa Claus took part with Little Red Riding Hood and other children s characters in between 75 At other times the characters were conflated in 1885 Mr Williamson s London Bazaar in Sunderland was reported to be a Temple of juvenile delectation and delight In the well lighted window is a representation of Father Christmas with the printed intimation that Santa Claus is arranging within 76 Domestic Theatricals 1881Even after the appearance of the store grotto it was still not firmly established who should hand out gifts at parties A writer in the Illustrated London News of December 1888 suggested that a Sibyl should dispense gifts from a snow cave 77 but a little over a year later she had changed her recommendation to a gypsy in a magic cave 78 Alternatively the hostess could have Father Christmas arrive towards the end of the evening with a sack of toys on his back He must have a white head and a long white beard of course Wig and beard can be cheaply hired from a theatrical costumier or may be improvised from tow in case of need He should wear a greatcoat down to his heels liberally sprinkled with flour as though he had just come from that land of ice where Father Christmas is supposed to reside 78 As secret nocturnal visitor Edit The nocturnal visitor aspect of the American myth took much longer to become naturalised From the 1840s it had been accepted readily enough that presents were left for children by unseen hands overnight on Christmas Eve but the receptacle was a matter of debate 79 as was the nature of the visitor Dutch tradition had St Nicholas leaving presents in shoes laid out on 5 December 80 while in France shoes were filled by Pere Noel 79 The older shoe custom and the newer American stocking custom trickled only slowly into Britain with writers and illustrators remaining uncertain for many years 79 Although the stocking eventually triumphed 79 the shoe custom had still not been forgotten by 1901 when an illustration entitled Did you see Santa Claus Mother was accompanied by the verse Her Christmas dreams Have all come true Stocking o erflows and likewise shoe 81 Fairy Gifts by JA Fitzgerald showing nocturnal visitors in 1868 before the American Santa Claus tradition took hold Before Santa Claus and the stocking became ubiquitous one English tradition had been for fairies to visit on Christmas Eve to leave gifts in shoes set out in front of the fireplace 82 83 Aspects of the American Santa Claus myth were sometimes adopted in isolation and applied to Father Christmas In a short fantasy piece the editor of the Cheltenham Chronicle in 1867 dreamt of being seized by the collar by Father Christmas rising up like a Geni of the Arabian Nights and moving rapidly through the aether Hovering over the roof of a house Father Christmas cries Open Sesame to have the roof roll back to disclose the scene within 84 It was not until the 1870s that the tradition of a nocturnal Santa Claus began to be adopted by ordinary people 9 The poem The Baby s Stocking which was syndicated to local newspapers in 1871 took it for granted that readers would be familiar with the custom and would understand the joke that the stocking might be missed as Santa Claus wouldn t be looking for anything half so small 85 On the other hand when The Preston Guardian published its poem Santa Claus and the Children in 1877 it felt the need to include a long preface explaining exactly who Santa Claus was 86 Folklorists and antiquarians were not it seems familiar with the new local customs and Ronald Hutton notes that in 1879 the newly formed Folk Lore Society ignorant of American practices was still excitedly trying to discover the source of the new belief 9 In January 1879 the antiquarian Edwin Lees wrote to Notes and Queries seeking information about an observance he had been told about by a country person On Christmas Eve when the inmates of a house in the country retire to bed all those desirous of a present place a stocking outside the door of their bedroom with the expectation that some mythical being called Santiclaus will fill the stocking or place something within it before the morning This is of course well known and the master of the house does in reality place a Christmas gift secretly in each stocking but the giggling girls in the morning when bringing down their presents affect to say that Santiclaus visited and filled the stockings in the night From what region of the earth or air this benevolent Santiclaus takes flight I have not been able to ascertain 87 Lees received several responses linking Santiclaus with the continental traditions of St Nicholas and Petit Jesus Christkind 88 but no one