This article is about Latin American indigenous activism. For ethnic nationalism among indigenous peoples in general, see Indigenism.
Indigenismo (Spanish: [indixeˈnismo]) is a political ideology in several Latin American countries which emphasizes the relationship between the nation state and indigenous nations and indigenous peoples.[1] In some contemporary uses, it refers to the pursuit of greater social and political inclusion for indigenous peoples in Latin America, whether through nation-wide reforms or region-wide alliances.[2] In either case, this type of indigenismo seeks to vindicate indigenous cultural and linguistic difference, assert indigenous rights, and seek recognition and in some cases compensation for past wrongdoings of the colonial and republican states.[3] Nevertheless, some historical figures like José Martí are classified as having been both indigenistas and hispanistas.[4]
Originally, indigenismo was a component of Mexican nationalism that consolidated after the Mexican Revolution. This indigenismo lauded some aspects of indigenous cultural heritage, but primarily as a relic of the past. Within the larger national narrative of the Mexican nation as the product of European and Amerindian mestizaje, indigenismo was a component of Mexican nation-building, and an expression of freedom for an imagined, reclaimed identity that was stripped during the Spanish colonization of Mexico.
During the administration of Plutarco Elías Calles (1924–28), Moisés Sáenz, who held a doctorate from Columbia University and was a follower of John Dewey's educational methods, implemented aspects of indigenismo in the Department of Public Education. Sáenz had initially taken an assimilationist position on the "Indian problem," but after a period of residence in the Purépecha community of Carapan, he shifted his stance to one focusing on the material conditions affecting the indigenous. He influenced the administration of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934–40), which established the cabinet-level position of the Department of Indigenous Affairs in 1936.[5] The department's main efforts were in the economic and educational spheres.[6] Cárdenas valorized indigeneity, as indicated by the creation of the cabinet-level position and resources put into indigenous communities. In 1940, Mexico hosted a multinational meeting on indigenismo, The Congress of Inter-American Indigenism, held in Pátzcuaro, where Cárdenas himself addressed the gathering.[7] President Miguel Alemán reorganized the Mexican government's policies directed at the indigenous by creating the National Indigenist Institute (Instituto Nacional Indigenista or INI). In the Vicente Fox administration, the unit was reorganized and renamed.
The valorization of indigeneity was rarely carried over to contemporary indigenous people, who were targeted for assimilation into modern Mexican society. Though the authors of indigenist policies saw themselves as seeking to protect and relieve indigenous people, their efforts did not make a clean break from forced assimilation practices of the pre-revolutionary past.[8]
In Peru, it was initially associated with the APRA movement founded by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre (1924). The then left-wing APRA dominated Peruvian politics for decades as the singular well-organized political party in Peru not centered on one person. To some APRA or "Aprismo" in its initial form stood for the nationalization of foreign-owned enterprises and an end to the exploitation of the indigenous peoples. To others it was about the combining of modern economics and technology with the historical traditions of the countryside and indigenous populations to create a new and unique model for social and economic development.[9]
^SeeEngle, Karen (2010). The Elusive Promise of Indigenous Development. Duke University Press.
^See e.g. Alcida Rita Ramos, Indigenism: Ethnic Politics in Brazil, University of Wisconsin Press, 1998.
^Montoya Iriarte, Urpi (1988). "Hispanismo e Indigenismo: o dualismo cultural no pensamento social peruano (1900-1930). Uma revisão necessária". Revista de Antropologia (in Portuguese). 41 (1). Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^Serna, Mercedes (2011). "Hispanismo, indigenismo y americanismo en la construcción de la unidad nacional y los discursos identitarios de Bolívar, Martí, Sarmiento y Rodó" (PDF). Philologia Hispalensis (in Spanish). 25 (15): 201–217. doi:10.12795/PH.2011.v25.i01.12. hdl:2445/144660. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^Alexander S. Dawson, "Moisés Sáenz," in Encyclopedia of Mexico, vol. 2, p. 1325. Chicago: Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997.
^Government of Mexico, Seis Años de Gobierno al Servicio de México, 1934-40. México: La Nacional Impresora 1940, pp. 351-382.
^Alan Knight, “Racism, Revolution, and Indigenismo," in The Idea of Race in the Latin America, 1870-1940, edited by Richard Graham, University of Texas Press, 1990.
^Latino Indigenismo in a Comparative Perspective Luis A. Marentes
Further reading
Barnet-Sánchez, Holly. "Indigenismo and Pre-Hispanic Revivals" in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Culture. vol. 2, pp. 42–44. Oxford University Press 2001.
