fbpx
Wikipedia

2019 Bolivian political crisis

January 01, 1970

2019 Bolivian political crisis
Jeanine Áñez assuming the presidency (left); Evo Morales speaking in Mexico, where he received political asylum (right)
Date10 November 2019 - 20 November 2019
Location
La Paz, Bolivia
Caused by
MethodsBarricades, demonstrations, and hunger strikes
Resulted in
Parties
Lead figures
Casualties and losses
Dead: 33 (26 November 2019)[2]
Injured: 715 (17 November 2019)

A political crisis occurred in Bolivia on 10 November 2019, after 21 days of civil protests following the disputed 2019 Bolivian general election in which incumbent President Evo Morales was initially declared the winner. The elections took place after a referendum to amend the Bolivian constitution, which limits the number of terms to two, was rejected in 2016. In 2017 under political pressure and a legal demand from the Morales government,[3] the Constitutional Tribunal (TCP) ruled that all public offices would have no term limits despite what was established in the constitution and allowing Evo Morales to run for a fourth term.[4]

The TCP's basis for this anti Constitutional decision was the Pact of San Jose regarding human rights[5] and Article 411 giving international treaties preeminence over the Constitution text itself. Challenges to this 2017 decision made by Bolivian citizens and constitutional experts were subsequently denied by the TCP,[6] and at the time of the 2019 election a query to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (CIDH) was pending. In 2021, the CIDH set the matter to rest in a consultative opinion requested by Colombia, which states that re-election is not a human right.[7] Rather, the decision states that breaking a Constitutional mandate of term limits to allow indefinite re-election attacks the human rights of citizens. According to Articles 13 and 411 of the Bolivian Constitution,[8] this CIDH decision overrides any contrary ruling by the TCP or Legislative Assembly. The Constitution of Bolivia[8] grants the TCP authority to interpret, but not to modify the Constitution.

An audit by the Organization of American States (OAS),[9] which released a full report afterwards, concluded that significant irregularities happened during the electoral process.[10][11][12] Observers from the European Union released a report with similar findings and conclusions as the OAS.[13][14] The military and the police of Bolivia, along with the Bolivian Workers' Center (COB), recommended President Evo Morales to resign. He did, accompanied by other resignations by high-level politicians throughout the day, some citing fears for the safety of their families. The government of Mexico offered political asylum to Morales the following day, which Morales accepted a day afterwards.[15][16]

The second vice president of the Senate, opposition senator Jeanine Áñez, assumed the role of president on 12 November. This was not without controversy, as her initial appointment was made during a brief legislative session that lacked quorum, due to a boycott by Morales's party, Movement for Socialism (Movimiento al Socialismo; MAS).[17] Bolivia's Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal then endorsed Áñez's assumption of the presidency, and the MAS ruling party returned most members to both chambers, with some assuming key positions such as Leader of the Senate.[18][19][20] They also committed to working with the interim government towards new elections.[21] In addition to the controversy around her appointment, Áñez's government began a campaign against Morales's supporters. Newly appointed Interior Minister Arturo Murillo vowed to pursue members of Morales's administration[22][23] and Áñez's government charged Morales with "terrorism and sedition".[23][22] Áñez introduced Christian religious symbols into state procedures, a move perceived by The New York Times as directly related to Morales's 14 years of support for Indigenous culture.[24]

Morales called for the Bolivian people to reject the leadership of Áñez. He and his supporters argued that the event was a coup d'état. International politicians, scholars and journalists were divided between describing the event as a coup or popular uprising.[1][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][excessive citations] The Bolivian Congress, with the majority being members of Morales's MAS party, unanimously approved a bill on 23 November 2019 that annulled the results of 20 October election, allowed for new elections and prevented Evo Morales from participating in the new elections.[32][33][34] The bill was signed into law the next day by president Áñez.[35] The unrest would ultimately lead to the Senkata and the Sacaba massacres.[36]

On 4 December 2019, the OAS released its final report related to 20 October election, detailing what they called "deliberate" and "malicious" tactics to rig that election in favor of President Morales.[37][38] Analysis by the progressive, left-leaning US thinktank Center for Economic and Policy Research rejected the OAS statistical analysis of election data, arguing that a basic coding error resulted in inexplicable changes in trend.[39][40][41] In August 2021, a report commissioned by the OAS and carried out by independent human rights experts concluded that the Añez government's path to power came with "irregularities" and serious human rights abuses by security forces.[42][43][44] In June 2022, the Bolivian courts convicted Áñez for charges committed during the political crisis. She was sentenced to ten years in prison.[24][45]

Background edit

2016 constitutional referendum edit

Main article: 2016 Bolivian constitutional referendum

The Bolivian constitution allows the President and Vice President to put themselves forward for re-election only once, limiting the number of terms to two, and the elections took place after in 2016 a referendum to amend the constitution was rejected, but that the Supreme Court of Justice ruled that all public offices would have no term limits despite what was established in the constitution and allowing Morales to run for a fourth term.[4]

2019 general election and subsequent investigations edit

Main article: 2019 Bolivian general election

On 20 October 2019, the first round of voting for all government positions was held. After the polls closed, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal began to release the preliminary results of the presidential election; at 7:40 pm, when 83.8% of the votes had been counted, the preliminary count stopped because the official results had begun to be released. At the time that the preliminary count was stopped, Morales led with 45.3%, and his primary opponent, Carlos Mesa, had 38.2%. Less than a 10-point lead would have resulted in another round of runoff voting.[46] At 9:25 pm, President Morales stated he was the likely winner, given that rural areas would guarantee his victory.[47][48]

Although uncounted votes in rural areas were expected to favor Morales, one body observing the election—the Organization of American States (OAS)—stated that even if Morales did win outright, his lead beyond the 10-point threshold would be so negligible as to warrant a runoff anyway. The OAS expressed concern about a purported day-long gap in results reporting: after 24 hours, the updates resumed, but with a surge for Morales at the first update.[49]

On 21 October, the Plurinational Electoral Organ reported a count,[50] suggesting that with 95.3% of verified votes, Morales had too large of a margin above 10 points to overcome, avoiding a second run-off round, and so Morales would remain in power for a fourth term.[51][52] Based on this result, along with claimed irregularities, the Bolivian opposition and protestors as well as some Western governments and observers called for an audit of the process and results, to which Morales agreed.[53] The OAS audit of the election began on 31 October and was observed by Spain, Mexico, and Paraguay.[54]

Protests edit

Main article: 2019 Bolivian protests

By 24 October, Morales began describing the actions taken against him as a coup.[55] On 25 October, when the results were officially announced with Morales as the winner, various countries in Latin America, as well as the United States and European Union, called for the second round to go ahead regardless of the official results.[56]

On 31 October, two deaths were announced by the government.[57]

The third death during the protests occurred on 7 November when a 20-year-old student called Limbert Guzman was killed during clashes.[58]

Events edit

Allegations of electoral fraud and OAS audit edit

On 6 November, the Bolivian opposition published a 190-page long report containing fraud accusations, including irregularities such as mistaken electoral acts additions, data swiping and electoral acts where the ruling party obtained more votes than registered voters, expecting to send it to international organizations such as the OAS and the United Nations.[59]

Although a complete report was not yet due, mounting tension in the country prompted the OAS to release a preliminary report on 10 November claiming that they had discovered sufficient evidence of election fraud to warrant new elections.[60][61] This led to a string of events that culminated in Morales being forced to resign. The OAS alleged multiple irregularities, including failures in the chain of custody for ballots, alteration and forgery of electoral material, redirection of data to unauthorized servers and data manipulation.[62] They added that it was statistically unlikely that Morales had secured the 10-percentage-point margin of victory needed to win outright, saying that election should be annulled after it had found "clear manipulations" of the voting system, and that "The manipulations to the computer systems are of such magnitude that they must be deeply investigated by the Bolivian State to get to the bottom of and assign responsibility in this serious case."[1][63]

An analysis by the Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR) disputed the OAS's preliminary findings and criticized what it called a "politicization of the electoral observation process".[64] The co-director of the think-tank, Mark Weisbrot, stated the OAS showed "no evidence – no statistics, numbers, or facts of any kind" to support its claim of electoral manipulation.[65] CEPR concluded that due to Morales's voter base being in more rural regions, the results from peripheral areas received towards the end of the count were more likely to be in his favour.[66] The New York Times noted, however, that this criticism has "not addressed the accusations of hidden data servers, forged signatures and other irregularities found by the O.A.S. observers, nor have they tried to explain the electoral council's sudden decision to stop the count".[67] The OAS also dismissed the report as "neither honest, nor fact-based nor comprehensive".[68]

On 5 December, the full 95-page OAS report[69][70] was released along with 500 pages of corroborating details as appendices. These included that an outside user who controlled a Linux AMI appliance with "root privileges" — conferring the ability to alter results – accessed the official vote-counting server during the counting and that in a sample of 4,692 returns from polling stations around the country, 226 showed multiple signatures by the same person for different voting booths, a violation of electoral law. On those returns, 91 percent of votes went to MAS, approximately double the rate recorded elsewhere.[71]

On 21 December, the Technical Mission of Electoral Experts sent by the European Union published a 67-page report that concluded that the election day "passed peacefully and with a high voter turnout" but "a large number of electoral records showed irregularities, which could be due to deficiencies in the training of jurors or deliberate manipulations".[72][73]

On 3 January 2020, at a meeting of the Committee for Latin America of Socialist International, it was declared that they accepted the findings of the OAS and that Morales was not a victim of a coup. A document containing discussions of the Bolivian political crisis states that "After a broad mobilization of citizens in that country in protest of electoral fraud that was informed and verified by an audit conducted by the Organization of American States (OAS) of the elections that took place on 20 October, the president Evo Morales did not suffer a coup d'etat".[74][75]

Independent contract researchers for CEPR, John Curiel and Jack R. Williams disputed the claims of irregularities in the late vote count that were made by OAS with a statistical analysis released on 27 February 2020. They contended that the OAS allegations about irregularities in the vote count were made on two unproven premises: "...the unofficial count accurately reflects the vote continuously measured, and that reported voter preferences do not vary by the time of day".[76] Later, in August 2020, after Nooruddin published the dataset he used for the OAS audit to a Harvard University digital repository,[77] CEPR released a statement suggesting that the way the data was sorted was flawed due to a coding error which would indicate that the OAS claims about the irregularities in the vote count were also flawed.[78]

Authorities abandon Morales edit

After weeks of repelling violent protests at the Casa Grande del Pueblo presidential palace, units of the Police Operations Tactical Unit (UTOP) tasked with defending Morales assembled a meeting on 8 November.[79] UTOP officers ultimately decided at the gathering to abandon their posts and to call for the resignation of Morales.[79] According to Reuters, UTOP turned away from Morales for multiple reasons: complaints of alleged orders to suppress opposition protestors while avoiding Morales loyalists; resentments over perceived preferential treatment given to the military; and the exhaustion of combating protestors.[79]

On 9 November, Morales organized a meeting and ordered the military to maintain security, with officers present rejecting Morales's orders according to former general Fernando Sánchez.[34] According to The Wall Street Journal, following this meeting, officers feared of "violent military suppression" similar to 2003 protests during the Bolivian gas conflict, which happened before Morales become president.[34] At this time, all UTOP officers had left their positions, leaving Morales vulnerable to protesters.[79] At a police station near the presidential palace, officers climbed onto the roofs and chanted "The Police with the People".[80] Police nationwide refused to take action against protesters, returning to their stations, while other departments began to mutiny against the Morales government, arguing that they did not want to be an "instrument of any government". Head of the Bolivian Armed Forces, General Williams Kaliman, refused to suppress violent demonstrations, saying that the military would "never confront the people among whom we live" and that the events unfolding were "a political problem and it should be resolved within that realm".[80]

After police left their posts at the presidential palace, Morales never returned and was forced into hiding in an improvised office protected by a small group of his guard.[34] He ultimately held a press conference at the Bolivian Air Force's presidential hangar in El Alto International Airport later in the day, leading some to suspect that Morales had already lost control of the government.[81] Franklin Pareja, a professor of the Higher University of San Andrés, said that because of the abandonment by police, the Morales government "lost its shield" and that "it was totally vulnerable and couldn't go on".[79]

According to members of the Bolivian military quoted by the Wall Street Journal, authorities had opposed Morales's actions for some time.[34] Morales had performed multiple actions that had offended officers within the armed forces, including glorifying Che Guevara after his guerrillas killed 59 Bolivian troops during their insurgency in the 1960s and forcing officers to attend the Anti-Imperialist Military Academy that was led by a convicted former rebel.[34] General Tomás Peña y Lillo, who was chief of the Bolivian armed forces until 2010, stated that officers within the military were traditionally conservative and had refused plans proposed by Morales to be guided by Cuban military and intelligence agents, damaging Morales's hold of the military.[34] Roberto Ponce, former chief of staff of the Bolivian military, also explained that Morales spent little on the country's armed forces as he feared that he would be overthrown, which frustrated military officers.[34]

Rioters overrun La Paz edit

By the night of 9 November, violent riots escalated throughout Bolivia.[82] Members of MAS called on supporters to gather in the capital city of La Paz to "defend Morales" and the results of the vote, with reports of clashes between pro-Morales groups and opposition protesters.[82] However, violent anti-Morales rioters had already overrun the streets of La Paz, with some groups of police joining in protests against Morales.[82] Rioters began to storm government offices, flooding the stations of Bolivia TV and Radio Patria Nueva, accusing them of serving Morales.[82] Relatives of Morales had their homes attacked by rioters, with his older sister's home in Oruro being burned while other regional governors had their homes torched as well.[82] The next day, two miners from Potosí were shot and injured, reportedly by snipers, when cooperative miners where marching to join protests in La Paz.[83]

Calls for Morales to resign edit

After the release of 10 November OAS audit, multiple Bolivian entities called on Morales to resign. Morales had initially relied on support from civil organizations to protect him from violent protests instead of the military since he enjoyed popular support.[34] However, the two main civil groups of Bolivia had begun aligning themselves with the opposition to Morales; the Bolivian Workers' Center (COB), Bolivia's largest trade union and a traditionally pro-Morales entity, and the Single Trade Union Confederation of Workers (CSUTCB), an indigenous workers union.[84][85][86]

CSUTCB had already met with opposition leader Luis Fernando Camacho, announcing an alliance[85] and in the morning of 10 November, the leader of COB suggested Morales resign if it would help solve the violence, and called for new elections.[85] Indigenous and Aymara leader Nelson Condori, the director of CSUTCB, intensified his condemnation of Morales later in the day while at an event beside Camacho, stating, "Evo, we have cried, you have made our lives bitter, you have lied to us. ... When have you forgotten the slogan of our ancestors, do not steal, do not lie, do not be lazy?"[87] Condori also called for a "purge" of the Bolivian government, demanding that Morales and his governmental allies be jailed for electoral fraud.[87]

After the COB and other civil groups formerly supportive of Morales called on him to resign, Morales held a second press conference at the presidential hangar, changing his position on the October election results and announced that new elections would be held.[88][89] Morales released a statement, saying "As President, my main mission is to preserve peace, social justice and economic stability. Listening to the Bolivian Workers' Center (COB), the Pact of Unity and other social sectors, I have decided first to renew all the members of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal".[89]

Since civil groups had abandoned Morales, the military was the only group protecting him from violent protesters.[34] The military then made the decision to force Morales to resign. First, officers who feared punishment if they deployed troops against civilians pressured General Williams Kaliman, the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Bolivia and Morales loyalist, to turn away from Morales.[34] Later, Kaliman announced that the military had suggested[90][91] Morales resign to "help restore peace and stability" after weeks of protests over the vote, adding that the military was calling on the Bolivian people to refrain from violence and disorder.[63] The military also said it would conduct operations to "neutralise" any armed groups that attacked the protesters.[1][92] The military press release invoked[93] Article 20, paragraph b, of Law No. 1405[94] which states:

Article 20. The attribution and responsibilities of the military high command are: [...] b. To analyze inner and foreign troubled situations to suggest to whom it may concern the appropriate solutions.