mentioned Father Christmas and no one was correctly able to identify the American source 48 89 By the 1880s the American myth had become firmly established in the popular English imagination the nocturnal visitor sometimes being known as Santa Claus and sometimes as Father Christmas often complete with a hooded robe 9 An 1881 poem imagined a child awaiting a visit from Santa Claus and asking Will he come like Father Christmas Robed in green and beard all white Will he come amid the darkness Will he come at all tonight 9 90 The French writer Max O Rell who evidently thought the custom was established in the England of 1883 explained that Father Christmas descend par la cheminee pour remplir de bonbons et de joux les bas que les enfants ont suspendus au pied du lit comes down the chimney to fill with sweets and games the stockings that the children have hung from the foot of the bed 89 And in her poem Agnes A Fairy Tale 1891 Lilian M Bennett treats the two names as interchangeable Old Santa Claus is exceedingly kind but he won t come to Wide awakes you will find Father Christmas won t come if he can hear You re awake So to bed my bairnies dear 91 The commercial availability from 1895 of Tom Smith amp Co s Santa Claus Surprise Stockings indicates how deeply the American myth had penetrated English society by the end of the century 92 Representations of the developing character at this period were sometimes labelled Santa Claus and sometimes Father Christmas with a tendency for the latter still to allude to old style associations with charity and with food and drink as in several of these Punch illustrations Father Christmas in Punch 1890s The Awakening of Father Christmas 1891 Where s your stocking 1895 Father Christmas Up To Date 1896 Father Christmas Not Up To Date 189720th century EditAny residual distinctions between Father Christmas and Santa Claus largely faded away in the early years of the new century and it was reported in 1915 The majority of children to day do not know of any difference between our old Father Christmas and the comparatively new Santa Claus as by both wearing the same garb they have effected a happy compromise 93 It took many years for authors and illustrators to agree that Father Christmas s costume should be portrayed as red although that was always the most common colour and he could sometimes be found in a gown of brown green blue or white 1 3 70 Mass media approval of the red costume came following a Coca Cola advertising campaign that was launched in 1931 1 Father Christmas cartoon Punch Dec 1919 An English postcard of 1919 epitomises the OED s definition 21 of Father Christmas as a personification of Christmas now conventionally pictured as a benevolent old man with a long white beard and red clothes trimmed with white fur who brings presents for children on the night before Christmas Day Father Christmas s common form for much of the 20th century was described by his entry in the Oxford English Dictionary He is the personification of Christmas as a benevolent old man with a flowing white beard wearing a red sleeved gown and hood trimmed with white fur and carrying a sack of Christmas presents 21 One of the OED s sources is a 1919 cartoon in Punch reproduced here 94 The caption reads Uncle James who after hours of making up rather fancies himself as Father Christmas Well my little man and do you know who I am The Little Man No as a matter of fact I don t But Father s downstairs perhaps he may be able to tell you In 1951 an editorial in The Times opined that while most adults may be under the impression that the English Father Christmas is home bred and is a good insular John Bull old gentleman many children led away by the false romanticism of sledges and reindeer post letters to Norway addressed simply to Father Christmas or giving him a foreign veneer Santa Claus 95 Differences between the English and US representations were discussed in The Illustrated London News of 1985 The classic illustration by the US artist Thomas Nast was held to be the authorised version of how Santa Claus should look in America that is In Britain people were said to stick to the older Father Christmas with a long robe large concealing beard and boots similar to Wellingtons 96 Father Christmas Packing 1931 as imagined in a private letter by JRR Tolkien published in 1976 Father Christmas appeared in many 20th century English language works of fiction including J R R Tolkien s Father Christmas Letters a series of private letters to his children written between 1920 and 1942 and first published in 1976 97 Other 20th century publications include C S Lewis s