Baud, Michiel (2009). Indigenous peoples, civil society, and the neo-liberal state in Latin America. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 19–42. ISBN1845455975.
Bonfil Batalla, Guillermo (1996). México profundo : reclaiming a civilization / by Guillermo Bonfil Batalla ; translated by Philip A. Dennis. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN0292708440.
Coronado, Jorge (2009). Andes Imagined : Indigenismo, Society, and Modernity. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN9780822973560.
Dawson, Alexander (May 1998). "From Models for the Nation to Model Citizens: Indigenismo and the 'Revindication' of the Mexican Indian, 1920-40". Journal of Latin American Studies. 30 (2): 279–308.
Garcia, Maria Elena (2005). Making indigenous citizens: identities, education, and multicultural development in Peru. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN0804750157.
Knight, Alan, “Racism, Revolution, and Indigenismo," in The Idea of Race in the Latin America, 1870-1940, edited by Richard Graham, University of Texas Press, 1990.
Lewis, Stephen E. (2005). The ambivalent revolution: forging state and nation in Chiapas, 1910–1945. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN0826336019.
Lopez, Rick Anthony (2010). Crafting Mexico: intellectuals, artisans, and the state after the Revolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN0822347032.
Munoz, Maria L. O.; Kiddle, Amelia (2010). Populism in twentieth century Mexico: the presidencies of Lázaro Cárdenas and Luis Echeverría. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN0816529183.
Postero, Nancy Grey; Zamosc, Leon (2004). The struggle for indigenous rights in Latin America. Brighton [England]; Portland, Or.: Sussex Academic Press. ISBN1845190637.
Saldivar, Emiko (April 1, 2011). "Everyday Practices of Indigensimo: An Ethnography of Anthropology and the State in Mexico". The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology. 16 (1): 67–89. doi:10.1111/j.1935-4940.2011.01125.x.
April 08, 2023
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This article is about Latin American indigenous activism For ethnic nationalism among indigenous peoples in general see Indigenism Indigenismo Spanish indixeˈnismo is a political ideology in several Latin American countries which emphasizes the relationship between the nation state and indigenous nations and indigenous peoples 1 In some contemporary uses it refers to the pursuit of greater social and political inclusion for indigenous peoples in Latin America whether through nation wide reforms or region wide alliances 2 In either case this type of indigenismo seeks to vindicate indigenous cultural and linguistic difference assert indigenous rights and seek recognition and in some cases compensation for past wrongdoings of the colonial and republican states 3 Nevertheless some historical figures like Jose Marti are classified as having been both indigenistas and hispanistas 4 Contents 1 Indigenismo in Mexico 2 Indigenismo in Peru 3 References 4 Further readingIndigenismo in Mexico EditMain article Indigenismo in Mexico Originally indigenismo was a component of Mexican nationalism that consolidated after the Mexican Revolution This indigenismo lauded some aspects of indigenous cultural heritage but primarily as a relic of the past Within the larger national narrative of the Mexican nation as the product of European and Amerindian mestizaje indigenismo was a component of Mexican nation building and an expression of freedom for an imagined reclaimed identity that was stripped during the Spanish colonization of Mexico During the administration of Plutarco Elias Calles 1924 28 Moises Saenz who held a doctorate from Columbia University and was a follower of John Dewey s educational methods implemented aspects of indigenismo in the Department of Public Education Saenz had initially taken an assimilationist position on the Indian problem but after a period of residence in the Purepecha community of Carapan he shifted his stance to one focusing on the material conditions affecting the indigenous He influenced the administration of Lazaro Cardenas 1934 40 which established the cabinet level position of the Department of Indigenous Affairs in 1936 5 The department s main efforts were in the economic and educational spheres 6 Cardenas valorized indigeneity as indicated by the creation of the cabinet level position and resources put into indigenous communities In 1940 Mexico hosted a multinational meeting on indigenismo The Congress of Inter American Indigenism held in Patzcuaro where Cardenas himself addressed the gathering 7 President Miguel Aleman reorganized the Mexican government s policies directed at the indigenous by creating the National Indigenist Institute