Morales resigns edit

After Kaliman's statement, Morales took the presidential plane from El Alto International Airport to an undisclosed location, announcing his immediate resignation on television, stating that he was resigning to "protect the families" of Movement for Socialism members.[95] He concluded by stating that he believed Carlos Mesa had "achieved his objective", and asked rioters to "stop burning down the houses of [his] brothers and sisters".[96][97][98] Vice President Álvaro García Linera also resigned after consulting with Morales.[1]

Shortly thereafter, it was reported that Morales was on a plane to Argentina;[99] however, the Argentine foreign minister, Jorge Faurie, said that Argentina would not grant him asylum.[100] Commander Yuri Calderón assured that there was no warrant for Morales's arrest, though armed individuals had entered his home.[101]

Later in the day, Adriana Salvatierra, the President of the Senate, Victor Borda, the leader of the Chamber, and Rubén Medinaceli, First Vice President of the Senate, also resigned.[102][103][104] Mexico's foreign minister declared that twenty members of Bolivia's executive and legislative branches were at the official Mexican residence in the capital seeking asylum following the resignation.[105] Following the resignation of Morales and his allied successors, protesters called for a board to be convened to oversee the government and new elections, though Mesa disagreed with the proposal, stating protesters should not "violate the Constitution so as not to give Evo Morales an excuse that he was the victim of a coup d'etat" and that the Legislative Assembly should determine the constitutional successor.[106]

Later on 10 November, BBC Mundo published an article suggesting that five main reasons combined to force Morales to resign: the disputed OAS audit results, the opposition from the military and police, the ongoing protests, the growing radicalization of the political opposition, and public opposition towards Morales's move to end term-limits.[107]

In August 2020, Morales would publish his memoirs book, titled Volveremos y seremos millones (We'll come back, and we'll be millions), in which he describes that he took the decision to resign the night before November 10, and before the suggestions by the police and military.[108]

OEP detentions and TSE arrests edit

At 8:20 pm, the Associated Press reported that Bolivian police had detained 38 members of the Plurinational Electoral Organ (or Órgano Electoral Plurinacional (OEP)) on suspicion of falsification and other electoral crimes, including the former president and vice president of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE), Maria Eugenia Choque and Antonio Costas. According to police commander Yuri Calderón, Choque was apprehended whilst disguised as a man. The attorney general's office earlier announced that it was opening an investigation into allegations raised by the OAS report.[101] An election official in Santa Cruz, Sandra Kettels, was arrested Monday morning, with arrest warrants issued for the remaining TSE officials.[109]

Succession of presidency edit

Assumption of presidency by Jeanine Áñez edit

 
Jeanine Áñez in 2016

On the evening of 10 November, Jeanine Áñez, the second vice president of the Senate and highest-ranking official remaining, proclaimed herself President of the Senate following the resignation of the previous Senate president Adriana Salvatierra and the first vice president of the Senate Rubén Medinaceli. Moments later, Áñez declared herself President of Bolivia, claiming constitutional succession.[110] She announced she would be assuming the presidency on an interim basis from 11 November onward, with the responsibility of calling new elections. She stated that she would assume the office once the Senate had formally recognized the previous day's resignations. Upon inauguration, Áñez would officially become the President of Bolivia.[111][112]

The Bolivian Constitution had no provisions that would have allowed Áñez, as second vice president of the Senate, to legitimately succeed to the Presidency. Article 169 says that "In case of impediment or definitive absence of the president of the State, he will be replaced in office by the Vice President and, in his absence, by the President of the Senate, and in the absence of this by the President of the Chamber of Deputies. In the latter case, new elections will be called within a maximum period of ninety days." It also establishes the line of succession, which did not include Áñez.[113]

The following day, Áñez arrived at La Paz-El Alto airport and was taken in a military helicopter to a nearby Air Force base; from here she traveled in convoy to the Senate.[114]

On 12 November 2019, in a brief legislative session held improperly due to the lack of a quorum,[17] Áñez declared herself as acting president of Bolivia while holding a large bible, stating that "the bible has returned to the government palace".[115] Áñez obtained the favorable vote of the opposition parties, only one-third of the parliament, while the Movement for Socialism ruling party did not participate in the voting, rejecting the succession.[17]

Áñez's assumption of the presidential office was supported by Bolivia's Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal, which interpreted, citing articles referring to the presidential succession of the 2001 Constitutional Declaration, that the next person in the succession line assumes the presidency ipso facto despite not having the required quorum, stating that "the functioning of the executive should not be suspended".[116][18][19][117]

Reactions and anti-Áñez protests edit

See also: 2019 Bolivian protests
 
A demonstration in support of Morales in El Alto on 11 November 2019

Reactions to the transfer of power and to Ms Áñez's assumption of the presidency have been mixed, being met with both celebrations and protests.[118] Demonstrators celebrating the removal of the government chanted "Yes, we can!" and set off fireworks.[119] Hundreds of supporters of Morales made their way toward the center of La Paz from the mountains surrounding the city, some of them armed with sticks, chanting "Here we go, civil war!".[120]

The police claimed that Morales supporters had vandalized police offices, inciting panic in some neighborhoods where people blocked their doors with furniture to protect stores and houses. After receiving requests for help from the national police and politicians, the armed forces announced that night they would mobilize to defend gas, water and electricity services around the capital, and also begin joint patrols with the police around the city.[120]

On 13 November, a dozen MAS senators were blocked by police from entering the National Assembly building during the session.[121][122][123]

The next few days were marked by protests and roadblocks on behalf of Morales's supporters. In Senkata and Sacaba, at least 19 pro-Morales protesters were killed in clashes with security forces in what was denounced as a massacre.[124][125][36]

On 20 November, Evo Morales offered not to run for reelection if he was allowed to return to Bolivia and finish his presidential term.[126]

Capital shut down edit

See also: 2019 shortages in Bolivia

The drinking water supplies to parts of both La Paz and El Alto, the second and third largest cities in Bolivia, were cut off.[127] According to Gen. Williams Kaliman, it was the plan of insurgents to leave these cities without water or fuel and counteractions to guard public services were covered under the so-called "Sebastián Pagador" plan.[128][129]

La Paz's legislature forced the capital's infrastructure, schools, and workplaces to close, claiming this was for reasons of public safety.[109] Supporters of Morales also built barricades on roads that lead to the airport.[109]

Barricades were placed around the Senkata refinery in El Alto by Morales supporters, cutting power and fuel to El Alto and La Paz. Pro-Morales demonstrators entered the refinery and set fire to vehicles within the compound.[130] The Bolivian military launched a violent invasion of the site on 19 November using armored vehicles and helicopters,[131] killing three protesters and injuring 22 in the process.[132]

As a result of blockades from various protests surrounding the city, some goods were also not able to enter.[131] Food supply was affected, leading to rationing and controlled prices in El Alto and La Paz.[133]

Interim government response to protests edit

In the face of protests against the interim government, Áñez called for police to suppress the protests and maintain order and, on 14 November, issued a decree that would exempt the military from any type of criminal responsibility for killing or injuring protestors, when acting in a "legitimate defense or state of necessity".[134][135][136][137] On 15 November, security forces fired upon coca farmers peacefully protesting against the government in Cochabamba. The massacre left nine dead and dozens injured.[136]

Human rights concerns edit

José Miguel Vivanco, head of Human Rights Watch in the Americas, said that the decree "sends a very dangerous message to the military that they have carte blanche to commit abuses".[138] The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) condemned Áñez's government for issuing the decree.[139]

UN Human Rights Chief Michelle Bachelet issued a statement, saying that "while earlier deaths mostly resulted from clashes between rival protestors", the latest incidents appear to be due to the "disproportionate use of force by the army and police", stating that "in a situation like this, repressive actions by the authorities will simply stoke that anger even further and are likely to jeopardise any possible avenue for dialogue." Bachelet also expressed concern that "widespread arrests and detentions" were adding to the tensions; according to her office, more than 600 people had been detained since 21 October. Furthermore, Bachelet also declared being concerned that the situation could "spin out of control if the authorities do not handle it sensitively and in accordance with international norms and standards governing the use of force, and with full respect for human rights", stating that it couldn't be solved through "force and repression".[140] The decree was later repealed by Áñez.[141]

The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights expressed concerns over human rights violations that occurred after the 2019 Bolivian general election.[142][140][138][2] Paulo Abrão, who heads the IACHR, declared that due to the "massive" number of human rights violations amid post-election violence, the country may need outside help to investigate the situation and recommended Bolivia coordinate with an international panel of experts to ensure findings are seen as credible.[2] On 5 December 2019, Áñez approved an act to provide compensation to the families of those killed and injured during the conflict.[143] On 10 December, the government and IACHR signed an agreement to investigate the acts of violence that occurred.[144] On 30 Dec, Eva Copa, MAS head of the Senate, stated that a report had been filed with Arturo Murillo to give an account of the deaths in Sacaba and Senkata after the Assembly recess in the new year.[145]

On 29 October 2020, the outgoing parliament approved a report on the "massacres of Senkata, Sacaba and Yapacani, which recommends a judgment of responsibility against Jeanine Anez for genocide and other offenses". Parliament also approved the criminal indictment of 11 of Anez' ministers.[146]

On 17 August 2021, the human rights watchdog of the Organization of American States published their report on human rights during the Áñez administration. It observed that the interim government had come to power by sidestepping the constitutional rules for presidential succession, but stopped short of calling it a coup. The report documented the persecution of opponents with "systematic torture" and "summary executions", such as the use of lethal ammunition to suppress peaceful street protests by unarmed supporters of Morales.[147]

Foreign participation edit

In July 2021, the Bolivian government accused Mauricio Macri's government in Argentina of having supplied arms used in the Senkata and Sacaba massacres. Bolivian Foreign Minister Rogelio Mayta said air force chief General Jorge Gonzalo Terceros had written a letter on 13 November 2019 thanking Argentinian ambassador Normando Alvarez Garcia for the delivery of 40,000 bullets, tear gas canisters and grenades. The Ecuadorian government of Lenin Moreno offered military aid to Bolivia in the same period.[148] Gonzalo Terceros accused the letter of being a forgery, made with a signature not his own and at a point when he had resigned, and the former chancellor Karen Longaric pointed that the date in the letter would mean that the alleged shipment was prepared and sent when Morales was still president.[149] Longaric also pointed that, although the letter describes the shipment as war weapons, they are actually police weapons, whose trade is not illegal.[149] Terceros' lawyer pointed as well that his client belonged to the air force, who had no business trading anti-riot materials.[149]

An investigation carried out by the Argentine Government shows records of the exit of firearms, ammunition, bulletproof vests, pepper spray, and hand grenades of harassment gas, among other materials.[150] The Bolivian Police confirmed they found part of the material sent, which had no associated documentation. Minister of Justice and Human Rights of Argentina Martín Soria said this would suggest the destination was not the Argentine Embassy as previously claimed.[151][152]

Interim government activities edit

New elections edit

Main article: 2020 Bolivian general election

Áñez stated on 15 November that in order to restore faith in the electoral process, a vote would first be held to elect a new Electoral Commission, before having a new vote for president.[153]

On 20 November the interim government presented a bill that aimed to forge a path to new elections. The two chambers congress were expected to debate the bill which would annul 20 October election and appoint a new electoral board within 15 days of its passage, paving the way for a new vote.[154] The bill, drafted jointly by MAS and anti-Morales legislators, was approved on 23 November; it also prohibited Morales from participating in the fresh election.[155] In exchange, Áñez's government agreed to withdraw the armed forces from all protest areas (although some servicemen were still permitted to stay at some state companies to "prevent vandalism"), revoke her decree which granted the army immunity from criminal prosecution, release arrested protesters, protect lawmakers and social leaders from attacks and provide compensation for the families of those killed during the crisis. She approved the bill shortly thereafter.[156]

Elections were initially scheduled to be held on 3 May 2020.[157] However, they were postponed due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.[158][159][160]

On 22 June 2020, Áñez approved a law passed by both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate to set a date for the election for 6 September 2020, with elected authorities in place by mid-to-late November 2020.[161][162][163]

On 23 July 2020, the TSE postponed the election to 18 October 2020 due to medical reports that the pandemic will have its highest peaks in late August and early September.[164] Many opposition leaders, including Evo Morales, have condemned the delays, seeing the continued delays as an unconstitutional attempt to remain in power, and some groups, including the Bolivian Workers' Center have planned protests.[165][166][167]

Domestic policy edit

Immediately after his resignation, protests emerged in support of Morales and against the new government.[168] In response, Áñez signed decree no. 4078, granting total impunity to the armed forces to quell protestors, resulting in the massacres of Senkata and Sacaba, where at least 18 people were killed by the military.[169] This decree was subject to international criticism. José Miguel Vivanco, Americas Director of Human Rights Watch described the decree as, "giv[ing] the armed forces a blank check to commit abuses instead of working to restore the rule of law in the country".[170]

The Áñez administration appointed government ministers between 13 and 18 November.[171][172][173][174] The first eleven members of the interim cabinet, appointed 13 November, did not contain any indigenous members.[175][176] The Guardian described this partial cabinet as showing "no signs that [Áñez] intended to reach across the country's deep political and ethnic divide".[175] Áñez did, however, designate two persons of indigenous origin as ministers of culture and mining as the remaining positions were filled.[177][178] Morales's first cabinet was majority indigenous (14 out of 16 positions), though this number decreased over the course of his tenure as president.[179][180] Among the senior ministers in Áñez' cabinet were prominent Bolivian businesspeople.[175] Shortly after taking office, Áñez also appointed a new military high command.[121] The new commander of the armed forces, General Carlos Orellana Centellas, pledged to take orders from Áñez.[121][181]

On 20 November, Áñez granted safe-conduct to Evo Morales's daughter, Evaliz, to receive political asylum in Mexico.[182]

The government renamed the state newspaper, known as Cambio under president Morales, as Bolivia on 17 November.[183] On 25 November, the Áñez met with civil groups Bolivian Workers' Center, the country's largest union, and the Pact of Unity, a prominent indigenous grassroots group, to sign agreements on how to pacify Bolivia following previous violent events.[184]

In the week following the inauguration of Áñez, the new government came under heavy criticism from a variety of sources. The New York Times described Áñez as "reaching beyond her caretaker mandate of organizing national elections by January".[136] Javier Corrales, a Latin American politics professor at Amherst College in Massachusetts, said "without a popular mandate, [the government] are pushing forward some of the most objectionable aspects of their agenda".[clarification needed] Oliver Stuenkel, associate professor of international relations at the Getúlio Vargas Foundation in São Paulo, said that "the only thing this government was supposed to do was calm things down and call elections, and that's just about the only thing it has not done".[138]

By late November and December, some progress was made in passing legislation for new elections,[185][186] appointing a new electoral body,[187] entering dialogue with representatives from protesting factions in El Alto[188] and cooperating with Morales's MAS party in joint participation in the coming elections,[189] albeit without Morales as a presidential candidate. A survey by Bolivian newspaper Página Siete showed that 43% of Bolivians approved of how Áñez has handled the presidency, while 23% disapproved.[190] On 13 Dec, Áñez approved an agreement between the three main parties over a so-called "Law of Guarantees" formulated to restore faith among political actors in the process of moving forward, including reparations for those killed and injured by her government.[191] This act was welcomed by the Secretary General of the UN.[192] A previous incarnation of this legislation, passed in both chambers by the MAS majority, had not been given presidential approval due to articles that implied immunity from prosecution for representatives of the previous government. This version was described by opposition lawmakers as an attempted "cover up" on behalf of the MAS party[193][194] and caused friction among members of MAS itself.[195]

On 1 January 2020, Áñez presented a change in the law that would it make it mandatory for presidential candidates to engage in public debate with their opponents to support "the strengthening of informed democracy". La Razón says such debates did not take place before.[196]

In September 2020, Human Rights Watch released a report saying that the interim caretaker government is "abusing the justice system to wage a politically motivated witch-hunt against former president Evo Morales and his allies", adding that prosecutors had charged some Morales backers with terrorism for simply speaking to him on the phone.[23]

Foreign policy edit

Karen Longaric, appointed as foreign minister by Jeanine Áñez, announced the formal departure from the country of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) and breaking all diplomatic relations with Venezuela's Maduro government,[197][198] recognizing Juan Guaidó as acting president of Venezuela in the Venezuelan presidential crisis.[199] Longaric also announced that the interim government was considering leaving the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR).[197]

A month later, the country announced its entry into the Lima Group, a regional bloc established in 2017 with the purpose of finding a way out of the Venezuelan crisis. The Bolivian foreign ministry said in a statement that it hoped to "contribute to a peaceful, democratic and constitutional solution to the crisis in Venezuela, which must be guided by the Venezuelan people".[200] On the same month, the interim government announced that they would give refuge to 200 Venezuelans "who have fled their country for reasons of political order, of political persecution promoted by the Nicolás Maduro government".[201]

In January 2020, the interim government suspended relations with Cuba in response to remarks made by Foreign Minister Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla, who called Áñez a "liar", "coupist" and "self-proclaimed" in reference to her latest statements about the role of Cuban medical doctors in the country.[202]

Diplomatic row over Mexican embassy edit

Main article: 2019–20 Mexico–Bolivia diplomatic crisis

Since the resignation of Morales, several members of the past administration have taken diplomatic refuge in the Mexican Embassy in La Paz. Several of them faced accusations and prosecution under the interim government, the most senior being the former Minister of the Presidency, Juan Ramón Quintana. Anti-Morales protesters routinely gathered at the doorstep of the Embassy to voice their discontent and demand that they be turned over to the Bolivian authorities.[203] An increased security presence by police and army in the vicinity of the Embassy led to accusations of harassment and a "siege". On 27 December, tensions were further increased when visiting Spanish diplomats were stopped by police during a visit to the Embassy. The Mexican ambassador accused the Bolivian government of María Teresa Mercado violating the Vienna Convention.[203] Longaric responded by saying the presence of masked and armed guards aroused suspicion that there would be an attempt to smuggle Quintana from the Embassy to another location. Longaric said: "No country in the world could tolerate what happened last Friday. In that case, the Vienna Convention empowers the host State to declare those diplomats who violate the rules of the conventions themselves personas non-gratas."[204] On 30 December, Áñez made an announcement giving a number of Mexican and Spanish diplomats 72 hours to leave the country; Spain responding by declaring that three Bolivian diplomats likewise must leave the country.[203] Eva Copa, MAS head of the Senate, criticised Áñez for the expulsion of diplomats of countries who helped bring stability to Bolivia and urged her to reconsider the action.[205]

Counteractions edit

On 15 November, Longaric expelled 725 Cuban citizens, mostly medical doctors, after accusing them of being involved in protests.[197][206] The government announced it arrested nine Venezuelans in the border city of Guayaramerín (near Brazil) with boots and insignias of the Bolivarian National Police (PNB), identification cards of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) and microchips containing photos of themselves with other people armed with guns. After the arrest and the discovery of the microchips, the interim government accused the men of participating in "violent acts" in the country, and transferred them to the Bolivian Special Crime Fighting Forces to conduct a preliminary investigation.[207]

Arturo Murillo, Áñez's new interior minister, vowed to "hunt down" his predecessor Juan Ramón Quintana, a prominent Morales ally, stoking fears of a vendetta against members of the previous administration.[175] He later announced he would start arresting certain members of the previous government who he accused of "subversion".[208] Roxana Lizárraga, Áñez's communication minister, stated that she had a list of journalists who were "involved in sedition" and threatened them with prosecution.[136]

