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Ernő Rubik

Ernő Rubik (Hungarian: [ˈrubik ˈɛrnøː]; born 13 July 1944) is a Hungarian inventor. He is best-known for creating the Rubik's Cube (1974), Rubik's Magic, Rubik's Magic: Master Edition, and Rubik's Snake.[2]

Ernő Rubik
Rubik in 2014
Born (1944-07-13) 13 July 1944 (age 79)
Education
  • 1962–1967 University of Technology, Budapest (architecture)
  • 1967–1971 Hungarian Academy of Applied Arts; Interior Architecture and Design
Occupation(s)Inventor, designer, businessman
Years active1971−present
EmployerRubik Brand Ltd. (U.S.)
Known forPuzzle designer of Rubik's Cube, inventor, architect, professor
TitleChairman
Board member ofJudit Polgar Foundation
SpouseÁgnes Hégely[1]
ParentErnő Rubik

While Rubik became famous for inventing the Rubik's Cube and his other puzzles, much of his recent work involves the promotion of science in education. Rubik is involved with several organizations such as Beyond Rubik's Cube, the Rubik Learning Initiative and the Judit Polgar Foundation, all of which aim to engage students in science, mathematics, and problem solving at a young age.

Rubik studied sculpture at the Academy of Applied Arts and Design in Budapest and architecture at the Technical University, also in Budapest. While a professor of design at the academy, he pursued his hobby of building geometric models. One of these was a prototype of his cube, made of 27 wooden blocks; it took Rubik a month to solve the problem of the cube. It proved a useful tool for teaching algebraic group theory, and in late 1977 Konsumex, Hungary's state trading company, began marketing it. By 1980 Rubik's Cube was marketed throughout the world, and over 100 million authorized units, with an estimated 50 million unauthorized imitations, were sold, mostly during its subsequent three years of popularity. Approximately 50 books were published describing how to solve the puzzle of Rubik's Cube. Following his cube's popularity, Rubik opened a studio to develop designs in 1984; among its products was another popular puzzle toy, Rubik's Magic.

Early life and education edit

Ernő Rubik was born in Budapest, Hungary, on 13 July 1944, during World War II, and has lived all of his life in Hungary. His father, Ernő Rubik, was a flight engineer at the Esztergom aircraft factory, and his mother, Magdolna Szántó, was a poet.[3] He has stated in almost every interview that he got his inspiration from his father.

His father, Ernő, was a highly respected engineer of gliders. His extensive work and expertise in this area gained him an international reputation as an expert in his field. Ernő Rubik has stated that:[4]

Beside him I learned a lot about work in the sense of a value-creating process which has a target, and a positive result too. Both figuratively and literally he was a person capable of 'moving a hill'. There was nothing that could prevent him from doing what he decided or bringing a project to a completion, if necessary even with his own hands. No work was unworthy or undeserving for him.

From 1958 to 1962, Rubik specialized in sculpture at the Secondary School of Fine and Applied Arts. From 1962 to 1967, Rubik attended the Budapest University of Technology where he became a member of the Architecture Faculty. From 1967 to 1971, Rubik attended the Hungarian Academy of Applied Arts and was in the Faculty of Interior Architecture and Design.[4]

Rubik considers university and the education it afforded him as the decisive event which shaped his life. Rubik stated, "Schools offered me the opportunity to acquire knowledge of subjects or rather crafts that need a lot of practice, persistence, and diligence with the direction of a mentor."[4]

Career edit

Professorship and origin of the Rubik's Cube edit

From 1971 to 1979, Rubik was a professor of architecture at the Budapest College of Applied Arts (Iparművészeti Főiskola). It was during his time there that he built designs for a three-dimensional puzzle and completed the first working prototype of the Rubik's Cube in 1974, applying for a patent on the puzzle in 1975. In an interview with CNN, Rubik stated that he was "searching to find a good task for my students."[5]

Space always intrigued me, with its incredibly rich possibilities, space alteration by (architectural) objects, objects' transformation in space (sculpture, design), movement in space and in time, their correlation, their repercussion on mankind, the relation between man and space, the object and time. I think the CUBE arose from this interest, from this search for expression and for this always more increased acuteness of these thoughts...