The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe 1950 Raymond Briggs s Father Christmas 1973 and its sequel Father Christmas Goes on Holiday 1975 The character was also celebrated in popular songs including I Believe in Father Christmas by Greg Lake 1974 and Father Christmas by The Kinks 1977 In 1991 Raymond Briggs s two books were adapted as an animated short film Father Christmas starring Mel Smith as the voice of the title character 21st century EditFor modern usages in which Father Christmas is treated as synonymous with Santa Claus see Santa Claus Modern dictionaries consider the terms Father Christmas and Santa Claus to be synonymous 98 99 The respective characters are now to all intents and purposes indistinguishable although some people are still said to prefer the term Father Christmas over Santa nearly 150 years after Santa s arrival in England 1 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140 51554 1 Daseger 24 December 2014 Daily Archives December 24 2014 Mummers Mumming streetsofsalem Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 Retrieved 20 January 2016 Hervey Thomas Kibble 1836 The Book of Christmas descriptive of the customs ceremonies traditions superstitions fun feeling and festivities of the Christmas Season pp 42 285 The online version listed is the 1888 American printing Higher resolution copies of the illustrations can also be found online Archived 14 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine Hervey Thomas Kibble 1836 The Book of Christmas descriptive of the customs ceremonies traditions superstitions fun feeling and festivities of the Christmas Season pp 114 118 Hervey Thomas Kibble 1836 The Book of Christmas descriptive of the customs ceremonies traditions superstitions fun feeling and festivities of the Christmas Season pp 133 Bowler Gerry 2000 The World Encyclopedia of Christmas Toronto McClelland amp Stewart Ltd pp 44 ISBN 0 7710 1531 3 Dickens Charles 19 December 1843 A Christmas Carol in Prose Being a Ghost Story of Christmas London Chapman amp Hall p 79 Hervey Thomas Kibble 1836 The Book of Christmas descriptive of the customs ceremonies traditions superstitions fun feeling and festivities of the Christmas Season pp 65 a b c d Gifts And Stockings The Strange Case Of Father Christmas The Times 22 December 1956 p 7 Retrieved 28 January 2016 a b c Pimlott JAR 1978 An Englishman s Christmas A Social History Hassocks Suffolk The Harvester Press pp 112 113 ISBN 0 391 00900 1 Sandys William 1852 Christmastide its History Festivities and Carols London John Russell Smith pp 152 Millington Peter 2002 Textual Analysis of English Quack Doctor Plays Some New Discoveries PDF Folk Drama Studies Today International Traditional Drama Conference p 107 Archived from the original PDF on 3 February 2013 Retrieved 19 January 2016 Bede Cuthbert 6 April 1861 Modern Mumming Notes amp Queries 11 Second series 271 272 Cuthbert Bede was a pseudonym used by the novelist Edward Bradley Chambers Robert 1864 The Book of Days A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in Connection with the Calendar Volume II London W amp R Chambers pp 740 The online version is the 1888 reprint Walcott Mackenzie EC 1862 Hampshire Mummers Notes amp Queries 1 Third series Pimlott JAR 1978 An Englishman s Christmas A Social History Hassocks Suffolk The Harvester Press p 136 ISBN 0 391 00900 1 Roud Steve 2006 The English Year London Penguin Books p 396 ISBN 978 0 140 51554 1 Pimlott JAR 1978 An Englishman s Christmas A Social History Hassocks Suffolk The Harvester Press p 85 ISBN 0 391 00900 1 Fox Berkley 2008 Brett RL ed Barclay Fox s Journal 1832 1854 Cornwall Editions Limited p 297 ISBN 978 1904880318 Some of the entries were first published under the title Barclay Fox s Journal edited by RL Brett Bell and Hyman London 1979 Alberge Dalya 14 December 2019 First letter to Father Christmas discovered from girl requesting paints in 1895 The Telegraph Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 The Children s friend Number III A New Year s present to the little ones from five to twelve Part III New York Gilley William B 1821 Archived from the original on 6 February 2016 Retrieved 28 January 2016 Howitt Mary Botham 1 January 1848 New Year s Eve in Different Nations Howitt s Journal of Literature and Popular Progress III 53 1 3 Liverpool Mercury Notices for Emigrants for 1851 Michell s American Passenger Office For New York Eagle Line Liverpool 25 April 1851 p 4 Retrieved 31 January 2016 New Year s Day John o Groat Journal Caithness Scotland 9 January 1852 p 3 Retrieved 28 January 2016 Works of Love Armagh Guardian Armagh Northern Ireland 25 November 1853 p 