On 22 November, after an audio recording, allegedly of Morales, leaked in which Morales supporters were directed to block main roads to La Paz, the interim government opened an investigation into Morales for "terrorism and sedition".[209] Hours later, the vice-president of MAS-IPSP was arrested for allegedly using a car of the ministry of the President; in the car, according to Télam, police discovered computers and biometric devices that belonged to the electoral commission.[210][211]

Social media campaign edit

In December 2019, the interim government of Áñez contracted CLS Strategies, a Washington-based public relations firm, "to carry out lobbying in support of Bolivian democracy" and "in support of holding new presidential elections". In September 2020, Facebook closed 55 accounts, 42 pages and 36 Instagram accounts linked to CLS Strategies. Facebook said these were fake accounts used to secretly manipulate politics in Bolivia, Venezuela and Mexico in violation of Facebook's prohibition on foreign interference.[212]

Following Morales's resignation, a large anti-Morales Twitter bot network was uncovered by the microblogging site in mid November. The network had published automated tweets which declared opposition to Morales, further adding that the events were "not a coup". Compared to the extremely low proportion of the population that speaks English, the abundance of English tweets from this network suggests that it was intended to sway opinions beyond Bolivia. The company behind the site had removed many of the tweets by 19 November, but media reports suggested that around 4200 were still up by that point.[213][214] A study by Julian Macias Tovar, head of social networks for the Spanish party Podemos, found that nearly 70,000 fake accounts had been used by the network, many of which were created just days before. Tovar said that fake accounts were used to artificially boost the online following of anti-Morales political figures, including Añez.[215][216][217][218]

An investigation by The Guardian in 2021 found that Facebook was slow to remove fake accounts and pages in Bolivia when notified of their existence. A network of fake accounts supporting a candidate during the October 2019 election were still operating in September 2020. In general, Facebook "allowed major abuses of its platform in poor, small and non-western countries in order to prioritise addressing abuses that attract media attention or affect the US and other wealthy countries".[219]

Handling of COVID-19 pandemic edit

In May 2020, Health Minister Marcelo Navajas was arrested on suspicion of corruption related to a scheme to buy ventilators for the treatment of COVID-19. The ventilators were purchased from a Spanish company for around twice their value. Intensive care doctors said that the ventilators were not suitable for Bolivian intensive care units.[220] In August 2020, a report in the New York Times said the death rate in Bolivia was "nearly five times the official tally" and that testing was very limited. It said that Bolivia was one of the worst affected countries and calculated that Bolivia had five times as many deaths in July as in previous years.[221] Writing in the New York Times in September 2020, Diego von Vacano, who is an expert in Latin America, said Añez' interim government had mismanaged the COVID-19 crisis.[222]