 
Rubik's Cube

Starting with blocks of wood and rubber bands, Rubik set out to create a structure that would allow the individual pieces to move without the whole structure falling apart. Rubik originally used wood for the block because of the convenience of a workshop at the university and because he viewed wood as a simple material to work with that did not require sophisticated machinery. Rubik made the original prototypes of his cube by hand, cutting the wood, boring the holes and using elastic bands to hold the contraption together.[5]

Rubik showed his prototype to his class and his students liked it very much. Rubik realized that, because of the cube's simple structure, it could be manufactured relatively easily and might have appeal to a larger audience. Rubik's father possessed several patents, so Rubik was familiar with the process and applied for a patent for his invention. Rubik then set out to find a manufacturer in Hungary, but had great difficulty due to the rigid planned economy of communist Hungary at the time. Eventually, Rubik was able to find a small company that worked with plastic and made chess pieces.[4] The cube was originally known in Hungary as the Magic Cube.[6]

Rubik licensed the Magic Cube to Ideal Toys, a US company in 1979. Ideal rebranded The Magic Cube to the Rubik's Cube before its introduction to an international audience in 1980.[7][8] The process from early prototype to mass production of the Cube had taken over six years.[5] The Rubik's Cube became an instant success worldwide, won several Toy of the Year awards, and became a staple of 1980s popular culture. To date, over 350 million Rubik's Cubes have been sold, making it one of the best selling toys of all time. There are many sizes from 2x2 to 21x21.[7][9]

Other inventions edit

In addition to Rubik's Cube, Rubik is also the inventor of Rubik's Magic, Rubik's Snake and Rubik's 360 among others.[10]

Later career and other works edit

In the early 1980s, he became the editor of a game and puzzle journal called ..És játék (...And games), then became self-employed in 1983, founding the Rubik Stúdió, where he designed furniture and games. In 1987, he became a professor with full tenure; in 1990 he became the president of the Hungarian Engineering Academy (Magyar Mérnöki Akadémia). At the academy, he created the International Rubik Foundation to support especially talented young engineers and industrial designers.

He attended the 2007 World Championship in Budapest.[11][12] He also gave a lecture and autograph session at the "Bridges-Pecs" conference ("Bridges between Mathematics and the Arts") in July 2010.[13]

In 2009, he was appointed as an honorary professor of Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea.[14]

In the 2010s, Rubik has recently spent much of his time working on Beyond Rubik's Cube, a Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM fields) based exhibition, which would travel the globe over the next six years.[15] The grand opening of the exhibit was held on 26 April 2014 at the Liberty Science Center in New Jersey. At the exhibition, Rubik gave several lectures, tours, and engaged with the public and several members of the speedcubing crowd in attendance, including Anthony Michael Brooks, a world-class speedcuber.[16][17]

Rubik is a member of the USA Science and Engineering Festival's advisory board.[18]

Influences edit

Ernő Rubik has listed several individuals who, as he has said, "exerted a great influence over me through their work." These include Leonardo da Vinci, whom Rubik regards as the Renaissance man; Michelangelo, whom he respects as a polymath, painter, and sculptor; and artist M. C. Escher, who drew impossible constructions and grappled with explorations of infinity. As regards to philosophers and writers, Rubik admires Voltaire, Stendhal, Thomas Mann, Jean-Paul Sartre, Hungarian poet Attila József, Jules Verne, and Isaac Asimov. In the field of architecture, Rubik is an admirer of Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier.[4]

Personal life edit

Rubik admits to being a lifelong bibliophile and has stated, "Books offered me the possibility of gaining knowledge of the world, nature and people." Rubik has stated that he has a special interest in science fiction.[citation needed]

Rubik is fond of outdoor activities such as walking through nature, playing sports, and sailing on Lake Balaton. Rubik is also an avid gardener and has stated that "collecting succulents is my favourite pastime."[4]