7 Retrieved 28 January 2016 The Little Stockings The Belfast News Letter Belfast 2 February 1858 Retrieved 14 February 2016 Uneda 24 December 1853 Pennsylvanian Folk Lore Christmas Notes amp Queries 8 615 A further online copy can be found here Archived 7 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine a b Armstrong Neil R 2004 The Intimacy of Christmas Festive Celebration in England c 1750 1914 PDF University of York unpublished pp 58 59 Archived PDF from the original on 4 February 2016 Retrieved 28 January 2016 Warner Susan 1854 Carl Krinkin or The Christmas Stocking London and New York Frederick Warne and Co Pimlott JAR 1978 An Englishman s Christmas A Social History Hassocks Suffolk The Harvester Press p 117 ISBN 0 391 00900 1 a b Yule Tide Festivities at Luton Luton Times and Advertiser Luton Bedfordshire England 2 January 1855 p 5 Retrieved 28 January 2016 Christmas Readings Hereford Journal Hereford 27 December 1854 p 4 The Cave of Mystery Illustrated London News 607 22 December 1866 The image was republished in the United States a year later in Godey s Ladies Book December 1867 under the title Old Father Christmas a b c Connelly Mark 2012 Christmas A History London I B Tauris amp Co Ltd pp 189 192 ISBN 978 1780763613 Armstrong Neil R 2004 The Intimacy of Christmas Festive Celebration in England c 1750 1914 PDF University of York unpublished p 261 Archived PDF from the original on 4 February 2016 Retrieved 28 January 2016 The Times Olympia Boxing Day London 26 December 1888 p 1 Retrieved 3 February 2016 Christmas Preparations in Sunderland Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette Tyne and Wear 19 December 1885 p 3 Fenwick Miller Florence 22 December 1888 The Ladies Column Illustrated London News 758 a b Fenwick Miller Florence 4 January 1890 The Ladies Column The Illustrated London News 2646 24 a b c d Henisch Bridget Ann 1984 Cakes and Characters An English Christmas Tradition London Prospect Books pp 183 184 ISBN 0 907325 21 1 Sinterklaas NL Netherlands 3 May 2011 Retrieved 28 December 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Did you see Santa Claus Mother Illustrated London News 1001 28 December 1901 Locker Arthur 28 December 1878 Christmas Fairy Gifts The Graphic London MJ 19 December 1868 Fairy Gifts Illustrated London News London p 607 Retrieved 6 February 2016 Our Christmas Corner The Editor s Dream Cheltenham Chronicle Cheltenham 24 December 1867 p 8 The Baby s Stocking Essex Halfpenny Newsman Chelmsford 8 April 1871 p 1 The poem was also published in Leicester Chronicle and the Leicestershire Mercury Leicester 11 March 1871 page 2 Christmas Rhymes Santa Claus and the Children The Preston Guardian Preston 22 December 1877 p 3 Retrieved 16 February 2016 Lees Edwin 25 January 1879 Gifts Placed in the Stocking at Christmas Notes amp Queries 11 Fifth series 66 Lees Edwin 5 July 1879 Gifts Placed in the Stocking at Christmas Notes amp Queries 12 Fifth series 11 12 a b Pimlott JAR 1978 An Englishman s Christmas A Social History Hassocks Suffolk The Harvester Press p 114 ISBN 0 391 00900 1 The Children s Column The Leeds Mercury Weekly Supplement Leeds 24 December 1881 p 7 Bennett Lilian M 20 February 1891 Agnes A Fairy Tale part I Manchester Times Manchester Armstrong Neil R 2004 The Intimacy of Christmas Festive Celebration in England c 1750 1914 PDF University of York unpublished p 263 Archived PDF from the original on 4 February 2016 Retrieved 28 January 2016 Santa Claus Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser Sevenoaks 31 December 1915 p 3 Retrieved 17 February 2016 Punch 157 24 December 1919 538 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Simple Faith The Times London 21 December 1951 p 7 Retrieved 7 February 2016 Robertshaw Ursula 2 December 1985 The Christmas Gift Bringer Illustrated London News 1985 Christmas Number np Tolkien JRR 1976 The Father Christmas Letters London George Allen and Unwin Ltd ISBN 0 04 823130 4 Father Christmas Collins English Dictionary Collins Archived from the original on 24 February 2016 Retrieved 8 February 2016 Father Christmas Chambers 21st Century Dictionary Chambers Archived from the original on 12 January 2018 Retrieved 12 January 2018 Dent Susie forward 2012 Brewer s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable 19th edn London Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd p 483 ISBN 978 0550107640 External links Edit Media related to Father Christmas at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Father Christmas amp oldid 1128881782, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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