Reactions edit

Main article: Reactions to the 2019 Bolivian political crisis

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e "Bolivian President Evo Morales resigns". BBC News. 11 November 2019."Bolivian president Evo Morales resigns after election result dispute". The Guardian. 10 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019."Nicaraguan government denounces "coup" in Bolivia: statement". Reuters. 11 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019."Mexico says Bolivia suffered coup due to military pressure on Morales". Reuters. 11 November 2019.Sofia Sanchez Manzanaro; Marta Rodríguez (12 November 2019). "Evo Morales political asylum: Is Bolivia facing a coup d'etat?". Euronews.John Bowden (11 November 2019). "Sanders 'very concerned about what appears to be a coup' in Bolivia". The Hill.
  2. ^ a b c "Human rights violations in Bolivia merit outside probe: Americas commission head". Reuters. 26 November 2019.
  3. ^ "El Tribunal Constitucional de Bolivia autoriza a Evo Morales a buscar la reelección como presidente sin límites". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  4. ^ a b Blair, Laurence (3 December 2017). "Evo for ever? Bolivia scraps term limits as critics blast 'coup' to keep Morales in power". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 January 2018. This week, the country's highest court overruled the constitution, scrapping term limits altogether for every office. Morales can now run for a fourth term in 2019 – and for every election thereafter. ... the referendum results – which the government claims were invalid due to an opposition smear campaign directed by Washington ...
  5. ^ "Equipo Nizkor - Sentencia Constitucional Plurinacional 84/2017 que autoriza la repostulación de Evo Morales a la Presidencia". www.derechos.org. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  6. ^ "Bolivia reafirma ante la CIDH constitucionalidad del fallo del TCP que habilita a la postulación del Presidente Evo Morales | MINISTERIO DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES". www.cancilleria.gob.bo. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  7. ^ "Corte IDH_CP-53-2021" (PDF). Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. 13 August 2021.
  8. ^ a b "Bolivia, Constitution 2009" (PDF). OAS Bolivian Constitution document. 7 February 2009.
  9. ^ Anthony Faiola & Rachelle Krygier, Bolivia's Morales agrees to new elections after OAS finds 'manipulation', Washington Post (10 November 2019).
  10. ^ "OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development". August 2009.
  11. ^ "OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development" (PDF). August 2009.
  12. ^ "OAS audit of Bolivian election finds evidence of systematic fraud". CBC News.
  13. ^ (PDF) (in Spanish). European Union in Bolivia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  14. ^ "Informe de la UE detectó "numerosos errores" en elecciones de Bolivia | Voice of America – Spanish". www.voanoticias.com (in Spanish). Voice of America Spanish. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  15. ^ "Mexico says it would offer asylum to Bolivia's Morales if he sought it". Reuters. 11 November 2019 – via www.reuters.com.
  16. ^ "Bolivia crisis: Evo Morales accepts political asylum in Mexico". BBC News. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  17. ^ a b c Manetto, Francesco (13 November 2019). "La senadora Jeanine Áñez se proclama presidenta de Bolivia sin quórum en el Parlamento". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  18. ^ a b "Constitutional court endorses Anez as Bolivia's interim president". indopremier.com. 13 November 2019.
  19. ^ a b "Bolivia´s constitutional court confirms legitimacy of power transfer to Anez". bernama.com. 13 November 2019.
  20. ^ "Mónica Eva Copa Murga asume la presidencia de la Cámara de Senadores – Diario Pagina Siete". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  21. ^ "Bolivia's warring parties strike deal for new elections to end deadly unrest". France 24. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  22. ^ a b "Justice as a Weapon: Political Persecution in Bolivia". Human Rights Watch. 11 September 2020. from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  23. ^ a b c Phillips, Tom (11 September 2020). "Bolivia government abusing justice system against Morales and allies – report". The Guardian.
  24. ^ a b Janetsky, Megan; Trigo, María Silvia (10 June 2022). "Former Bolivian President Sentenced to 10 Years in Prison". The New York Times. from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  25. ^ "AP Explains: Did a coup force Bolivia's Evo Morales out?". Associated Press. 11 November 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019. Whether the events Sunday in Bolivia constitute a coup d'état is now the subject of debate in and outside the nation. ... Bolivia's "coup" is largely a question of semantics
  26. ^ Fisher, Max (12 November 2019). "Bolivia Crisis Shows the Blurry Line Between Coup and Uprising". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 December 2019. But the Cold War-era language of coups and revolutions demands that such cases fit into clear narratives. ... Experts on Bolivia and on coups joined forces on Monday to challenge the black-and-white characterizations, urging pundits and social media personalities to see the shades of gray.
  27. ^ Zabludovsky, Karla (14 November 2019). "Bolivia Is The Internet's Latest Rorschach Test". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved 4 December 2019. And, as so often with the big names of Latin America – where the word "coup" is supercharged ... how you see what has happened to him is often dependent on your own political ideology. On the left, he's seen as the victim of a putsch; on the right, his downfall is taken as evidence of democracy trumping authoritarianism on the continent.
  28. ^ de Haldevang, Max (15 November 2019). "The world's as divided about Bolivia's alleged coup as Bolivians themselves". Quartz. Retrieved 4 December 2019. So…was it a coup? Experts are as divided as everyone else on the question.
  29. ^ Johnson, Keith (11 November 2019). "Why Is Evo Morales Suddenly No Longer President of Bolivia?". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 4 December 2019. It's not a coup in any sense of the word, and Bolivia and Latin America have experience with actual coups. The army did not take charge of Bolivia. Morales, despite his protestations that police had an arrest warrant for him, is not in custody or even being sought.
  30. ^ "Bolivia reflects the deep polarization crisis in Latin America". Atlantic Council. 14 November 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019. Countries are debating why Evo Morales left power. Did he leave power of his own volition or was it a coup? There are two different responses to that question based on which country is speaking.
  31. ^ "Coup or not a coup? Bolivia's Evo Morales flees presidential crisis". Univision (in Spanish). 12 November 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019. The discussion over whether it was a coup falls largely along ideological lines. Left wing supporters of Morales point like to point to a long history of military coups in Latin America, while critics of the former president point to the 14 years he spent in power, in violation of constitutional term limits. ... But political experts say the events hardly resemble a classic coup scenario. ... In a typical coup, the military usually take a more proactive role, taking up arms against the sitting ruler and installing one of their own in the presidential palace, at least temporarily.
  32. ^ "BBill for new elections in Bolivia sails through Congress". reuters. 23 November 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  33. ^ "Bolivia approves new elections excluding Evo Morales". dw. 24 November 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Otis, John (5 December 2019). "Veteran President's Rift With Bolivian Military Helped Drive His Early Exit". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  35. ^ "Bolivia's interim President Añez approves legislation to hold new elections". dw. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  36. ^ a b "Five Killed as Political Violence Keeps Grip on Bolivia". The New York Times. 20 November 2019. In El Alto late Tuesday night, witnesses said, a military unit guarding the Senkata gasoline plant opened fire on protesters who had surrounded the plant for over a week. By blocking tankers from leaving the plant, Mr. Morales's supporters were able to cut off La Paz's main source of gasoline and food, causing acute shortages. At least eight people were reported killed.
  37. ^ . todayonline.com/. 4 December 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  38. ^ "Bolivia:'Overwhelming' evidence of vote rigging". dw. 5 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  39. ^ Curiel, John; Williams, Jack R. "Analysis | Bolivia dismissed its October elections as fraudulent. Our research found no reason to suspect fraud". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  40. ^ Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Trigo, María Silvia (7 June 2020). "A Bitter Election. Accusations of Fraud. And Now Second Thoughts". The New York Times.
  41. ^ Laing, Aislinn (2 March 2020). "Study casting doubt on Bolivian election fraud triggers controversy". Reuters.
  42. ^ "Bolivia's interim government tortured and executed opponents, report says". The Guardian. La Paz. Associated Press. 17 August 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  43. ^ Booth, Amy (18 August 2021). "Racism, Sexism, and Politics Fueled Massacres in Bolivia, Says Report". Vice. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  44. ^ AP Newswire (17 August 2021). "Report shines light on abuse by Bolivia's interim government". The Independent. from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  45. ^ Herrero, Ana Vanessa; Ang, Katerina (11 June 2022). "Bolivia sentences ex-president to 10 years in prison after coup trial". The Washington Post. from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  46. ^ "Bolivia elections: Concern as results transmission pauses". BBC News. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  47. ^ "Evo Morales: "Ganamos una vez más, vamos a esperar al último escrutinio y confiamos en el voto del campo"" [Evo Morales: "We won once again, we are going to wait for the last scrutiny and trust the vote of the countryside"]. Infobae (in Spanish). 20 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  48. ^ "Evo Morales: "Nuevamente somos mayoría absoluta"" [Evo Morales: "Again we are an absolute majority"] (in Spanish). Unitel Bolivia. 20 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  49. ^ "Evo Morales alleges coup attempt as Bolivia opposition claims 'giant fraud'". The Guardian. 23 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019. With most outstanding votes from remote rural areas expected to go in his favour, Morales repeated his declaration of a first-round victory, which he had made prematurely on Sunday night.
  50. ^ "Conteo del TREP desatan protestas y convulsión en el pais" [TREP count triggers protests and convulsion in the country]. Red Uno de Bolivia (in Spanish). 22 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  51. ^ "Anger mounts in Bolivia over poll result confusion". BBC News. 22 October 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  52. ^ "TREP reanuda conteo rápido sorpresivamente y al 95,30% le da triunfo a Evo en primera vuelta" [TREP resumes rapid counting surprisingly and with 95.30% gives Evo victory in the first round]. Los Tiempos (in Spanish). 22 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  53. ^ "This is not Cuba or Venezuela, say Bolivians". BBC News. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  54. ^ "Bolivia post-election clashes turn deadly". BBC. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  55. ^ "Morales hits out at 'coup bid'". The London Evening Standard. 24 October 2019. p. 30. President Evo Morales has accused Right-wing opponents of attempting a "coup" as he neared an outright election victory with 46.77 per cent of the vote.
  56. ^ "Bolivia protests as Morales declared poll winner". BBC News. 25 October 2019. from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  57. ^ "Bolivia's post-election clashes turn deadly as two are killed". BBC News. 31 October 2019. from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  58. ^ "Bolivia Clashes: Third Person Killed in Disputed Election". VOA News. Associated Press. 7 November 2019. from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  59. ^ "Oposición presenta pruebas de sus acusaciones de fraude electoral en Bolivia". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 7 November 2019.
  60. ^ "OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development". www.oas.org. 1 August 2009.
  61. ^ "OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development" (PDF). www.oas.org. 1 August 2009.
  62. ^ Jones, Julia; McCluskey, Mitch. "International leaders react to the political turmoil in Bolivia". CNN. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  63. ^ a b Ramos, Daniel; Machicao, Monica (10 November 2019). "Bolivia's Morales resigns after protests, lashes out at 'coup'". Reuters. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  64. ^ "Bolivia's former president Evo Morales accepts political asylum in Mexico". CNN. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  65. ^ Collyns, Dan (25 October 2019). "Bolivia: narrow win for Evo Morales announced in presidential election". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  66. ^ . Center for Economic and Policy Research. 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  67. ^ Kurmanaev, Anatoly (5 December 2019). "Election Fraud Aided Evo Morales, International Panel Concludes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  68. ^ "Bolivia after the ouster of Evo Morales, a leftist strongman". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  69. ^ "OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development". www.oas.org. 1 August 2009.
  70. ^ "General Elections in the Plurinational State of Bolivia – Final Report" (PDF). oas.org. 2019. (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  71. ^ Dyer, Evan (10 December 2019). "OAS audit of Bolivian election finds evidence of systematic fraud". www.cbc.ca. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  72. ^ "Informe de la UE detectó "numerosos errores" en elecciones de Bolivia". Voz de América. 21 December 2019.
  73. ^ . Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  74. ^ . www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020.
  75. ^ "Challenges and priorities for Latin America and the Caribbean on the threshold of 2020". Socialist International. 19–20 December 2019.
  76. ^ Curiel, John; Williams, Jack R. "Analysis | Bolivia dismissed its October elections as fraudulent. Our research found no reason to suspect fraud". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  77. ^ Nooruddin, Irfan (19 August 2020). "Replication Data for: OAS Audit of Bolivia General Election 2019". harvard.edu. Harvard Dataverse. doi:10.7910/DVN/SGOFSC. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  78. ^ "Major Coding Error Reveals Another Fatal Flaw in OAS Analysis of Bolivia's 2019 Elections". Center for Economic and Policy Research. 24 August 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  79. ^ a b c d e "How Evo Morales lost control of Bolivia". Reuters. 14 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  80. ^ a b "New challenge for Bolivian president as police abandon posts". Associated Press. 10 November 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  81. ^ "¿Por qué Morales habló en un aeropuerto y no en la Casa Grande del Pueblo?". eju.tv (in Spanish). 9 November 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  82. ^ a b c d e "Protesters seize state-run media in Bolivia as tensions soar". sg.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  83. ^ "Emboscada y ataque criminal a mineros potosinos deja dos heridos de bala". Opinión (in Spanish). 10 November 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  84. ^ "Bolivia: la presidente Jeanine Áñez se reunió con líderes sociales y sindicales y acordó una mesa de diálogo para pacificar el país". Infobae (in European Spanish). 22 November 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  85. ^ a b c "Central Obrera se distancia de Morales y le pide que renuncie "si es por el bien del país"" (in Spanish). Deutsche Welle. 10 November 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  86. ^ "Líder campesino y Camacho sellan pacto de unidad sin racismo ni discriminación". Erbol (in Spanish). 9 November 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  87. ^ a b ""Evo y cómplices deben ir a Chonchocoro por el fraude": dirigente campesino Nelson Condori". eju.tv (in Spanish). 10 November 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  88. ^ "Evo Morals calls new general elections". Pressenza. 10 November 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  89. ^ a b "Morales anuncia convocatoria a nuevas elecciones en Bolivia con la renovación del TSE". Xinhua News Agency. 10 November 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  90. ^ "Bolivian Armed Forces "suggest" Evo Morales to resign from the presidency – International". en24.news/. Retrieved 18 November 2019.[permanent dead link]
  91. ^ . Time. 11 November 2019. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  92. ^ "Bolivian president Evo Morales resigns after election result dispute". The Guardian. 10 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019."Nicaraguan government denounces "coup" in Bolivia: statement". Reuters. 11 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019."Mexico says Bolivia suffered coup due to military pressure on Morales". Reuters. 11 November 2019.Sofia Sanchez Manzanaro; Marta Rodríguez (12 November 2019). "Evo Morales political asylum: Is Bolivia facing a coup d'etat?". Euronews.John Bowden (11 November 2019). "Sanders 'very concerned about what appears to be a coup' in Bolivia". The Hill.
  93. ^ [Military ask Morales to resign]. Atb.com.bo (in Spanish). 10 November 2019. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  94. ^ "Ley Orgánica de las Fuerzas Armadas" [Organic Law of Armed Forces] (PDF). mindef.gob.bo (in Spanish). 30 December 1992. Retrieved 14 November 2019.[permanent dead link]
  95. ^ "Así fue el pedido de renuncia de las Fuerzas Armadas a Evo Morales" (in Spanish). Popular. 10 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  96. ^ Faiola, Anthony (10 November 2019). "Bolivia's Morales resigns amid scathing election report, rising protests". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  97. ^ "Amid protests, Morales says 'coup' risks democracy in Bolivia". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  98. ^ "Video experience headlines". BBC News. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  99. ^ "Evo Morales dejó La Paz y hay versiones de que pediría refugio en Argentina". clarin.com. 10 November 2019.
  100. ^ "Renunció Evo Morales: Jorge Faurie desmintió que Mauricio Macri le haya ofrecido asilo político al expresidente de Bolivia – TN.com.ar". Todo Noticias (in Spanish). 10 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  101. ^ a b "The Latest: Argentina urges Bolivians to talk, keep peace". AP NEWS. 11 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  102. ^ "Bolivian Senate President Salvatierra announces resignation". Reuters. 10 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  103. ^ "Víctor Borda renuncia de manera irrevocable a la presidencia de la Cámara de Diputados". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). 10 November 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  104. ^ . Medio de comunicación para la comunidad de Habla Hispana – Caraota Digital (in Spanish). 10 November 2019. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  105. ^ "The Latest: US monitoring developments in Bolivia". AP NEWS. 11 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  106. ^ "AP Explica: Bolivia en el limbo tras la renuncia de Morales". San Diego Union-Tribune en Español. 11 November 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  107. ^ Zamorano, Abraham; Miranda, Boris (10 November 2019). "5 claves que explican por qué Evo Morales renunció a la presidencia de Bolivia". Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  108. ^ "Evo señala en sus memorias que renunció un día antes de la "sugerencia" de las FFAA". Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  109. ^ a b c Faiola, Anthony. "After Morales's resignation, a question for Bolivia: Was this the democratic will, or a coup?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  110. ^ "Jeanine Áñez is declared interim president of Bolivia". Aristegui Noticias (in Spanish). 12 November 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2021. Moments before, Añez Chávez, second vice president of the Senate, had proclaimed herself president of the Upper House, in the absence of the head of the body and the first vice president.
  111. ^ Jeanine Añez podría ser la Presidenta del país (Video) (in Spanish). Noticias Bolivisión. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  112. ^ "Jeanine Añez en proceso de ratificación tras renuncia del Presidente, Vicepresidente, Presidente del Senado y Presidente de la Cámara de Diputados de Bolivia". BBC News Mundo. 10 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  113. ^ "Senadora Jeanine Áñez asumiría Presidencia de Bolivia | DW | 11 November 2019" (in European Spanish). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  114. ^ "Evo oficializa su renuncia mientras una opositora se alista para asumir la Presidencia de Bolivia". Primicias (in European Spanish). Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  115. ^ "Senator Brandishing Giant Bible Assumes Bolivia Presidency". Bloomberg. 11 November 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  116. ^ "El Tribunal Constitucional avaló a Jeanine Áñez como presidenta interina de Bolivia". Infobae. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  117. ^ . The Washington Post. 13 November 2019. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  118. ^ "Bolivia crisis: Clashes as Morales supporters oppose interim rule". BBC. 14 November 2019.
  119. ^ "Bolivian President Evo Morales resigns". BBC News. 11 November 2019.
  120. ^ a b Otis, John; Forero, Juan (11 November 2019). "Bolivia Leaderless After President Quits". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  121. ^ a b c Krauss, Clifford (13 November 2019). "Bolivia's Interim Leader Pledges to 'Reconstruct Democracy'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  122. ^ "Clashes rock Bolivia after senator becomes leader". 14 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  123. ^ "Bolivia's Morales: Some lawmakers barred from assembly". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  124. ^ Clarín.com (15 November 2019). "Ya son nueve los muertos durante una marcha de cocaleros en Cochabamba". www.clarin.com (in Spanish). from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  125. ^ Tuerk, Alexander (16 November 2019). "8 Killed in Bolivia As Protesters Call For Return of Ousted President Evo Morales". NPR. Retrieved 17 November 2019. At least eight people were killed and dozens injured in the Bolivian city of Sacaba on Friday, after security forces fired on supporters of ousted president Evo Morales, according to the Associated Press.
  126. ^ "Evo Morales ofreció no presentarse a elecciones si le permiten regresar a Bolivia y terminar su mandato" (in Spanish). Infobae. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  127. ^ Krauss, Clifford; Victor, Daniel (11 November 2019). "Evo Morales Urges Resistance to New Bolivian Government". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  128. ^ "Kaliman dice que no hubo golpe contra Evo y que las protestas buscaban dejar sin combustible y agua a La Paz – La Razón". www.la-razon.com.
  129. ^ "FFAA activan plan "Sebastián Pagador" para resguardar servicios públicos". Los Tiempos. 11 November 2019.
  130. ^ "En 10 días hubo al menos 8 actos terroristas en el país – Diario Pagina Siete". www.paginasiete.bo.
  131. ^ a b "Bolivian military deploys armored vehicles to end blockade of key gas plant". Reuters. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  132. ^ "Bolivia clashes leave three dead as security forces break fuel blockade". The Guardian. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  133. ^ "Se activan 113 puntos de venta de carne en La Paz desde este viernes – La Razón". www.la-razon.com.
  134. ^ Clarín.com (16 November 2019). "Bolivia: el decreto de Jeanine Áñez para quitarle la "responsabilidad penal" a las Fuerzas Armadas ante las protestas". www.clarin.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  135. ^ Liberal, El. "Agreden en Londres a ministra de Hong Kong en medio de protesta – El Liberal". www.elliberal.com.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  136. ^ a b c d Kurmanaev, Anatoly (16 November 2019). "In Bolivia, Interim Leader Sets Conservative, Religious Tone". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  137. ^ "Bolivia: el decreto de Jeanine Áñez para quitarle la "responsabilidad penal" a las Fuerzas Armadas ante las protestas". www.clarin.com. 16 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  138. ^ a b c "Bolivia's leader accused of stoking divisions after Morales's exit". Financial Times. 19 November 2019.
  139. ^ "Bolivian interim leader meets UN envoy amid violence fears". AP NEWS. 16 November 2019. from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  140. ^ a b "Repression, use of force risk worsening Bolivia crisis: UN human rights chief". UN News. 16 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  141. ^ "Gobierno abroga decreto que eximía a militares de responsabilidad penal en acciones frente a conflictos – La Razón". www.la-razon.com. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  142. ^ "Repression, use of force risk worsening Bolivia crisis: UN human rights chief". UN News. 16 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  143. ^ "El Gobierno aprueba indemnización de Bs 50 mil para familias de fallecidos en conflictos – La Razón". www.la-razon.com.
  144. ^ "Gobierno y CIDH firman acuerdo para que expertos investiguen hechos de violencia en Bolivia – La Razón". www.la-razon.com.
  145. ^ . Diario Pagina Siete. 30 December 2019. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019.
  146. ^ "Bolivia parliament approves charges against ex-interim president". www.aljazeera.com. 30 October 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  147. ^ "Bolivia's interim government tortured and executed opponents, report says". The Guardian. 17 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  148. ^ "Argentina accused of supplying arms to Bolivia's coup regime used in indigenous massacres". Morning Star. 9 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  149. ^ a b c Ruben Guillemi (9 July 2019). "El excomandante boliviano involucrado en la denuncia por el envío de armamento desde la Argentina afirma que la carta es "falsificada"" [The former Bolivian commander involved in the denounce for a shipment of weapons from Argentina claims the letter is falsified] (in Spanish). La nación. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  150. ^ "Bolivia's Morales calls for Argentina's Macri to be investigated for sending ammunition to Bolivia". The Rio Times. 14 July 2021.
  151. ^ Bertoia, Felipe Yapur, Luciana (15 July 2021). "En Bolivia encontraron armamento que envió Mauricio Macri en apoyo al golpe contra Evo Morales | Fue hallado en depósitos de la Policía". PAGINA12.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  152. ^ "La Policía boliviana encontró parte del material represivo que envió el Gobierno de Macri". www.telam.com.ar.
  153. ^ Matute Urdaneta, Gabriela (15 November 2019). "Lo dijo en CNN: Reacciones dentro y fuera de Bolivia a la crisis y más entrevistas de la semana". CNN Español. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  154. ^ "Bolivia government proposes election bill as its seeks path to peace". Reuters. 20 November 2019.
  155. ^ "Bolivia Marks End of Era, as Legislators Rush to Approve New Election Without Evo Morales". The Wall Street Journal. 23 November 2019.
  156. ^ "Bolivian leader agrees to withdraw military in deal to 'pacify' country". Reuters. 24 November 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  157. ^ "Para mayo las nuevas elecciones en Bolivia". El Vocero de Puerto Rico (in European Spanish). 3 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  158. ^ "Electoral court postpones Bolivia general election over virus". Outlook (India). Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  159. ^ . La Razon (in Spanish). 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  160. ^ . La Razon (in Spanish). 25 March 2020. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  161. ^ "After warning of risk, Añez promulgates the law of elections between reproaches of MAS and CC" (in Spanish). 22 June 2020.
  162. ^ "See the electoral calendar for 2020 elections". 26 June 2020.
  163. ^ "Las elecciones en Bolivia se realizarán el 6 de septiembre". NODAL. 3 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  164. ^ de 2020, 23 de Julio. "El Tribunal Electoral de Bolivia volvió a aplazar las elecciones presidenciales para el 18 de octubre". infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved 24 July 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  165. ^ Morales, Evo (27 July 2020). "Condemnation". Twitter. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  166. ^ "Bolivia: organizaciones de todo el país se suman a la marcha de mañana contra la postergación de las elecciones". Nodal. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  167. ^ "Bolivia election delayed to October as pandemic bites, opposition cries foul". Reuters. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  168. ^ Tuerk, Alexander (16 November 2019). "8 Killed in Bolivia As Protesters Call For Return of Ousted President Evo Morales". NPR. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  169. ^ OAS (1 August 2009). "OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development". www.oas.org. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  170. ^ "Bolivia: Interim Government Adopts Abusive Measures". Human Rights Watch. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  171. ^ Corz, Carlos (14 November 2019). "Áñez posesiona cinco nuevos ministros; Yujra besa la wiphala y va por diálogo con El Alto". La Razón. from the original on 12 December 2019.
  172. ^ . La Razón. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  173. ^ Cuiza, Paulo (18 November 2019). "Añez posesiona a Carlos Huallpa en Minería y a Virginia Patty Torres en Educación". La Razón. from the original on 12 December 2019.
  174. ^ Atahuichi, Rubén (13 November 2019). "El gabinete de Áñez se plantea un gobierno de reconciliación". La Razón.
  175. ^ a b c d "Bolivia president's initial indigenous-free cabinet heightens polarization". The Guardian. 14 November 2019.
  176. ^ "Ethnic Rifts in Bolivia Burst into View With Fall of Evo Morales". The New York Times. 15 November 2019. p. A1. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  177. ^ . www.la-razon.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  178. ^ . www.la-razon.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  179. ^ "Morales toma juramento a los 16 ministros que integran el "nuevo Gabinete del pueblo"". El Pais (in Spanish). 23 January 2006. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  180. ^ Layme, Beatriz (22 January 2017). . Diario Pagina Siete (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 December 2019.
  181. ^ "Áñez posesiona al Alto Mando de las FFAA; les dice que el país los necesita para mantener la paz – La Razón". www.la-razon.com.
  182. ^ Lemos, Gerardo (20 November 2019). "Gobierno de Bolivia concede salvoconducto a hija de Evo Morales para que reciba asilo en México" (in Spanish). CNN en Español. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  183. ^ "Bolivia crisis: Food and fuel shortages as death toll mounts". BBC. 18 November 2019.
  184. ^ "Ministerio de Gobierno, COB, y el Pacto de Unidad firman convenio para pacificar el país". Diario Pagina Siete (in Spanish). 25 November 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  185. ^ "Bolivian president asks Congress to approve fresh elections | DW | 20.11.2019". Deutsche Welle.
  186. ^ "Bolivia's interim president presses for elections". Financial Times. 21 November 2019.
  187. ^ "La Asamblea Legislativa designa a seis vocales del Tribunal Supremo Electoral – Diario Pagina Siete". www.paginasiete.bo.
  188. ^ Pozzebon, Stefano. "Bolivia interim president announces peace talks amid renewed fury over deaths". CNN.
  189. ^ Manzanaro, Sofia Sanchez (24 November 2019). "Bolivia's interim President approves law to hold new general election". euronews.
  190. ^ Otis, John (13 December 2019). "Bolivia's Accidental Leader Tries to Fend Off Evo Morales, Set New Vote". The Wall Street Journal.
  191. ^ "MAS, UD y PDC acuerdan consensuar la 'ley de garantías' sin impunidad – La Razón". www.la-razon.com.
  192. ^ "La ONU saluda acuerdo político en Bolivia para viabilizar 'ley de garantías' – La Razón". www.la-razon.com.
  193. ^ "El MAS aprueba en Diputados Ley de Garantías; Gobierno ratifica veto – La Razón". www.la-razon.com.
  194. ^ "Sectores protestan en contra de la 'ley de garantías' que Diputados trata este jueves – La Razón". www.la-razon.com.
  195. ^ "La Ley de Garantías activa conflicto interno en el MAS". Correo del Sur.
  196. ^ "Con críticas a Evo, Áñez presenta proyecto de ley de obligatoriedad de debate electoral – La Razón". www.la-razon.com.
  197. ^ a b c "La política internacional de Añez: anunció la salida de Bolivia del Alba, de la Unasur y rompió relaciones con Venezuela". Latinomerica Piensa (in Spanish). 15 November 2019.
  198. ^ "Bolivia's interim government to ask Venezuelan diplomats to leave the country". Reuters. 15 November 2019.
  199. ^ "Bolivia reconoce a Juan Guaidó como presidente (E) de Venezuela". Albertonews.com (in Spanish). 13 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  200. ^ Sigal, Lucila (22 December 2019). "Bolivia announces entry into Lima Group to resolve Venezuelan crisis". Reuters. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  201. ^ "Bolivia will shelter 200 Venezuelans who fled for "political persecution"". Deutsche Welle (in Spanish). 13 December 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  202. ^ "Bolivia suspends diplomatic relations with Cuba" (in Spanish). 24 January 2020.
  203. ^ a b c "Why is Bolivia expelling foreign diplomats?". BBC News. 30 December 2019.
  204. ^ . Diario Pagina Siete. 30 December 2019. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020.
  205. ^ . Diario Pagina Siete. 30 December 2019. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019.
  206. ^ Daniel Ramos; Gram Slattery (15 November 2019). "Bolivia blames Cubans for stirring unrest, ousts Venezuelan officials". Reuters.
  207. ^ "Bolivia detuvo a 9 venezolanos con carnets del PSUV e insignias de la PNB" (in Spanish). Runrun.es. El Pitazo. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  208. ^ "Gobierno creará un "aparato especial de la Fiscalía" para detener a legisladores que hagan subversión". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). 17 November 2019.
  209. ^ Phillips, Tom (22 November 2019). "Bolivia's interim government accuses Evo Morales of terrorism and sedition". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 November 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
  210. ^ "Arrestan al vicepresidente del MAS y buscan a una ex ministra acusada de ordenar actos violentos". Télam. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  211. ^ "Envían a la cárcel a Gerardo García, vicepresidente del MAS". www.elperiodico-digital.com. El Periodico. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  212. ^ Timberg, Craig; Dwoskin, Elizabeth (5 September 2020). "Washington firm ran fake Facebook accounts in Venezuela, Bolivia and Mexico, report finds". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  213. ^ Schiffer, Zoe (18 November 2019). "Bot campaign on Twitter fuels confusion about Bolivian unrest". The Verge. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  214. ^ Ward, Justin (13 November 2019). "Are bots behind viral Bolivia hashtags?". Medium. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  215. ^ "Tens of thousands of fake Twitter accounts set up to back Bolivia coup". Morning Star. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  216. ^ "Bolivia: Some 70K fake anti-Morales Twitter IDs created". TurkishPress. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  217. ^ FayerWayer (19 November 2019). "Investigador asegura que crearon 68.000 cuentas falsas en Twitter para apoyar "golpe de Estado" en Bolivia". FayerWayer. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  218. ^ Debate, Rosa Miriam Elizalde/ Cuba (17 November 2019). "Más de 68 mil cuentas falsas en Twitter apoyan golpe en Bolivia – Mundo – La Jornada". www.jornada.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  219. ^ Wong, Julia Carrie (12 April 2021). "Revealed: the Facebook loophole that lets world leaders deceive and harass their citizens". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  220. ^ "Bolivian Health Minister Held For Suspected Corruption". www.barrons.com. AFP. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  221. ^ Trigo, María Silvia; Kurmanaev, Anatoly; McCann, Allison (22 August 2020). "As Politicians Clashed, Bolivia's Pandemic Death Rate Soared". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  222. ^ Vacano, Diego von (9 September 2020). "Opinion | The Best Answer to Chaos in Bolivia Is Socialism". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 November 2020.