Prizes and awards edit

  • 1978 – Budapest International Trade Fair, Prize for the Cube[4]
  • 1980 – Toy of the Year: Federal Republic of Germany, United Kingdom, France, USA[4]
  • 1981 – Toy of the Year: Finland, Sweden, Italy[4]
  • 1982 – Toy of the Year: United Kingdom (second time)[4]
  • 1982 – The Museum of Modern Art, New York selected Rubik's Cube into its permanent collection[4]
  • 1983 – Hungarian State Prize for demonstrating and teaching 3D structures and for the various solutions that inspired scientific researches in several ways[4]
  • 1988 – Juvenile Prize from the State Office of Youth and Sport[4]
  • 1995 – Dénes Gabor Prize from the Novofer Foundation as an acknowledgement of achievements in the field of innovation[4]
  • 1996 – Ányos Jedlik Prize from the Hungarian Patent Office[4]
  • 1997 – Prize for the Reputation of Hungary (1997)[4]
  • 2007 – Kossuth Prize the most prestigious cultural award in Hungary[4]
  • 2008 – Moholy-Nagy Prize – from the Moholy-Nagy University of Arts and Design[4]
  • 2009 – EU Ambassador of the Year of Creativity and Innovation[19]
  • 2010 – USA Science and Engineering Festival Award (Outstanding Contribution to Science Education)[20]
  • 2010 – The Hungarian Order of Merit Commanders Cross with the Star
  • 2010 – Prima Primissima Prize
  • 2012 – My Country Awards
  • 2014 – Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen (The highest Hungarian state honour)[21]
  • 2014 – Honorary Citizen of Budapest[22]

Publications edit

Editor and co-author of A bűvös kocka ("The Magic Cube"), Műszaki Kiadó, Budapest, 1981.

Co-author of The Rubik's Cube Compendium (written by David Singmaster, Ernő Rubik, Gerzson Kéri, György Marx, Tamás Varga and Tamás Vekerdy), Oxford University Press, 1987.[23]

Author of Cubed – The Puzzle of Us All, Flatiron Books/Orion Publishing Group /Hachette UK/Libri, 2020.

References edit

  1. ^ "Gyermekkorunk játékmestere: Rubik Ernő". 12 July 2019.
  2. ^ William Fotheringham (2007). Fotheringham's Sporting Pastimes. Anova Books. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-86105-953-6.
  3. ^ International Who's Who 2000. Europa. 1999. pp. 1342. ISBN 1-85743-050-6.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Europa Interview with Ernő Rubik 28 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 5 May 2014
  5. ^ a b c The little cube that changed the world Retrieved 2013-04-29.
  6. ^ "Rubik's Cube". First Versions. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
  7. ^ a b Villapaz, Luke."Rubik's Cube 40th Anniversary: 9 Facts Behind The Famous 3-D Toy Puzzle".International Business Times, 25 April 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014
  8. ^ "The history of Rubik's Cube", Rubik's:The home of Rubik's Cube, retrieved and 6 February 2017
  9. ^ "Rubik's Cube 25 years on: crazy toys, crazy times", Independent, 15 August 2007.
  10. ^ "Japan teen in historic Rubik win". BBC News. 8 October 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
  11. ^ John Nadler, , Time, 9 October 2007.
  12. ^ "25 years on" 15 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine Erno Rubik interview at the Rubik's Cube official website, retrieved 9 May 2010
  13. ^ "Bridges Conference" 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine List of Plenary speakers, retrieved 26 July 2010
  14. ^ "Cube Exhibition May Come to Korea". The Korea Times. 24 September 2009.
  15. ^ "Beyond Rubik's Cube" 25 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine Liberty Science Center, N.D. Retrieved 6 May 2014
  16. ^ Barron, James. "A Cube With a Twist: At 40, It Puzzles Anew". The New York Times, 25 April 2014. retrieved 6 May 2014
  17. ^ Matheson Whitney. "Forty years later, the Rubik's Cube still puzzles". USA Today, 25 April 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014
  18. ^ US Science and Engineering Festival Advisors 21 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-07-05.
  19. ^ Rubik's cube and EU Politics: The Manifesto for Creativity and Innovation in Europe Retrieved 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine 5 May 2014
  20. ^ Ernő Rubik Awarded with the Outstanding Contributions to Science Education Award 5 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 5 May 2014
  21. ^ Ernő Rubik Awarded the Highest Medal Awarded by the country of Hungary 19 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 23 August 2014
  22. ^ Ernő Rubik Named as an Honorary Citizen of Budapest Retrieved 23 August 2014
  23. ^ Rubik, Ernö (21 April 1988). Rubik's Cube Compendium (Recreations in Mathematics, 3). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198532024.