Instituto Nacional Indigenista or INI In the Vicente Fox administration the unit was reorganized and renamed The valorization of indigeneity was rarely carried over to contemporary indigenous people who were targeted for assimilation into modern Mexican society Though the authors of indigenist policies saw themselves as seeking to protect and relieve indigenous people their efforts did not make a clean break from forced assimilation practices of the pre revolutionary past 8 Indigenismo in Peru EditMain article Ethnocacerism In Peru it was initially associated with the APRA movement founded by Victor Raul Haya de la Torre 1924 The then left wing APRA dominated Peruvian politics for decades as the singular well organized political party in Peru not centered on one person To some APRA or Aprismo in its initial form stood for the nationalization of foreign owned enterprises and an end to the exploitation of the indigenous peoples To others it was about the combining of modern economics and technology with the historical traditions of the countryside and indigenous populations to create a new and unique model for social and economic development 9 Ethnocacerism is an ethnic nationalist indigenous political movement in Peru associated with Antauro Humala brother of ex president Ollanta Humala with whom he carried out the Andahuaylazo a failed coup d etat References Edit SeeEngle Karen 2010 The Elusive Promise of Indigenous Development Duke University Press See e g Alcida Rita Ramos Indigenism Ethnic Politics in Brazil University of Wisconsin Press 1998 Montoya Iriarte Urpi 1988 Hispanismo e Indigenismo o dualismo cultural no pensamento social peruano 1900 1930 Uma revisao necessaria Revista de Antropologia in Portuguese 41 1 Retrieved 30 January 2016 Serna Mercedes 2011 Hispanismo indigenismo y americanismo en la construccion de la unidad nacional y los discursos identitarios de Bolivar Marti Sarmiento y Rodo PDF Philologia Hispalensis in Spanish 25 15 201 217 doi 10 12795 PH 2011 v25 i01 12 hdl 2445 144660 Retrieved 30 January 2016 Alexander S Dawson Moises Saenz in Encyclopedia of Mexico vol 2 p 1325 Chicago Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997 Government of Mexico Seis Anos de Gobierno al Servicio de Mexico 1934 40 Mexico La Nacional Impresora 1940 pp 351 382 Seis Anos p 382 Alan Knight Racism Revolution and Indigenismo in The Idea of Race in the Latin America 1870 1940 edited by Richard Graham University of Texas Press 1990 Latino Indigenismo in a Comparative Perspective Luis A MarentesFurther reading EditBarnet Sanchez Holly Indigenismo and Pre Hispanic Revivals in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Culture vol 2 pp 42 44 Oxford University Press 2001 Baud Michiel 2009 Indigenous peoples civil society and the neo liberal state in Latin America New York Berghahn Books pp 19 42 ISBN 1845455975 Bonfil Batalla Guillermo 1996 Mexico profundo reclaiming a civilization by Guillermo Bonfil Batalla translated by Philip A Dennis Austin TX University of Texas Press ISBN 0292708440 Brading D A Manuel Gamio and Official Indigenismo in Mexico Bulletin of Latin American Research 7 1 1988 75 89 Coronado Jorge 2009 Andes Imagined Indigenismo Society and Modernity Pittsburgh PA University of Pittsburgh Press ISBN 9780822973560 Dawson Alexander May 1998 From Models for the Nation to Model Citizens Indigenismo and the Revindication of the Mexican Indian 1920 40 Journal of Latin American Studies 30 2 279 308 Garcia Maria Elena 2005 Making indigenous citizens identities education and multicultural development in Peru Stanford California Stanford University Press ISBN 0804750157 Knight Alan Racism Revolution and Indigenismo in The Idea of Race in the Latin America 1870 1940 edited by Richard Graham University of Texas Press 1990 Lewis Stephen E 2005 The ambivalent revolution forging state and nation in Chiapas 1910 1945 Albuquerque University of New Mexico Press ISBN 0826336019 Lopez Rick Anthony 2010 Crafting Mexico intellectuals artisans and the state after the Revolution Durham NC Duke University Press ISBN 0822347032 Munoz Maria L O Kiddle Amelia 2010 Populism in twentieth century Mexico the presidencies of Lazaro Cardenas and Luis Echeverria Tucson University of Arizona Press ISBN 0816529183 Postero Nancy Grey Zamosc Leon 2004 The struggle for indigenous rights in Latin America Brighton England Portland Or Sussex Academic Press ISBN 1845190637 Saldivar Emiko April 1 2011 Everyday Practices of Indigensimo An Ethnography of Anthropology and the State in Mexico The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 16 1 67 89 doi 10 1111 j 1935 4940 2011 01125 x Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Indigenismo amp oldid 1144615114, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