January 01, 1970
2019, bolivian, political, crisis, jeanine, Áñez, assuming, presidency, left, morales, speaking, mexico, where, received, political, asylum, right, date10, november, 2019, november, 2019locationla, boliviacaused, byalleged, election, fraud, 2019, bolivian, gen. 2019 Bolivian political crisisJeanine Anez assuming the presidency left Evo Morales speaking in Mexico where he received political asylum right Date10 November 2019 20 November 2019LocationLa Paz BoliviaCaused byAlleged election fraud in the 2019 Bolivian general election won by incumbent president Evo MoralesMethodsBarricades demonstrations and hunger strikesResulted inResignation of incumbent president Morales and his governmentMorales leaves Bolivia and receives political asylum in MexicoJeanine Anez assumes the acting presidency of BoliviaInterim government cuts diplomatic ties with Cuba and VenezuelaBolivia leaves ALBA and UNASUR and joins the Lima GroupStart of pro Morales protestsStart of diplomatic crisis with Mexico and SpainSummoning of new elections on 3 May 2020 but later postponed to 18 October 2020 due to COVID 19 pandemicPartiesBolivian government Movement for Socialism Pro Morales protesters Anti Anez protesters Opposition parties Civic Community Christian Democratic Party Revolutionary Nationalist Movement Nationalist Democratic ActionLead figuresEvo MoralesAlvaro Garcia LineraAdriana SalvatierraVictor BordaRuben Medinaceli Jeanine AnezCarlos MesaLuis Fernando CamachoMarco PumariGen Williams Kaliman 1 Cmdr Yuri CalderonCasualties and lossesDead 33 26 November 2019 2 Injured 715 17 November 2019 A political crisis occurred in Bolivia on 10 November 2019 after 21 days of civil protests following the disputed 2019 Bolivian general election in which incumbent President Evo Morales was initially declared the winner The elections took place after a referendum to amend the Bolivian constitution which limits the number of terms to two was rejected in 2016 In 2017 under political pressure and a legal demand from the Morales government 3 the Constitutional Tribunal TCP ruled that all public offices would have no term limits despite what was established in the constitution and allowing Evo Morales to run for a fourth term 4 The TCP s basis for this anti Constitutional decision was the Pact of San Jose regarding human rights 5 and Article 411 giving international treaties preeminence over the Constitution text itself Challenges to this 2017 decision made by Bolivian citizens and constitutional experts were subsequently denied by the TCP 6 and at the time of the 2019 election a query to the Inter American Court of Human Rights CIDH was pending In 2021 the CIDH set the matter to rest in a consultative opinion requested by Colombia which states that re election is not a human right 7 Rather the decision states that breaking a Constitutional mandate of term limits to allow indefinite re election attacks the human rights of citizens According to Articles 13 and 411 of the Bolivian Constitution 8 this CIDH decision overrides any contrary ruling by the TCP or Legislative Assembly The Constitution of Bolivia 8 grants the TCP authority to interpret but not to modify the Constitution An audit by the Organization of American States OAS 9 which released a full report afterwards concluded that significant irregularities happened during the electoral process 10 11 12 Observers from the European Union released a report with similar findings and conclusions as the OAS 13 14 The military and the police of Bolivia along with the Bolivian Workers Center COB recommended President Evo Morales to resign He did accompanied by other resignations by high level politicians throughout the day some citing fears for the safety of their families The government of Mexico offered political asylum to Morales the following day which Morales accepted a day afterwards 15 16 The second vice president of the Senate opposition senator Jeanine Anez assumed the role of president on 12 November This was not without controversy as her initial appointment was made during a brief legislative session that lacked quorum due to a boycott by Morales s party Movement for Socialism Movimiento al Socialismo MAS 17 Bolivia s Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal then endorsed Anez s assumption of the presidency and the MAS ruling party returned most members to both chambers with some assuming key positions such as Leader of the Senate 18 19 20 They also committed to working with the interim government towards new elections 21 In addition to the controversy around her appointment Anez s government began a campaign against Morales s supporters Newly appointed Interior Minister Arturo Murillo vowed to pursue members of Morales s administration 22 23 and Anez s government charged Morales with terrorism and sedition 23 22 Anez introduced Christian religious symbols into state procedures a move perceived by The New York Times as directly related to Morales s 14 years of support for Indigenous culture 24 Morales called for the Bolivian people to reject the leadership of Anez He and his supporters argued that the event was a coup d etat International politicians scholars and journalists were divided between describing the event as a coup or popular uprising 1 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 excessive citations The Bolivian Congress with the majority being members of Morales s MAS party unanimously approved a bill on 23 November 2019 that annulled the results of 20 October election allowed for new elections and prevented Evo Morales from participating in the new elections 32 33 34 The bill was signed into law the next day by president Anez 35 The unrest would ultimately lead to the Senkata and the Sacaba massacres 36 On 4 December 2019 the OAS released its final report related to 20 October election detailing what they called deliberate and malicious tactics to rig that election in favor of President Morales 37 38 Analysis by the progressive left leaning US thinktank Center for Economic and Policy Research rejected the OAS statistical analysis of election data arguing that a basic coding error resulted in inexplicable changes in trend 39 40 41 In August 2021 a report commissioned by the OAS and carried out by independent human rights experts concluded that the Anez government s path to power came with irregularities and serious human rights abuses by security forces 42 43 44 In June 2022 the Bolivian courts convicted Anez for charges committed during the political crisis She was sentenced to ten years in prison 24 45 Contents 1 Background 1 1 2016 constitutional referendum 1 2 2019 general election and subsequent investigations 1 3 Protests 2 Events 2 1 Allegations of electoral fraud and OAS audit 2 2 Authorities abandon Morales 2 3 Rioters overrun La Paz 2 4 Calls for Morales to resign 2 5 Morales resigns 2 6 OEP detentions and TSE arrests 3 Succession of presidency 3 1 Assumption of presidency by Jeanine Anez 3 2 Reactions and anti Anez protests 3 2 1 Capital shut down 3 3 Interim government response to protests 3 3 1 Human rights concerns 3 3 2 Foreign participation 4 Interim government activities 4 1 New elections 4 2 Domestic policy 4 3 Foreign policy 4 3 1 Diplomatic row over Mexican embassy 4 4 Counteractions 4 5 Social media campaign 4 6 Handling of COVID 19 pandemic 5 Reactions 6 See also 7 ReferencesBackground edit2016 constitutional referendum edit Main article 2016 Bolivian constitutional referendum The Bolivian constitution allows the President and Vice President to put themselves forward for re election only once limiting the number of terms to two and the elections took place after in 2016 a referendum to amend the constitution was rejected but that the Supreme Court of Justice ruled that all public offices would have no term limits despite what was established in the constitution and allowing Morales to run for a fourth term 4 2019 general election and subsequent investigations edit Main article 2019 Bolivian general election On 20 October 2019 the first round of voting for all government positions was held After the polls closed the Supreme Electoral Tribunal began to release the preliminary results of the presidential election at 7 40 pm when 83 8 of the votes had been counted the preliminary count stopped because the official results had begun to be released At the time that the preliminary count was stopped Morales led with 45 3 and his primary opponent Carlos Mesa had 38 2 Less than a 10 point lead would have resulted in another round of runoff voting 46 At 9 25 pm President Morales stated he was the likely winner given that rural areas would guarantee his victory 47 48 Although uncounted votes in rural areas were expected to favor Morales one body observing the election the Organization of American States OAS stated that even if Morales did win outright his lead beyond the 10 point threshold would be so negligible as to warrant a runoff anyway The OAS expressed concern about a purported day long gap in results reporting after 24 hours the updates resumed but with a surge for Morales at the first update 49 On 21 October the Plurinational Electoral Organ reported a count 50 suggesting that with 95 3 of verified votes Morales had too large of a margin above 10 points to overcome avoiding a second run off round and so Morales would remain in power for a fourth term 51 52 Based on this result along with claimed irregularities the Bolivian opposition and protestors as well as some Western governments and observers called for an audit of the process and results to which Morales agreed 53 The OAS audit of the election began on 31 October and was observed by Spain Mexico and Paraguay 54 Protests edit Main article 2019 Bolivian protestsBy 24 October Morales began describing the actions taken against him as a coup 55 On 25 October when the results were officially announced with Morales as the winner various countries in Latin America as well as the United States and European Union called for the second round to go ahead regardless of the official results 56 On 31 October two deaths were announced by the government 57 The third death during the protests occurred on 7 November when a 20 year old student called Limbert Guzman was killed during clashes 58 Events editAllegations of electoral fraud and OAS audit edit On 6 November the Bolivian opposition published a 190 page long report containing fraud accusations including irregularities such as mistaken electoral acts additions data swiping and electoral acts where the ruling party obtained more votes than registered voters expecting to send it to international organizations such as the OAS and the United Nations 59 Although a complete report was not yet due mounting tension in the country prompted the OAS to release a preliminary report on 10 November claiming that they had discovered sufficient evidence of election fraud to warrant new elections 60 61 This led to a string of events that culminated in Morales being forced to resign The OAS alleged multiple irregularities including failures in the chain of custody for ballots alteration and forgery of electoral material redirection of data to unauthorized servers and data manipulation 62 They added that it was statistically unlikely that Morales had secured the 10 percentage point margin of victory needed to win outright saying that election should be annulled after it had found clear manipulations of the voting system and that The manipulations to the computer systems are of such magnitude that they must be deeply investigated by the Bolivian State to get to the bottom of and assign responsibility in this serious case 1 63 An analysis by the Center for Economic and Policy Research CEPR disputed the OAS s preliminary findings and criticized what it called a politicization of the electoral observation process 64 The co director of the think tank Mark Weisbrot stated the OAS showed no evidence no statistics numbers or facts of any kind to support its claim of electoral manipulation 65 CEPR concluded that due to Morales s voter base being in more rural regions the results from peripheral areas received towards the end of the count were more likely to be in his favour 66 The New York Times noted however that this criticism has not addressed the accusations of hidden data servers forged signatures and other irregularities found by the O A S observers nor have they tried to explain the electoral council s sudden decision to stop the count 67 The OAS also dismissed the report as neither honest nor fact based nor comprehensive 68 On 5 December the full 95 page OAS report 69 70 was released along with 500 pages of corroborating details as appendices These included that an outside user who controlled a Linux AMI appliance with root privileges conferring the ability to alter results accessed the official vote counting server during the counting and that in a sample of 4 692 returns from polling stations around the country 226 showed multiple signatures by the same person for different voting booths a violation of electoral law On those returns 91 percent of votes went to MAS approximately double the rate recorded elsewhere 71 On 21 December the Technical Mission of Electoral Experts sent by the European Union published a 67 page report that concluded that the election day passed peacefully and with a high voter turnout but a large number of electoral records showed irregularities which could be due to deficiencies in the training of jurors or deliberate manipulations 72 73 On 3 January 2020 at a meeting of the Committee for Latin America of Socialist International it was declared that they accepted the findings of the OAS and that Morales was not a victim of a coup A document containing discussions of the Bolivian political crisis states that After a broad mobilization of citizens in that country in protest of electoral fraud that was informed and verified by an audit conducted by the Organization of American States OAS of the elections that took place on 20 October the president Evo Morales did not suffer a coup d etat 74 75 Independent contract researchers for CEPR John Curiel and Jack R Williams disputed the claims of irregularities in the late vote count that were made by OAS with a statistical analysis released on 27 February 2020 They contended that the OAS allegations about irregularities in the vote count were made on two unproven premises the unofficial count accurately reflects the vote continuously measured and that reported voter preferences do not vary by the time of day 76 Later in August 2020 after Nooruddin published the dataset he used for the OAS audit to a Harvard University digital repository 77 CEPR released a statement suggesting that the way the data was sorted was flawed due to a coding error which would indicate that the OAS claims about the irregularities in the vote count were also flawed 78 Authorities abandon Morales edit After weeks of repelling violent protests at the Casa Grande del Pueblo presidential palace units of the Police Operations Tactical Unit UTOP tasked with defending Morales assembled a meeting on 8 November 79 UTOP officers ultimately decided at the gathering to abandon their posts and to call for the resignation of Morales 79 According to Reuters UTOP turned away from Morales for multiple reasons complaints of alleged orders to suppress opposition protestors while avoiding Morales loyalists resentments over perceived preferential treatment given to the military and the exhaustion of combating protestors 79 On 9 November Morales organized a meeting and ordered the military to maintain security with officers present rejecting Morales s orders according to former general Fernando Sanchez 34 According to The Wall Street Journal following this meeting officers feared of violent military suppression similar to 2003 protests during the Bolivian gas conflict which happened before Morales become president 34 At this time all UTOP officers had left their positions leaving Morales vulnerable to protesters 79 At a police station near the presidential palace officers climbed onto the roofs and chanted The Police with the People 80 Police nationwide refused to take action against protesters returning to their stations while other departments began to mutiny against the Morales government arguing that they did not want to be an instrument of any government Head of the Bolivian Armed Forces General Williams Kaliman refused to suppress violent demonstrations saying that the military would never confront the people among whom we live and that the events unfolding were a political problem and it should be resolved within that realm 80 After police left their posts at the presidential palace Morales never returned and was forced into hiding in an improvised office protected by a small group of his guard 34 He ultimately held a press conference at the Bolivian Air Force s presidential hangar in El Alto International Airport later in the day leading some to suspect that Morales had already lost control of the government 81 Franklin Pareja a professor of the Higher University of San Andres said that because of the abandonment by police the Morales government lost its shield and that it was totally vulnerable and couldn t go on 79 According to members of the Bolivian military quoted by the Wall Street Journal authorities had opposed Morales s actions for some time 34 Morales had performed multiple actions that had offended officers within the armed forces including glorifying Che Guevara after his guerrillas killed 59 Bolivian troops during their insurgency in the 1960s and forcing officers to attend the Anti Imperialist Military Academy that was led by a convicted former rebel 34 General Tomas Pena y Lillo who was chief of the Bolivian armed forces until 2010 stated that officers within the military were traditionally conservative and had refused plans proposed by Morales to be guided by Cuban military and intelligence agents damaging Morales s hold of the military 34 Roberto Ponce former chief of staff of the Bolivian military also explained that Morales spent little on the country s armed forces as he feared that he would be overthrown which frustrated military officers 34 Rioters overrun La Paz edit By the night of 9 November violent riots escalated throughout Bolivia 82 Members of MAS called on supporters to gather in the capital city of La Paz to defend Morales and the results of the vote with reports of clashes between pro Morales groups and opposition protesters 82 However violent anti Morales rioters had already overrun the streets of La Paz with some groups of police joining in protests against Morales 82 Rioters began to storm government offices flooding the stations of Bolivia TV and Radio Patria Nueva accusing them of serving Morales 82 Relatives of Morales had their homes attacked by rioters with his older sister s home in Oruro being burned while other regional governors had their homes torched as well 82 The next day two miners from Potosi were shot and injured reportedly by snipers when cooperative miners where marching to join protests in La Paz 83 Calls for Morales to resign edit After the release of 10 November OAS audit multiple Bolivian entities called on Morales to resign Morales had initially relied on support from civil organizations to protect him from violent protests instead of the military since he enjoyed popular support 34 However the two main civil groups of Bolivia had begun aligning themselves with the opposition to Morales the Bolivian Workers Center COB Bolivia s largest trade union and a traditionally pro Morales entity and the Single Trade Union Confederation of Workers CSUTCB an indigenous workers union 84 85 86 CSUTCB had already met with opposition leader Luis Fernando Camacho announcing an alliance 85 and in the morning of 10 November the leader of COB suggested Morales resign if it would help solve the violence and called for new elections 85 Indigenous and Aymara leader Nelson Condori the director of CSUTCB intensified his condemnation of Morales later in the day while at an event beside Camacho stating Evo we have cried you have made our lives bitter you have lied to us When have you forgotten the slogan of our ancestors do not steal do not lie do not be lazy 87 Condori also called for a purge of the Bolivian government demanding that Morales and his governmental allies be jailed for electoral fraud 87 After the COB and other civil groups formerly supportive of Morales called on him to resign Morales held a second press conference at the presidential hangar changing his position on the October election results and announced that new elections would be held 88 89 Morales released a statement saying As President my main mission is to preserve peace social justice and economic stability Listening to the Bolivian Workers Center COB the Pact of Unity and other social sectors I have decided first to renew all the members of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal 89 Since civil groups had abandoned Morales the military was the only group protecting him from violent protesters 34 The military