External links edit

  • Ernő Rubik at IMDb
  • An interview with Ernő Rubik
  • His biography 1 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine at Hungary.hu (in Hungarian)
  • (archived 1 February 2009)
  • An exclusive video interview about the new Rubik's 360

ernő, rubik, father, aircraft, designer, native, form, this, personal, name, rubik, ernő, this, article, uses, western, name, order, when, mentioning, individuals, hungarian, ˈrubik, ˈɛrnøː, born, july, 1944, hungarian, inventor, best, known, creating, rubik, . For his father see Erno Rubik aircraft designer The native form of this personal name is Rubik Erno This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals Erno Rubik Hungarian ˈrubik ˈɛrnoː born 13 July 1944 is a Hungarian inventor He is best known for creating the Rubik s Cube 1974 Rubik s Magic Rubik s Magic Master Edition and Rubik s Snake 2 Erno RubikRubik in 2014Born 1944 07 13 13 July 1944 age 79 Budapest HungaryEducation1962 1967 University of Technology Budapest architecture 1967 1971 Hungarian Academy of Applied Arts Interior Architecture and DesignOccupation s Inventor designer businessmanYears active1971 presentEmployerRubik Brand Ltd U S Known forPuzzle designer of Rubik s Cube inventor architect professorTitleChairmanBoard member ofJudit Polgar FoundationSpouseAgnes Hegely 1 ParentErno Rubik While Rubik became famous for inventing the Rubik s Cube and his other puzzles much of his recent work involves the promotion of science in education Rubik is involved with several organizations such as Beyond Rubik s Cube the Rubik Learning Initiative and the Judit Polgar Foundation all of which aim to engage students in science mathematics and problem solving at a young age Rubik studied sculpture at the Academy of Applied Arts and Design in Budapest and architecture at the Technical University also in Budapest While a professor of design at the academy he pursued his hobby of building geometric models One of these was a prototype of his cube made of 27 wooden blocks it took Rubik a month to solve the problem of the cube It proved a useful tool for teaching algebraic group theory and in late 1977 Konsumex Hungary s state trading company began marketing it By 1980 Rubik s Cube was marketed throughout the world and over 100 million authorized units with an estimated 50 million unauthorized imitations were sold mostly during its subsequent three years of popularity Approximately 50 books were published describing how to solve the puzzle of Rubik s Cube Following his cube s popularity Rubik opened a studio to develop designs in 1984 among its products was another popular puzzle toy Rubik s Magic Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2 1 Professorship and origin of the Rubik s Cube 2 2 Other inventions 2 3 Later career and other works 3 Influences 4 Personal life 5 Prizes and awards 6 Publications 7 References 8 External linksEarly life and education editErno Rubik was born in Budapest Hungary on 13 July 1944 during World War II and has lived all of his life in Hungary His father Erno Rubik was a flight engineer at the Esztergom aircraft factory and his mother Magdolna Szanto was a poet 3 He has stated in almost every interview that he got his inspiration from his father His father Erno was a highly respected engineer of gliders His extensive work and expertise in this area gained him an international reputation as an expert in his field Erno Rubik has stated that 4 Beside him I learned a lot about work in the sense of a value creating process which has a target and a positive result too Both figuratively and literally he was a person capable of moving a hill There was nothing that could prevent him from doing what he decided or bringing a project to a completion if necessary even with his own hands No work was unworthy or undeserving for him From 1958 to 1962 Rubik specialized in sculpture at the Secondary School of Fine and Applied Arts From 1962 to 1967 Rubik attended the Budapest University of Technology where he became a member of the Architecture Faculty From 1967 to 1971 Rubik attended the Hungarian Academy of Applied Arts and was in the Faculty of Interior Architecture and Design 4 Rubik considers university and the education it afforded him as the decisive event which shaped his life Rubik stated Schools offered me the opportunity to acquire knowledge of subjects or rather crafts that need a lot of practice persistence and diligence with the direction of a mentor 4 Career editProfessorship and origin of the Rubik s Cube edit From 1971 to 1979 Rubik was a professor of architecture at the Budapest College of Applied Arts Iparmuveszeti Foiskola It was during his time there that he built designs for a three dimensional puzzle and completed the first working prototype of the Rubik s Cube in 