then made the decision to force Morales to resign First officers who feared punishment if they deployed troops against civilians pressured General Williams Kaliman the commander in chief of the Armed Forces of Bolivia and Morales loyalist to turn away from Morales 34 Later Kaliman announced that the military had suggested 90 91 Morales resign to help restore peace and stability after weeks of protests over the vote adding that the military was calling on the Bolivian people to refrain from violence and disorder 63 The military also said it would conduct operations to neutralise any armed groups that attacked the protesters 1 92 The military press release invoked 93 Article 20 paragraph b of Law No 1405 94 which states Article 20 The attribution and responsibilities of the military high command are b To analyze inner and foreign troubled situations to suggest to whom it may concern the appropriate solutions Morales resigns edit After Kaliman s statement Morales took the presidential plane from El Alto International Airport to an undisclosed location announcing his immediate resignation on television stating that he was resigning to protect the families of Movement for Socialism members 95 He concluded by stating that he believed Carlos Mesa had achieved his objective and asked rioters to stop burning down the houses of his brothers and sisters 96 97 98 Vice President Alvaro Garcia Linera also resigned after consulting with Morales 1 Shortly thereafter it was reported that Morales was on a plane to Argentina 99 however the Argentine foreign minister Jorge Faurie said that Argentina would not grant him asylum 100 Commander Yuri Calderon assured that there was no warrant for Morales s arrest though armed individuals had entered his home 101 Later in the day Adriana Salvatierra the President of the Senate Victor Borda the leader of the Chamber and Ruben Medinaceli First Vice President of the Senate also resigned 102 103 104 Mexico s foreign minister declared that twenty members of Bolivia s executive and legislative branches were at the official Mexican residence in the capital seeking asylum following the resignation 105 Following the resignation of Morales and his allied successors protesters called for a board to be convened to oversee the government and new elections though Mesa disagreed with the proposal stating protesters should not violate the Constitution so as not to give Evo Morales an excuse that he was the victim of a coup d etat and that the Legislative Assembly should determine the constitutional successor 106 Later on 10 November BBC Mundo published an article suggesting that five main reasons combined to force Morales to resign the disputed OAS audit results the opposition from the military and police the ongoing protests the growing radicalization of the political opposition and public opposition towards Morales s move to end term limits 107 In August 2020 Morales would publish his memoirs book titled Volveremos y seremos millones We ll come back and we ll be millions in which he describes that he took the decision to resign the night before November 10 and before the suggestions by the police and military 108 OEP detentions and TSE arrests edit At 8 20 pm the Associated Press reported that Bolivian police had detained 38 members of the Plurinational Electoral Organ or organo Electoral Plurinacional OEP on suspicion of falsification and other electoral crimes including the former president and vice president of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal TSE Maria Eugenia Choque and Antonio Costas According to police commander Yuri Calderon Choque was apprehended whilst disguised as a man The attorney general s office earlier announced that it was opening an investigation into allegations raised by the OAS report 101 An election official in Santa Cruz Sandra Kettels was arrested Monday morning with arrest warrants issued for the remaining TSE officials 109 Succession of presidency editAssumption of presidency by Jeanine Anez edit nbsp Jeanine Anez in 2016 On the evening of 10 November Jeanine Anez the second vice president of the Senate and highest ranking official remaining proclaimed herself President of the Senate following the resignation of the previous Senate president Adriana Salvatierra and the first vice president of the Senate Ruben Medinaceli Moments later Anez declared herself President of Bolivia claiming constitutional succession 110 She announced she would be assuming the presidency on an interim basis from 11 November onward with the responsibility of calling new elections She stated that she would assume the office once the Senate had formally recognized the previous day s resignations Upon inauguration Anez would officially become the President of Bolivia 111 112 The Bolivian Constitution had no provisions that would have allowed Anez as second vice president of the Senate to legitimately succeed to the Presidency Article 169 says that In case of impediment or definitive absence of the president of the State he will be replaced in office by the Vice President and in his absence by the President of the Senate and in the absence of this by the President of the Chamber of Deputies In the latter case new elections will be called within a maximum period of ninety days It also establishes the line of succession which did not include Anez 113 The following day Anez arrived at La Paz El Alto airport and was taken in a military helicopter to a nearby Air Force base from here she traveled in convoy to the Senate 114 On 12 November 2019 in a brief legislative session held improperly due to the lack of a quorum 17 Anez declared herself as acting president of Bolivia while holding a large bible stating that the bible has returned to the government palace 115 Anez obtained the favorable vote of the opposition parties only one third of the parliament while the Movement for Socialism ruling party did not participate in the voting rejecting the succession 17 Anez s assumption of the presidential office was supported by Bolivia s Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal which interpreted citing articles referring to the presidential succession of the 2001 Constitutional Declaration that the next person in the succession line assumes the presidency ipso facto despite not having the required quorum stating that the functioning of the executive should not be suspended 116 18 19 117 Reactions and anti Anez protests edit See also 2019 Bolivian protests nbsp A demonstration in support of Morales in El Alto on 11 November 2019 Reactions to the transfer of power and to Ms Anez s assumption of the presidency have been mixed being met with both celebrations and protests 118 Demonstrators celebrating the removal of the government chanted Yes we can and set off fireworks 119 Hundreds of supporters of Morales made their way toward the center of La Paz from the mountains surrounding the city some of them armed with sticks chanting Here we go civil war 120 The police claimed that Morales supporters had vandalized police offices inciting panic in some neighborhoods where people blocked their doors with furniture to protect stores and houses After receiving requests for help from the national police and politicians the armed forces announced that night they would mobilize to defend gas water and electricity services around the capital and also begin joint patrols with the police around the city 120 On 13 November a dozen MAS senators were blocked by police from entering the National Assembly building during the session 121 122 123 The next few days were marked by protests and roadblocks on behalf of Morales s supporters In Senkata and Sacaba at least 19 pro Morales protesters were killed in clashes with security forces in what was denounced as a massacre 124 125 36 On 20 November Evo Morales offered not to run for reelection if he was allowed to return to Bolivia and finish his presidential term 126 Capital shut down edit See also 2019 shortages in Bolivia The drinking water supplies to parts of both La Paz and El Alto the second and third largest cities in Bolivia were cut off 127 According to Gen Williams Kaliman it was the plan of insurgents to leave these cities without water or fuel and counteractions to guard public services were covered under the so called Sebastian Pagador plan 128 129 La Paz s legislature forced the capital s infrastructure schools and workplaces to close claiming this was for reasons of public safety 109 Supporters of Morales also built barricades on roads that lead to the airport 109 Barricades were placed around the Senkata refinery in El Alto by Morales supporters cutting power and fuel to El Alto and La Paz Pro Morales demonstrators entered the refinery and set fire to vehicles within the compound 130 The Bolivian military launched a violent invasion of the site on 19 November using armored vehicles and helicopters 131 killing three protesters and injuring 22 in the process 132 As a result of blockades from various protests surrounding the city some goods were also not able to enter 131 Food supply was affected leading to rationing and controlled prices in El Alto and La Paz 133 Interim government response to protests edit In the face of protests against the interim government Anez called for police to suppress the protests and maintain order and on 14 November issued a decree that would exempt the military from any type of criminal responsibility for killing or injuring protestors when acting in a legitimate defense or state of necessity 134 135 136 137 On 15 November security forces fired upon coca farmers peacefully protesting against the government in Cochabamba The massacre left nine dead and dozens injured 136 Human rights concerns edit Jose Miguel Vivanco head of Human Rights Watch in the Americas said that the decree sends a very dangerous message to the military that they have carte blanche to commit abuses 138 The Inter American Commission on Human Rights IACHR condemned Anez s government for issuing the decree 139 UN Human Rights Chief Michelle Bachelet issued a statement saying that while earlier deaths mostly resulted from clashes between rival protestors the latest incidents appear to be due to the disproportionate use of force by the army and police stating that in a situation like this repressive actions by the authorities will simply stoke that anger even further and are likely to jeopardise any possible avenue for dialogue Bachelet also expressed concern that widespread arrests and detentions were adding to the tensions according to her office more than 600 people had been detained since 21 October Furthermore Bachelet also declared being concerned that the situation could spin out of control if the authorities do not handle it sensitively and in accordance with international norms and standards governing the use of force and with full respect for human rights stating that it couldn t be solved through force and repression 140 The decree was later repealed by Anez 141 The Inter American Commission on Human Rights expressed concerns over human rights violations that occurred after the 2019 Bolivian general election 142 140 138 2 Paulo Abrao who heads the IACHR declared that due to the massive number of human rights violations amid post election violence the country may need outside help to investigate the situation and recommended Bolivia coordinate with an international panel of experts to ensure findings are seen as credible 2 On 5 December 2019 Anez approved an act to provide compensation to the families of those killed and injured during the conflict 143 On 10 December the government and IACHR signed an agreement to investigate the acts of violence that occurred 144 On 30 Dec Eva Copa MAS head of the Senate stated that a report had been filed with Arturo Murillo to give an account of the deaths in Sacaba and Senkata after the Assembly recess in the new year 145 On 29 October 2020 the outgoing parliament approved a report on the massacres of Senkata Sacaba and Yapacani which recommends a judgment of responsibility against Jeanine Anez for genocide and other offenses Parliament also approved the criminal indictment of 11 of Anez ministers 146 On 17 August 2021 the human rights watchdog of the Organization of American States published their report on human rights during the Anez administration It observed that the interim government had come to power by sidestepping the constitutional rules for presidential succession but stopped short of calling it a coup The report documented the persecution of opponents with systematic torture and summary executions such as the use of lethal ammunition to suppress peaceful street protests by unarmed supporters of Morales 147 Foreign participation edit In July 2021 the Bolivian government accused Mauricio Macri s government in Argentina of having supplied arms used in the Senkata and Sacaba massacres Bolivian Foreign Minister Rogelio Mayta said air force chief General Jorge Gonzalo Terceros had written a letter on 13 November 2019 thanking Argentinian ambassador Normando Alvarez Garcia for the delivery of 40 000 bullets tear gas canisters and grenades The Ecuadorian government of Lenin Moreno offered military aid to Bolivia in the same period 148 Gonzalo Terceros accused the letter of being a forgery made with a signature not his own and at a point when he had resigned and the former chancellor Karen Longaric pointed that the date in the letter would mean that the alleged shipment was prepared and sent when Morales was still president 149 Longaric also pointed that although the letter describes the shipment as war weapons they are actually police weapons whose trade is not illegal 149 Terceros lawyer pointed as well that his client belonged to the air force who had no business trading anti riot materials 149 An investigation carried out by the Argentine Government shows records of the exit of firearms ammunition bulletproof vests pepper spray and hand grenades of harassment gas among other materials 150 The Bolivian Police confirmed they found part of the material sent which had no associated documentation Minister of Justice and Human Rights of Argentina Martin Soria said this would suggest the destination was not the Argentine Embassy as previously claimed 151 152 Interim government activities editNew elections edit Main article 2020 Bolivian general election Anez stated on 15 November that in order to restore faith in the electoral process a vote would first be held to elect a new Electoral Commission before having a new vote for president 153 On 20 November the interim government presented a bill that aimed to forge a path to new elections The two chambers congress were expected to debate the bill which would annul 20 October election and appoint a new electoral board within 15 days of its passage paving the way for a new vote 154 The bill drafted jointly by MAS and anti Morales legislators was approved on 23 November it also prohibited Morales from participating in the fresh election 155 In exchange Anez s government agreed to withdraw the armed forces from all protest areas although some servicemen were still permitted to stay at some state companies to prevent vandalism revoke her decree which granted the army immunity from criminal prosecution release arrested protesters protect lawmakers and social leaders from attacks and provide compensation for the families of those killed during the crisis She approved the bill shortly thereafter 156 Elections were initially scheduled to be held on 3 May 2020 157 However they were postponed due to the ongoing COVID 19 pandemic 158 159 160 On 22 June 2020 Anez approved a law passed by both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate to set a date for the election for 6 September 2020 with elected authorities in place by mid to late November 2020 161 162 163 On 23 July 2020 the TSE postponed the election to 18 October 2020 due to medical reports that the pandemic will have its highest peaks in late August and early September 164 Many opposition leaders including Evo Morales have condemned the delays seeing the continued delays as an unconstitutional attempt to remain in power and some groups including the Bolivian Workers Center have planned protests 165 166 167 Domestic policy edit Immediately after his resignation protests emerged in support of Morales and against the new government 168 In response Anez signed decree no 4078 granting total impunity to the armed forces to quell protestors resulting in the massacres of Senkata and Sacaba where at least 18 people were killed by the military 169 This decree was subject to international criticism Jose Miguel Vivanco Americas Director of Human Rights Watch described the decree as giv ing the armed forces a blank check to commit abuses instead of working to restore the rule of law in the country 170 The Anez administration appointed government ministers between 13 and 18 November 171 172 173 174 The first eleven members of the interim cabinet appointed 13 November did not contain any indigenous members 175 176 The Guardian described this partial cabinet as showing no signs that Anez intended to reach across the country s deep political and ethnic divide 175 Anez did however designate two persons of indigenous origin as ministers of culture and mining as the remaining positions were filled 177 178 Morales s first cabinet was majority indigenous 14 out of 16 positions though this number decreased over the course of his tenure as president 179 180 Among the senior ministers in Anez cabinet were prominent Bolivian businesspeople 175 Shortly after taking office Anez also appointed a new military high command 121 The new commander of the armed forces General Carlos Orellana Centellas pledged to take orders from Anez 121 181 On 20 November Anez granted safe conduct to Evo Morales s daughter Evaliz to receive political asylum in Mexico 182 The government renamed the state newspaper known as Cambio under president Morales as Bolivia on 17 November 183 On 25 November the Anez met with civil groups Bolivian Workers Center the country s largest union and the Pact of Unity a prominent indigenous grassroots group to sign agreements on how to pacify Bolivia following previous violent events 184 In the week following the inauguration of Anez the new government came under heavy criticism from a variety of sources The New York Times described Anez as reaching beyond her caretaker mandate of organizing national elections by January 136 Javier Corrales a Latin American politics professor at Amherst College in Massachusetts said without a popular mandate the government are pushing forward some of the most objectionable aspects of their agenda clarification needed Oliver Stuenkel associate professor of international relations at the Getulio Vargas Foundation in Sao Paulo said that the only thing this government was supposed to do was calm things down and call elections and that s just about the only thing it has not done 138 By late November and December some progress was made in passing legislation for new elections 185 186 appointing a new electoral body 187 entering dialogue with representatives from protesting factions in El Alto 188 and cooperating with Morales s MAS party in joint participation in the coming elections 189 albeit without Morales as a presidential candidate A survey by Bolivian newspaper Pagina Siete showed that 43 of Bolivians approved of how Anez has handled the presidency while 23 disapproved 190 On 13 Dec Anez approved an agreement between the three main parties over a so called Law of Guarantees formulated to restore faith among political actors in the process of moving forward including reparations for those killed and injured by her government 191 This act was welcomed by the Secretary General of the UN 192 A previous incarnation of this legislation passed in both chambers by the MAS majority had not been given presidential approval due to articles that implied immunity from prosecution for representatives of the previous government This version was described by opposition lawmakers as an attempted cover up on behalf of the MAS party 193 194 and caused friction among members of MAS itself 195 On 1 January 2020 Anez presented a change in the law that would it make it mandatory for presidential candidates to engage in public debate with their opponents to support the strengthening of informed democracy La Razon says such debates did not take place before 196 In September 2020 Human Rights Watch released a report saying that the interim caretaker government is abusing the justice system to wage a politically motivated witch hunt against former president Evo Morales and his allies adding that prosecutors had charged some Morales backers with terrorism for simply speaking to him on the phone 23 Foreign policy edit Karen Longaric appointed as foreign minister by Jeanine Anez announced the formal departure from the country of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America ALBA and breaking all diplomatic relations with Venezuela s Maduro government 197 198 recognizing Juan Guaido as acting president of Venezuela in the Venezuelan presidential crisis 199 Longaric also announced that the interim government was considering leaving the Union of South American Nations UNASUR 197 A month later the country announced its entry into the Lima Group a regional bloc established in 2017 with the purpose of finding a way out of the Venezuelan crisis The Bolivian foreign ministry said in a statement that it hoped to contribute to a peaceful democratic and constitutional solution to the crisis in Venezuela which must be guided by the Venezuelan people 200 On the same month the interim government announced that they would give refuge to 200 Venezuelans who have fled their country for reasons of political order of political persecution promoted by the Nicolas Maduro government 201 In January 2020 the interim government suspended relations with Cuba in response to remarks made by Foreign Minister Bruno Rodriguez Parrilla who called Anez a liar coupist and self proclaimed in reference to her latest statements about the role of Cuban medical doctors in the country 202 Diplomatic row over Mexican embassy edit Main article 2019 20 Mexico Bolivia diplomatic crisis Since the resignation of Morales several members of the past administration have taken diplomatic refuge in the Mexican Embassy in La Paz Several of them faced accusations and prosecution under the interim government the most senior being the former Minister of the Presidency Juan Ramon Quintana Anti Morales protesters routinely gathered at the doorstep of the Embassy to voice their discontent and demand that they be turned over to the Bolivian authorities 203 An increased security presence by police and army in the vicinity of the Embassy led to accusations of harassment and a siege On 27 December tensions were further increased when visiting Spanish diplomats were stopped by police during a visit to the Embassy The Mexican ambassador accused the Bolivian government of Maria Teresa Mercado violating the Vienna Convention 203 Longaric responded by saying the presence of masked and armed guards aroused suspicion that there would be an attempt to smuggle Quintana from the Embassy to another location Longaric said No country in the world could tolerate what happened last Friday In that case the Vienna Convention empowers the host State to declare those diplomats who violate the rules of the conventions themselves personas non gratas 204 On 30 December Anez made an announcement giving a number of Mexican and Spanish diplomats 72 hours to leave the country Spain responding by declaring that three Bolivian diplomats likewise must leave the country 203 Eva Copa MAS head of the Senate criticised Anez for the expulsion of diplomats of countries who helped bring stability to Bolivia and urged her to reconsider the action 205 Counteractions edit On 15 November Longaric expelled 725 Cuban citizens mostly medical doctors after accusing them of being involved in protests 197 206 The government announced it arrested nine Venezuelans in the border city of Guayaramerin near Brazil with boots and insignias of the Bolivarian National Police PNB identification cards of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela PSUV and microchips containing photos of themselves with other people armed with guns After the arrest and the discovery of the microchips the interim government accused the men of participating in violent acts in the country and transferred them to the Bolivian Special Crime Fighting Forces to conduct a preliminary investigation 207 Arturo Murillo Anez s new interior minister vowed to hunt down his predecessor Juan Ramon Quintana a prominent Morales ally stoking fears of a vendetta against members of the previous administration 175 He later announced he would start arresting certain members of the previous government who he accused of subversion 208 Roxana Lizarraga Anez s communication minister stated that she had a list of journalists who were involved in sedition and threatened them with prosecution 136 On 22 November after an audio recording allegedly of Morales leaked in which Morales supporters were directed to block main roads to La Paz the interim government opened an investigation into Morales for terrorism and sedition 209 Hours later the vice president of MAS IPSP was arrested for allegedly using a car of the ministry of the President in the car according to Telam police discovered computers and biometric devices that belonged to the electoral commission 210 211 Social media campaign edit In December 2019 the interim government of Anez contracted CLS Strategies a Washington based public relations firm to carry out lobbying in support of Bolivian democracy and in support of holding new presidential elections In September 2020 Facebook closed 55 accounts 42 pages and 36 Instagram accounts linked to CLS Strategies Facebook said these were fake accounts used to secretly manipulate politics in Bolivia Venezuela and Mexico in violation of Facebook s prohibition on foreign interference 212 Following Morales s resignation a large anti Morales Twitter bot network was uncovered by the microblogging site in mid November The network had published automated tweets which declared opposition to Morales further adding that the events were not a coup Compared to the extremely low proportion of the population that speaks English the abundance of English tweets from this network suggests that it was intended to sway opinions beyond Bolivia The company behind the site had removed many of the tweets by 19 November but media reports suggested that around 4200 were still up by that point 213 214 A study by Julian Macias Tovar head of social networks for the Spanish party Podemos found that nearly 70 000 fake accounts had been used by the network many of which were created just days before Tovar said that fake accounts were used to artificially boost the online following of anti Morales political figures including Anez 215 216 217 218 An investigation by The Guardian in 2021 found that Facebook was slow to remove fake accounts and pages in Bolivia when notified of their existence A network of fake accounts supporting a candidate during the October 2019 election were still operating in September 2020 In general Facebook allowed major abuses of its platform in poor small and non western countries in order to prioritise addressing abuses that attract media attention or affect the US and other wealthy countries 219 Handling of COVID 19 pandemic edit In May 2020 Health Minister Marcelo Navajas was arrested on suspicion of corruption related to a scheme to buy ventilators for the treatment of COVID 19 The ventilators were purchased from a Spanish company for around twice their value Intensive care doctors said that the ventilators were not suitable for Bolivian intensive care units 220 In August 2020 a report in the New York Times said the death rate in Bolivia was nearly five times the official tally and that testing was very limited It said that Bolivia was one of the worst affected countries and calculated that Bolivia had five times as many deaths in July as in previous years 221 Writing in the New York Times in September 2020 Diego von Vacano who is an expert in Latin America said Anez interim government had mismanaged the COVID 19 crisis 222 Reactions editMain article Reactions to the 2019 Bolivian political crisisSee also editEvo Morales grounding incident 2008 unrest in Bolivia Venezuelan presidential crisis nbsp 2010s portal nbsp Bolivia portalReferences edit a b c d e Bolivian President Evo Morales resigns BBC News 11 November 2019 Bolivian president Evo Morales resigns after election result dispute The Guardian 10 November 2019 Retrieved 10 November 2019 Nicaraguan government denounces coup in Bolivia statement Reuters 11 November 2019 Retrieved 11 November 2019 Mexico says Bolivia suffered coup due to military pressure on Morales Reuters 11 November 2019 Sofia Sanchez Manzanaro Marta Rodriguez 12 November 2019 Evo Morales political asylum Is Bolivia facing a coup d etat Euronews John Bowden 11 November 2019 Sanders very concerned about what appears to be a coup in Bolivia The Hill a b c Human rights violations in Bolivia merit outside probe Americas commission head Reuters 26 November 2019 El Tribunal Constitucional de Bolivia autoriza a Evo Morales a buscar la reeleccion como presidente sin limites BBC News Mundo in Spanish Retrieved 16 December 2022 a b Blair Laurence 3 December 2017 Evo for ever Bolivia scraps term limits as critics blast coup to keep Morales in power The Guardian Retrieved 1 January 2018 This week the country s highest court overruled the constitution scrapping term limits altogether for every office Morales can now run for a fourth term in 2019 and for every election thereafter the referendum results which the government claims were invalid due to an opposition smear campaign directed by Washington Equipo Nizkor Sentencia Constitucional Plurinacional 84 2017 que autoriza la repostulacion de Evo Morales a la Presidencia www derechos org Retrieved 16 December 2022 Bolivia reafirma ante la CIDH constitucionalidad del fallo del TCP que habilita a la postulacion del Presidente Evo Morales MINISTERIO DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES www cancilleria gob bo Retrieved 16 December 2022 Corte IDH CP 53 2021 PDF Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos 13 August 2021 a b Bolivia Constitution 2009 PDF OAS Bolivian Constitution document 7 February 2009 Anthony Faiola amp Rachelle Krygier Bolivia s Morales agrees to new elections after OAS finds manipulation Washington Post 10 November 2019 OAS Organization of American States Democracy for peace security and development August 2009 OAS Organization of American States Democracy for peace security and development PDF August 2009 OAS audit of Bolivian election finds evidence of systematic fraud CBC News Union Europea Misionde Expertos Electorales Bolivia 2019 Informe Final PDF in Spanish European Union in Bolivia Archived from the original PDF on 6 July 2020 Retrieved 15 October 2020 Informe de la UE detecto numerosos errores en elecciones de Bolivia Voice of America Spanish www voanoticias com in Spanish Voice of America Spanish 21 December 2019 Retrieved 15 October 2020 Mexico says it would offer asylum to Bolivia s Morales if he sought it Reuters 11 November 2019 via www reuters com Bolivia crisis Evo Morales accepts political asylum in Mexico BBC News 12 November 2019 Retrieved 12 November 2019 a b c Manetto Francesco 13 November 2019 La senadora Jeanine Anez se proclama presidenta de Bolivia sin quorum en el Parlamento El Pais in Spanish ISSN 1134 6582 Retrieved 13 November 2019 a b Constitutional court endorses Anez as Bolivia s interim president indopremier com 13 November 2019 a b Bolivia s constitutional court confirms legitimacy of power transfer to Anez bernama com 13 November 2019 Monica Eva Copa Murga asume la presidencia de la Camara de Senadores Diario Pagina Siete www paginasiete bo in Spanish Retrieved 5 December 2019 Bolivia s warring parties strike deal for new elections to end deadly unrest France 24 15 November 2019 Retrieved 5 December 2019 a b Justice as a Weapon Political Persecution in Bolivia Human Rights Watch 11 September 2020 Archived from the original on 26 April 2022 Retrieved 11 August 2022 a b c Phillips Tom 11 September 2020 Bolivia government abusing justice system against Morales and allies report The Guardian a b Janetsky Megan Trigo Maria Silvia 10 June 2022 Former Bolivian President Sentenced to 10 Years in Prison The New York Times Archived from the original on 11 June 2022 Retrieved 11 June 2022 AP Explains Did a coup force Bolivia s Evo Morales out Associated Press 11 November 2019 Retrieved 4 December 2019 Whether the events Sunday in Bolivia constitute a coup d etat is now the subject of debate in and outside the nation Bolivia s coup is largely a question of semantics Fisher Max 12 November 2019 Bolivia Crisis Shows the Blurry Line Between Coup and Uprising The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 4 December 2019 But the Cold War era language of coups and revolutions demands that such cases fit into clear narratives Experts on Bolivia and on coups joined forces on Monday to challenge the black and white characterizations urging pundits and social media personalities to see the shades of gray Zabludovsky Karla 14 November 2019 Bolivia Is The Internet s Latest Rorschach Test BuzzFeed News Retrieved 4 December 2019 And as so often with the big names of Latin America where the word coup is supercharged how you see what has happened to him is often dependent on your own political ideology On the left he s seen as the victim of a putsch on the right his downfall is taken as evidence of democracy trumping authoritarianism on the continent de Haldevang Max 15 November 2019 The world s as divided about Bolivia s alleged coup as Bolivians themselves Quartz Retrieved 4 December 2019 So was it a coup Experts are as divided as everyone else on the question Johnson Keith 11 November 2019 Why Is Evo Morales Suddenly No Longer President of Bolivia Foreign Policy Retrieved 4 December 2019 It s not a coup in any sense of the word and Bolivia and Latin America have experience with actual coups The army did not take charge of Bolivia Morales despite his protestations that police had an arrest warrant for him is not in custody or even being sought Bolivia reflects the deep polarization crisis in Latin America Atlantic Council 14 November 2019 Retrieved 4 December 2019 Countries are debating why Evo Morales left power Did he leave power of his own volition or was it a coup There are two different responses to that question based on which country is speaking Coup or not a coup Bolivia s Evo Morales flees presidential crisis Univision in Spanish 12 November 2019 Retrieved 4 December 2019 The discussion over whether it was a coup falls largely along ideological lines Left wing supporters of Morales point like to point to a long history of military coups in Latin America while critics of the former president point to the 14 years he spent in power in violation of constitutional term limits But political experts say the events hardly resemble a classic coup scenario In a typical coup the military usually take a more proactive role taking up arms against the sitting ruler and installing one of their own in the presidential palace at least temporarily BBill for new elections in Bolivia sails through Congress reuters 23 November 2019 Retrieved 5 December 2019 Bolivia approves new elections excluding Evo Morales dw 24 November 2019 Retrieved 5 December 2019 a b c d e f g h i j k Otis John 5 December 2019 Veteran President s Rift With Bolivian Military Helped Drive His Early Exit The Wall Street Journal Retrieved 6 December 2019 Bolivia s interim President Anez approves legislation to hold new elections dw 25 November 2019 Retrieved 5 December 2019 a b Five Killed as Political Violence Keeps Grip on Bolivia The New York Times 20 November 2019 In El Alto late Tuesday night witnesses said a military unit guarding the Senkata gasoline plant opened fire on protesters who had surrounded the plant for over a week By blocking tankers from leaving the plant Mr Morales s supporters were able to cut off La Paz s main source of gasoline and food causing acute shortages At least eight people were reported killed Bolivia election rigging in favor of Morales was overwhelming OAS final report todayonline com 4 December 2019 Archived from the original on 5 December 2019 Retrieved 5 December 2019 Bolivia Overwhelming evidence of vote rigging dw 5 December 2019 Retrieved 5 December 2019 Curiel John Williams Jack R Analysis Bolivia dismissed its October elections as fraudulent Our research found no reason to suspect fraud The Washington Post Retrieved 23 March 2020 Kurmanaev Anatoly Trigo Maria Silvia 7 June 2020 A Bitter Election Accusations of Fraud And Now Second Thoughts The New York Times Laing Aislinn 2 March 2020 Study casting doubt on Bolivian election fraud triggers controversy Reuters Bolivia s interim government tortured and executed opponents report says The Guardian La Paz Associated Press 17 August 2021 Retrieved 20 August 2021 Booth Amy 18 August 2021 Racism Sexism and Politics Fueled Massacres in Bolivia Says Report Vice Retrieved 20 August 2021 AP Newswire 17 August 2021 Report shines light on abuse by Bolivia s interim government The Independent Archived from the original on 17 August 2021 Retrieved 20 August 2021 Herrero Ana Vanessa Ang Katerina 11 June 2022 Bolivia sentences ex president to 10 years in prison after coup trial The Washington Post Archived from the original on 30 July 2022 Retrieved 30 July 2022 Bolivia elections Concern as results transmission pauses BBC News 21 October 2019 Retrieved 23 October 2019 Evo Morales Ganamos una vez mas vamos a esperar al ultimo escrutinio y confiamos en el voto del campo Evo Morales We won once again we are going to wait for the last scrutiny and trust the vote of the countryside Infobae in Spanish 20 October 2019 Retrieved 22 October 2019 Evo Morales Nuevamente somos mayoria absoluta Evo Morales Again we are an absolute majority in Spanish Unitel Bolivia 20 October 2019 Retrieved 22 October 2019 Evo Morales alleges coup attempt as Bolivia opposition claims giant fraud The Guardian 23 October 2019 Retrieved 27 October 2019 With most outstanding votes from remote rural areas expected to go in his favour Morales repeated his declaration of a first round victory which he had made prematurely on Sunday night Conteo del TREP desatan protestas y convulsion en el pais TREP count triggers protests and convulsion in the country Red Uno de Bolivia in Spanish 22 October 2019 Retrieved 22 October 2019 Anger mounts in Bolivia over poll result confusion BBC News 22 October 2019 Retrieved 23 October 2019 TREP reanuda conteo rapido sorpresivamente y al 95 30 le da triunfo a Evo en primera vuelta TREP resumes rapid counting surprisingly and with 95 30 gives Evo victory in the first round Los Tiempos in Spanish 22 October 2019 Retrieved 22 October 2019 This is not Cuba or Venezuela say Bolivians BBC News Retrieved 10 November 2019 Bolivia post election clashes turn deadly BBC 31 October 2019 Retrieved 10 November 2019 Morales hits out at coup bid The London Evening Standard 24 October 2019 p 30 President Evo Morales has accused Right wing opponents of attempting a coup as he neared an outright election victory with 46 77 per cent of the vote Bolivia protests as Morales declared poll winner BBC News 25 October 2019 Archived from the original on 26 October 2019 Retrieved 25 October 2019 Bolivia s post election clashes turn deadly as two are killed BBC News 31 October 2019 Archived from the original on 1 November 2019 Retrieved 1 November 2019 Bolivia Clashes Third Person Killed in Disputed Election VOA News Associated Press 7 November 2019 Archived from the original on 8 November 2019 Retrieved 8 November 2019 Oposicion presenta pruebas de sus acusaciones de fraude electoral en Bolivia La Vanguardia in Spanish 7 November 2019 OAS Organization of American States Democracy for peace security and development www oas org 1 August 2009 OAS Organization of American States Democracy for peace security and development PDF www oas org 1 August 2009 Jones Julia McCluskey Mitch International leaders react to the political turmoil in Bolivia CNN Retrieved 13 November 2019 a b Ramos Daniel Machicao Monica 10 November 2019 Bolivia s Morales resigns after protests lashes out at coup Reuters Retrieved 11 November 2019 Bolivia s former president Evo Morales accepts political asylum in Mexico CNN 12 November 2019 Retrieved 13 November 2019 Collyns Dan 25 October 2019 Bolivia narrow win for Evo Morales announced in presidential election The Guardian Retrieved 16 November 2019 No Evidence That Bolivian Election Results Were Affected by Irregularities or Fraud Statistical Analysis Shows Center for Economic and Policy Research 8 November 2019 Archived from the original on 6 July 2020 Retrieved 17 November 2019 Kurmanaev Anatoly 5 December 2019 Election Fraud Aided Evo Morales International Panel Concludes The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 14 December 2019 Bolivia after the ouster of Evo Morales a leftist strongman The Economist ISSN 0013 0613 Retrieved 10 March 2020 OAS Organization of American States Democracy for peace security and development www oas org 1 August 2009 General Elections in the Plurinational State of Bolivia Final Report PDF oas org 2019 Archived PDF from the original on 14 May 2020 Retrieved 2 January 2020 Dyer Evan 10 December 2019 OAS audit of Bolivian election finds evidence of systematic fraud www cbc ca Retrieved 2 January 2020 Informe de la UE detecto numerosos errores en elecciones de Bolivia Voz de America 21 December 2019 Documentos Archived from the original on 21 July 2020 Retrieved 3 January 2020 International Socialist Evo was not a victim of a coup d etat www paginasiete bo in Spanish 2 January 2020 Archived from the original on 18 March 2020 Challenges and priorities for Latin America and the Caribbean on the