1974 applying for a patent on the puzzle in 1975 In an interview with CNN Rubik stated that he was searching to find a good task for my students 5 Space always intrigued me with its incredibly rich possibilities space alteration by architectural objects objects transformation in space sculpture design movement in space and in time their correlation their repercussion on mankind the relation between man and space the object and time I think the CUBE arose from this interest from this search for expression and for this always more increased acuteness of these thoughts nbsp Rubik s Cube Starting with blocks of wood and rubber bands Rubik set out to create a structure that would allow the individual pieces to move without the whole structure falling apart Rubik originally used wood for the block because of the convenience of a workshop at the university and because he viewed wood as a simple material to work with that did not require sophisticated machinery Rubik made the original prototypes of his cube by hand cutting the wood boring the holes and using elastic bands to hold the contraption together 5 Rubik showed his prototype to his class and his students liked it very much Rubik realized that because of the cube s simple structure it could be manufactured relatively easily and might have appeal to a larger audience Rubik s father possessed several patents so Rubik was familiar with the process and applied for a patent for his invention Rubik then set out to find a manufacturer in Hungary but had great difficulty due to the rigid planned economy of communist Hungary at the time Eventually Rubik was able to find a small company that worked with plastic and made chess pieces 4 The cube was originally known in Hungary as the Magic Cube 6 Rubik licensed the Magic Cube to Ideal Toys a US company in 1979 Ideal rebranded The Magic Cube to the Rubik s Cube before its introduction to an international audience in 1980 7 8 The process from early prototype to mass production of the Cube had taken over six years 5 The Rubik s Cube became an instant success worldwide won several Toy of the Year awards and became a staple of 1980s popular culture To date over 350 million Rubik s Cubes have been sold making it one of the best selling toys of all time There are many sizes from 2x2 to 21x21 7 9 Other inventions edit In addition to Rubik s Cube Rubik is also the inventor of Rubik s Magic Rubik s Snake and Rubik s 360 among others 10 Later career and other works edit In the early 1980s he became the editor of a game and puzzle journal called Es jatek And games then became self employed in 1983 founding the Rubik Studio where he designed furniture and games In 1987 he became a professor with full tenure in 1990 he became the president of the Hungarian Engineering Academy Magyar Mernoki Akademia At the academy he created the International Rubik Foundation to support especially talented young engineers and industrial designers He attended the 2007 World Championship in Budapest 11 12 He also gave a lecture and autograph session at the Bridges Pecs conference Bridges between Mathematics and the Arts in July 2010 13 In 2009 he was appointed as an honorary professor of Keimyung University Daegu South Korea 14 In the 2010s Rubik has recently spent much of his time working on Beyond Rubik s Cube a Science Technology Engineering Mathematics STEM fields based exhibition which would travel the globe over the next six years 15 The grand opening of the exhibit was held on 26 April 2014 at the Liberty Science Center in New Jersey At the exhibition Rubik gave several lectures tours and engaged with the public and several members of the speedcubing crowd in attendance including Anthony Michael Brooks a world class speedcuber 16 17 Rubik is a member of the USA Science and Engineering Festival s advisory board 18 Influences editErno Rubik has listed several individuals who as he has said exerted a great influence over me through their work These include Leonardo da Vinci whom Rubik regards as the Renaissance man Michelangelo whom he respects as a polymath painter and sculptor and artist M C Escher who drew impossible constructions and grappled with explorations of infinity As regards to philosophers and writers Rubik admires Voltaire Stendhal Thomas Mann Jean Paul Sartre Hungarian poet Attila Jozsef Jules Verne and Isaac Asimov In the field of architecture Rubik is an admirer of Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier 4 Personal life editRubik admits to being a lifelong bibliophile and has stated Books offered me the possibility of gaining knowledge of the world nature and people Rubik has stated that he has a special interest in science fiction citation needed Rubik is fond of outdoor activities such as walking through nature playing sports and sailing on Lake