threshold of 2020 Socialist International 19 20 December 2019 Curiel John Williams Jack R Analysis Bolivia dismissed its October elections as fraudulent Our research found no reason to suspect fraud The Washington Post Retrieved 28 February 2020 Nooruddin Irfan 19 August 2020 Replication Data for OAS Audit of Bolivia General Election 2019 harvard edu Harvard Dataverse doi 10 7910 DVN SGOFSC Retrieved 5 September 2020 Major Coding Error Reveals Another Fatal Flaw in OAS Analysis of Bolivia s 2019 Elections Center for Economic and Policy Research 24 August 2020 Retrieved 5 September 2020 a b c d e How Evo Morales lost control of Bolivia Reuters 14 November 2019 Retrieved 15 November 2019 a b New challenge for Bolivian president as police abandon posts Associated Press 10 November 2019 Retrieved 5 December 2019 Por que Morales hablo en un aeropuerto y no en la Casa Grande del Pueblo eju tv in Spanish 9 November 2019 Retrieved 7 December 2019 a b c d e Protesters seize state run media in Bolivia as tensions soar sg news yahoo com Retrieved 5 December 2019 Emboscada y ataque criminal a mineros potosinos deja dos heridos de bala Opinion in Spanish 10 November 2019 Retrieved 6 December 2019 Bolivia la presidente Jeanine Anez se reunio con lideres sociales y sindicales y acordo una mesa de dialogo para pacificar el pais Infobae in European Spanish 22 November 2019 Retrieved 5 December 2019 a b c Central Obrera se distancia de Morales y le pide que renuncie si es por el bien del pais in Spanish Deutsche Welle 10 November 2019 Retrieved 23 November 2019 Lider campesino y Camacho sellan pacto de unidad sin racismo ni discriminacion Erbol in Spanish 9 November 2019 Retrieved 5 December 2019 a b Evo y complices deben ir a Chonchocoro por el fraude dirigente campesino Nelson Condori eju tv in Spanish 10 November 2019 Retrieved 5 December 2019 Evo Morals calls new general elections Pressenza 10 November 2019 Retrieved 5 December 2019 a b Morales anuncia convocatoria a nuevas elecciones en Bolivia con la renovacion del TSE Xinhua News Agency 10 November 2019 Retrieved 5 December 2019 Bolivian Armed Forces suggest Evo Morales to resign from the presidency International en24 news Retrieved 18 November 2019 permanent dead link Bolivian President Evo Morales Has Resigned After Nearly 14 Years in Power Here s What to Know Time 11 November 2019 Archived from the original on 11 November 2019 Retrieved 8 February 2020 Bolivian president Evo Morales resigns after election result dispute The Guardian 10 November 2019 Retrieved 10 November 2019 Nicaraguan government denounces coup in Bolivia statement Reuters 11 November 2019 Retrieved 11 November 2019 Mexico says Bolivia suffered coup due to military pressure on Morales Reuters 11 November 2019 Sofia Sanchez Manzanaro Marta Rodriguez 12 November 2019 Evo Morales political asylum Is Bolivia facing a coup d etat Euronews John Bowden 11 November 2019 Sanders very concerned about what appears to be a coup in Bolivia The Hill FFAA pide la renuncia de Evo Morales Military ask Morales to resign Atb com bo in Spanish 10 November 2019 Archived from the original on 15 December 2019 Retrieved 14 November 2019 Ley Organica de las Fuerzas Armadas Organic Law of Armed Forces PDF mindef gob bo in Spanish 30 December 1992 Retrieved 14 November 2019 permanent dead link Asi fue el pedido de renuncia de las Fuerzas Armadas a Evo Morales in Spanish Popular 10 November 2019 Retrieved 12 November 2019 Faiola Anthony 10 November 2019 Bolivia s Morales resigns amid scathing election report rising protests The Washington Post Retrieved 10 November 2019 Amid protests Morales says coup risks democracy in Bolivia Al Jazeera Retrieved 11 November 2019 Video experience headlines BBC News Retrieved 11 November 2019 Evo Morales dejo La Paz y hay versiones de que pediria refugio en Argentina clarin com 10 November 2019 Renuncio Evo Morales Jorge Faurie desmintio que Mauricio Macri le haya ofrecido asilo politico al expresidente de Bolivia TN com ar Todo Noticias in Spanish 10 November 2019 Retrieved 10 November 2019 a b The Latest Argentina urges Bolivians to talk keep peace AP NEWS 11 November 2019 Retrieved 11 November 2019 Bolivian Senate President Salvatierra announces resignation Reuters 10 November 2019 Retrieved 10 November 2019 Victor Borda renuncia de manera irrevocable a la presidencia de la Camara de Diputados Los Tiempos in Spanish 10 November 2019 Retrieved 17 September 2021 Renuncio el senador por el MAS en Oruro Ruben Medinaceli tras fraude electoral en Bolivia Medio de comunicacion para la comunidad de Habla Hispana Caraota Digital in Spanish 10 November 2019 Archived from the original on 17 September 2021 Retrieved 17 September 2021 The Latest US monitoring developments in Bolivia AP NEWS 11 November 2019 Retrieved 11 November 2019 AP Explica Bolivia en el limbo tras la renuncia de Morales San Diego Union Tribune en Espanol 11 November 2019 Retrieved 5 December 2019 Zamorano Abraham Miranda Boris 10 November 2019 5 claves que explican por que Evo Morales renuncio a la presidencia de Bolivia Retrieved 10 November 2019 Evo senala en sus memorias que renuncio un dia antes de la sugerencia de las FFAA Correo del Sur in Spanish Retrieved 7 August 2022 a b c Faiola Anthony After Morales s resignation a question for Bolivia Was this the democratic will or a coup The Washington Post Retrieved 11 November 2019 Jeanine Anez is declared interim president of Bolivia Aristegui Noticias in Spanish 12 November 2019 Retrieved 22 April 2021 Moments before Anez Chavez second vice president of the Senate had proclaimed herself president of the Upper House in the absence of the head of the body and the first vice president Jeanine Anez podria ser la Presidenta del pais Video in Spanish Noticias Bolivision Retrieved 22 November 2019 Jeanine Anez en proceso de ratificacion tras renuncia del Presidente Vicepresidente Presidente del Senado y Presidente de la Camara de Diputados de Bolivia BBC News Mundo 10 November 2019 Retrieved 10 November 2019 Senadora Jeanine Anez asumiria Presidencia de Bolivia DW 11 November 2019 in European Spanish Deutsche Welle Retrieved 11 November 2019 Evo oficializa su renuncia mientras una opositora se alista para asumir la Presidencia de Bolivia Primicias in European Spanish Retrieved 11 November 2019 Senator Brandishing Giant Bible Assumes Bolivia Presidency Bloomberg 11 November 2019 Retrieved 14 November 2019 El Tribunal Constitucional avalo a Jeanine Anez como presidenta interina de Bolivia Infobae 12 November 2019 Retrieved 23 November 2019 Clashes rock Bolivia as new interim leader challenged The Washington Post 13 November 2019 Archived from the original on 13 November 2019 Retrieved 21 November 2019 Bolivia crisis Clashes as Morales supporters oppose interim rule BBC 14 November 2019 Bolivian President Evo Morales resigns BBC News 11 November 2019 a b Otis John Forero Juan 11 November 2019 Bolivia Leaderless After President Quits The Wall Street Journal Retrieved 11 November 2019 a b c Krauss Clifford 13 November 2019 Bolivia s Interim Leader Pledges to Reconstruct Democracy The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 15 November 2019 Clashes rock Bolivia after senator becomes leader 14 November 2019 Retrieved 15 November 2019 Bolivia s Morales Some lawmakers barred from assembly www aa com tr Retrieved 15 November 2019 Clarin com 15 November 2019 Ya son nueve los muertos durante una marcha de cocaleros en Cochabamba www clarin com in Spanish Archived from the original on 15 November 2019 Retrieved 17 November 2019 Tuerk Alexander 16 November 2019 8 Killed in Bolivia As Protesters Call For Return of Ousted President Evo Morales NPR Retrieved 17 November 2019 At least eight people were killed and dozens injured in the Bolivian city of Sacaba on Friday after security forces fired on supporters of ousted president Evo Morales according to the Associated Press Evo Morales ofrecio no presentarse a elecciones si le permiten regresar a Bolivia y terminar su mandato in Spanish Infobae Retrieved 29 December 2019 Krauss Clifford Victor Daniel 11 November 2019 Evo Morales Urges Resistance to New Bolivian Government The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 11 November 2019 Kaliman dice que no hubo golpe contra Evo y que las protestas buscaban dejar sin combustible y agua a La Paz La Razon www la razon com FFAA activan plan Sebastian Pagador para resguardar servicios publicos Los Tiempos 11 November 2019 En 10 dias hubo al menos 8 actos terroristas en el pais Diario Pagina Siete www paginasiete bo a b Bolivian military deploys armored vehicles to end blockade of key gas plant Reuters 19 November 2019 Retrieved 20 November 2019 Bolivia clashes leave three dead as security forces break fuel blockade The Guardian 19 November 2019 Retrieved 20 November 2019 Se activan 113 puntos de venta de carne en La Paz desde este viernes La Razon www la razon com Clarin com 16 November 2019 Bolivia el decreto de Jeanine Anez para quitarle la responsabilidad penal a las Fuerzas Armadas ante las protestas www clarin com in Spanish Retrieved 17 November 2019 Liberal El Agreden en Londres a ministra de Hong Kong en medio de protesta El Liberal www elliberal com ar in Spanish Retrieved 17 November 2019 a b c d Kurmanaev Anatoly 16 November 2019 In Bolivia Interim Leader Sets Conservative Religious Tone The New York Times Retrieved 17 November 2019 Bolivia el decreto de Jeanine Anez para quitarle la responsabilidad penal a las Fuerzas Armadas ante las protestas www clarin com 16 November 2019 Retrieved 17 November 2019 a b c Bolivia s leader accused of stoking divisions after Morales s exit Financial Times 19 November 2019 Bolivian interim leader meets UN envoy amid violence fears AP NEWS 16 November 2019 Archived from the original on 16 November 2019 Retrieved 17 November 2019 a b Repression use of force risk worsening Bolivia crisis UN human rights chief UN News 16 November 2019 Retrieved 17 November 2019 Gobierno abroga decreto que eximia a militares de responsabilidad penal en acciones frente a conflictos La Razon www la razon com Retrieved 1 December 2019 Repression use of force risk worsening Bolivia crisis UN human rights chief UN News 16 November 2019 Retrieved 17 November 2019 El Gobierno aprueba indemnizacion de Bs 50 mil para familias de fallecidos en conflictos La Razon www la razon com Gobierno y CIDH firman acuerdo para que expertos investiguen hechos de violencia en Bolivia La Razon www la razon com Copa despues del receso de la Asamblea se interpelara a ministros por Senkata y Cochabamba Diario Pagina Siete 30 December 2019 Archived from the original on 31 December 2019 Bolivia parliament approves charges against ex interim president www aljazeera com 30 October 2020 Retrieved 31 October 2020 Bolivia s interim government tortured and executed opponents report says The Guardian 17 August 2021 Retrieved 25 August 2021 Argentina accused of supplying arms to Bolivia s coup regime used in indigenous massacres Morning Star 9 July 2021 Retrieved 12 July 2021 a b c Ruben Guillemi 9 July 2019 El excomandante boliviano involucrado en la denuncia por el envio de armamento desde la Argentina afirma que la carta es falsificada The former Bolivian commander involved in the denounce for a shipment of weapons from Argentina claims the letter is falsified in Spanish La nacion Retrieved 7 July 2021 Bolivia s Morales calls for Argentina s Macri to be investigated for sending ammunition to Bolivia The Rio Times 14 July 2021 Bertoia Felipe Yapur Luciana 15 July 2021 En Bolivia encontraron armamento que envio Mauricio Macri en apoyo al golpe contra Evo Morales Fue hallado en depositos de la Policia PAGINA12 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link La Policia boliviana encontro parte del material represivo que envio el Gobierno de Macri www telam com ar Matute Urdaneta Gabriela 15 November 2019 Lo dijo en CNN Reacciones dentro y fuera de Bolivia a la crisis y mas entrevistas de la semana CNN Espanol Retrieved 17 November 2019 Bolivia government proposes election bill as its seeks path to peace Reuters 20 November 2019 Bolivia Marks End of Era as Legislators Rush to Approve New Election Without Evo Morales The Wall Street Journal 23 November 2019 Bolivian leader agrees to withdraw military in deal to pacify country Reuters 24 November 2019 Retrieved 25 November 2019 Para mayo las nuevas elecciones en Bolivia El Vocero de Puerto Rico in European Spanish 3 January 2020 Retrieved 4 January 2020 Electoral court postpones Bolivia general election over virus Outlook India Retrieved 22 March 2020 Copa Says Legislative Will Define New Election Date After Quarantine La Razon in Spanish 24 March 2020 Archived from the original on 26 March 2020 Retrieved 8 September 2020 Parties in the electoral race avoid fixing the date of the elections await quarantine report La Razon in Spanish 25 March 2020 Archived from the original on 26 March 2020 Retrieved 8 September 2020 After warning of risk Anez promulgates the law of elections between reproaches of MAS and CC in Spanish 22 June 2020 See the electoral calendar for 2020 elections 26 June 2020 Las elecciones en Bolivia se realizaran el 6 de septiembre NODAL 3 June 2020 Retrieved 4 June 2020 de 2020 23 de Julio El Tribunal Electoral de Bolivia volvio a aplazar las elecciones presidenciales para el 18 de octubre infobae in European Spanish Retrieved 24 July 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Morales Evo 27 July 2020 Condemnation Twitter Retrieved 28 July 2020 Bolivia organizaciones de todo el pais se suman a la marcha de manana contra la postergacion de las elecciones Nodal 27 July 2020 Retrieved 28 July 2020 Bolivia election delayed to October as pandemic bites opposition cries foul Reuters 24 July 2020 Retrieved 24 July 2020 Tuerk Alexander 16 November 2019 8 Killed in Bolivia As Protesters Call For Return of Ousted President Evo Morales NPR Retrieved 1 May 2020 OAS 1 August 2009 OAS Organization of American States Democracy for peace security and development www oas org Retrieved 1 May 2020 Bolivia Interim Government Adopts Abusive Measures Human Rights Watch 19 November 2019 Retrieved 1 May 2020 Corz Carlos 14 November 2019 Anez posesiona cinco nuevos ministros Yujra besa la wiphala y va por dialogo con El Alto La Razon Archived from the original on 12 December 2019 Navarro el nuevo timonel del deporte boliviano La Razon Archived from the original on 18 December 2019 Retrieved 15 December 2019 Cuiza Paulo 18 November 2019 Anez posesiona a Carlos Huallpa en Mineria y a Virginia Patty Torres en Educacion La Razon Archived from the original on 12 December 2019 Atahuichi Ruben 13 November 2019 El gabinete de Anez se plantea un gobierno de reconciliacion La Razon a b c d Bolivia president s initial indigenous free cabinet heightens polarization The Guardian 14 November 2019 Ethnic Rifts in Bolivia Burst into View With Fall of Evo Morales The New York Times 15 November 2019 p A1 Retrieved 23 November 2019 Anez posesiona cinco nuevos ministros Yujra besa la wiphala y va por dialogo con El Alto La Razon www la razon com Archived from the original on 12 December 2019 Retrieved 23 December 2019 Anez posesiona a Carlos Huallpa en Mineria y a Virginia Patty Torres en Educacion La Razon www la razon com Archived from the original on 12 December 2019 Retrieved 23 December 2019 Morales toma juramento a los 16 ministros que integran el nuevo Gabinete del pueblo El Pais in Spanish 23 January 2006 Retrieved 13 April 2020 Layme Beatriz 22 January 2017 Gabinete tuvo rostros indigenas pero pocos ministros con Diario Pagina Siete in Spanish Archived from the original on 20 December 2019 Anez posesiona al Alto Mando de las FFAA les dice que el pais los necesita para mantener la paz La Razon www la razon com Lemos Gerardo 20 November 2019 Gobierno de Bolivia concede salvoconducto a hija de Evo Morales para que reciba asilo en Mexico in Spanish CNN en Espanol Retrieved 29 December 2019 Bolivia crisis Food and fuel shortages as death toll mounts BBC 18 November 2019 Ministerio de Gobierno COB y el Pacto de Unidad firman convenio para pacificar el pais Diario Pagina Siete in Spanish 25 November 2019 Retrieved 5 December 2019 Bolivian president asks Congress to approve fresh elections DW 20 11 2019 Deutsche Welle Bolivia s interim president presses for elections Financial Times 21 November 2019 La Asamblea Legislativa designa a seis vocales del Tribunal Supremo Electoral Diario Pagina Siete www paginasiete bo Pozzebon Stefano Bolivia interim president announces peace talks amid renewed fury over deaths CNN Manzanaro Sofia Sanchez 24 November 2019 Bolivia s interim President approves law to hold new general election euronews Otis John 13 December 2019 Bolivia s Accidental Leader Tries to Fend Off Evo Morales Set New Vote The Wall Street Journal MAS UD y PDC acuerdan consensuar la ley de garantias sin impunidad La Razon www la razon com La ONU saluda acuerdo politico en Bolivia para viabilizar ley de garantias La Razon www la razon com El MAS aprueba en Diputados Ley de Garantias Gobierno ratifica veto La Razon www la razon com Sectores protestan en contra de la ley de garantias que Diputados trata este jueves La Razon www la razon com La Ley de Garantias activa conflicto interno en el MAS Correo del Sur Con criticas a Evo Anez presenta proyecto de ley de obligatoriedad de debate electoral La Razon www la razon com a b c La politica internacional de Anez anuncio la salida de Bolivia del Alba de la Unasur y rompio relaciones con Venezuela Latinomerica Piensa in Spanish 15 November 2019 Bolivia s interim government to ask Venezuelan diplomats to leave the country Reuters 15 November 2019 Bolivia reconoce a Juan Guaido como presidente E de Venezuela Albertonews com in Spanish 13 November 2019 Retrieved 13 November 2019 Sigal Lucila 22 December 2019 Bolivia announces entry into Lima Group to resolve Venezuelan crisis Reuters Retrieved 22 December 2019 Bolivia will shelter 200 Venezuelans who fled for political persecution Deutsche Welle in Spanish 13 December 2019 Retrieved 4 January 2020 Bolivia suspends diplomatic relations with Cuba in Spanish 24 January 2020 a b c Why is Bolivia expelling foreign diplomats BBC News 30 December 2019 Gobierno expulsa a diplomaticos de Mexico y Espana Diario Pagina Siete 30 December 2019 Archived from the original on 17 April 2020 Copa rechaza postura de Anez al expulsar a diplomaticos de Espana y Mexico Diario Pagina Siete 30 December 2019 Archived from the original on 31 December 2019 Daniel Ramos Gram Slattery 15 November 2019 Bolivia blames Cubans for stirring unrest ousts Venezuelan officials Reuters Bolivia detuvo a 9 venezolanos con carnets del PSUV e insignias de la PNB in Spanish Runrun es El Pitazo 15 November 2019 Retrieved 16 November 2019 Gobierno creara un aparato especial de la Fiscalia para detener a legisladores que hagan subversion Los Tiempos in Spanish 17 November 2019 Phillips Tom 22 November 2019 Bolivia s interim government accuses Evo Morales of terrorism and sedition The Guardian Retrieved 23 November 2019 via www theguardian com Arrestan al vicepresidente del MAS y buscan a una ex ministra acusada de ordenar actos violentos Telam Retrieved 23 November 2019 Envian a la carcel a Gerardo Garcia vicepresidente del MAS www elperiodico digital com El Periodico 25 November 2019 Retrieved 2 December 2019 Timberg Craig Dwoskin Elizabeth 5 September 2020 Washington firm ran fake Facebook accounts in Venezuela Bolivia and Mexico report finds The Washington Post Retrieved 8 September 2020 Schiffer Zoe 18 November 2019 Bot campaign on Twitter fuels confusion about Bolivian unrest The Verge Retrieved 19 November 2019 Ward Justin 13 November 2019 Are bots behind viral Bolivia hashtags Medium Retrieved 19 November 2019 Tens of thousands of fake Twitter accounts set up to back Bolivia coup Morning Star 19 November 2019 Retrieved 16 September 2023 Bolivia Some 70K fake anti Morales Twitter IDs created TurkishPress 19 November 2019 Retrieved 16 September 2023 FayerWayer 19 November 2019 Investigador asegura que crearon 68 000 cuentas falsas en Twitter para apoyar golpe de Estado en Bolivia FayerWayer Retrieved 19 November 2019 Debate Rosa Miriam Elizalde Cuba 17 November 2019 Mas de 68 mil cuentas falsas en Twitter apoyan golpe en Bolivia Mundo La Jornada www jornada com mx in Spanish Retrieved 19 November 2019 Wong Julia Carrie 12 April 2021 Revealed the Facebook loophole that lets world leaders deceive and harass their citizens The Guardian Retrieved 14 April 2021 Bolivian Health Minister Held For Suspected Corruption www barrons com AFP 20 May 2020 Retrieved 13 November 2020 Trigo Maria Silvia Kurmanaev Anatoly McCann Allison 22 August 2020 As Politicians Clashed Bolivia s Pandemic Death Rate Soared The New York Times Retrieved 13 November 2020 Vacano Diego von 9 September 2020 Opinion The Best Answer to Chaos in Bolivia Is Socialism The New York Times Retrieved 13 November 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2019 Bolivian political crisis amp oldid 1193416743, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.