Balaton Rubik is also an avid gardener and has stated that collecting succulents is my favourite pastime 4 Prizes and awards edit1978 Budapest International Trade Fair Prize for the Cube 4 1980 Toy of the Year Federal Republic of Germany United Kingdom France USA 4 1981 Toy of the Year Finland Sweden Italy 4 1982 Toy of the Year United Kingdom second time 4 1982 The Museum of Modern Art New York selected Rubik s Cube into its permanent collection 4 1983 Hungarian State Prize for demonstrating and teaching 3D structures and for the various solutions that inspired scientific researches in several ways 4 1988 Juvenile Prize from the State Office of Youth and Sport 4 1995 Denes Gabor Prize from the Novofer Foundation as an acknowledgement of achievements in the field of innovation 4 1996 Anyos Jedlik Prize from the Hungarian Patent Office 4 1997 Prize for the Reputation of Hungary 1997 4 2007 Kossuth Prize the most prestigious cultural award in Hungary 4 2008 Moholy Nagy Prize from the Moholy Nagy University of Arts and Design 4 2009 EU Ambassador of the Year of Creativity and Innovation 19 2010 USA Science and Engineering Festival Award Outstanding Contribution to Science Education 20 2010 The Hungarian Order of Merit Commanders Cross with the Star 2010 Prima Primissima Prize 2012 My Country Awards 2014 Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen The highest Hungarian state honour 21 2014 Honorary Citizen of Budapest 22 Publications editEditor and co author of A buvos kocka The Magic Cube Muszaki Kiado Budapest 1981 Co author of The Rubik s Cube Compendium written by David Singmaster Erno Rubik Gerzson Keri Gyorgy Marx Tamas Varga and Tamas Vekerdy Oxford University Press 1987 23 Author of Cubed The Puzzle of Us All Flatiron Books Orion Publishing Group Hachette UK Libri 2020 References edit Gyermekkorunk jatekmestere Rubik Erno 12 July 2019 William Fotheringham 2007 Fotheringham s Sporting Pastimes Anova Books p 50 ISBN 978 1 86105 953 6 International Who s Who 2000 Europa 1999 pp 1342 ISBN 1 85743 050 6 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Europa Interview with Erno Rubik Archived 28 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 5 May 2014 a b c The little cube that changed the world Retrieved 2013 04 29 Rubik s Cube First Versions Retrieved 4 November 2019 a b Villapaz Luke Rubik s Cube 40th Anniversary 9 Facts Behind The Famous 3 D Toy Puzzle International Business Times 25 April 2014 Retrieved 6 May 2014 The history of Rubik s Cube Rubik s The home of Rubik s Cube retrieved and archived 6 February 2017 Rubik s Cube 25 years on crazy toys crazy times Independent 15 August 2007 Japan teen in historic Rubik win BBC News 8 October 2007 Retrieved 4 November 2019 John Nadler Squaring Up to the Rubik s Cube Time 9 October 2007 25 years on Archived 15 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine Erno Rubik interview at the Rubik s Cube official website retrieved 9 May 2010 Bridges Conference Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine List of Plenary speakers retrieved 26 July 2010 Cube Exhibition May Come to Korea The Korea Times 24 September 2009 Beyond Rubik s Cube Archived 25 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine Liberty Science Center N D Retrieved 6 May 2014 Barron James A Cube With a Twist At 40 It Puzzles Anew The New York Times 25 April 2014 retrieved 6 May 2014 Matheson Whitney Forty years later the Rubik s Cube still puzzles USA Today 25 April 2014 Retrieved 6 May 2014 US Science and Engineering Festival Advisors Archived 21 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010 07 05 Rubik s cube and EU Politics The Manifesto for Creativity and Innovation in Europe Retrieved Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine 5 May 2014 Erno Rubik Awarded with the Outstanding Contributions to Science Education Award Archived 5 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 5 May 2014 Erno Rubik Awarded the Highest Medal Awarded by the country of Hungary Archived 19 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 23 August 2014 Erno Rubik Named as an Honorary Citizen of Budapest Retrieved 23 August 2014 Rubik Erno 21 April 1988 Rubik s Cube Compendium Recreations in Mathematics 3 Oxford University Press ISBN 0198532024 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erno Rubik Erno Rubik at IMDb An interview with Erno Rubik His biography Archived 1 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine at Hungary hu in Hungarian His first print interview in ten years archived 1 February 2009 An exclusive video interview about the new Rubik s 360 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Erno Rubik amp oldid 1221725717, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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