fbpx
Wikipedia

Valparaiso University School of Law

February 13, 2024

The Valparaiso University Law School was the law school of Valparaiso University, a private university in Valparaiso, Indiana.[1] Founded in 1879, the school was accredited by the American Bar Association in 1929 and admitted to the Association of American Law Schools in 1930.[2] In October 2016, the ABA censured the school for admitting applicants who did not appear capable of satisfactorily completing the school's program of legal education and being admitted to the bar.[3] One year later, the school suspended admissions[4][5] and shut down after the last class graduated in 2020.[6]

Valparaiso University Law School
Parent schoolValparaiso University
Established1879
School typePrivate
LocationValparaiso, Indiana, US
41°27′41″N 87°03′11″W / 41.4614°N 87.0531°W / 41.4614; -87.0531
USNWR ranking(defunct)
Bar pass rate61-63%
Websitewww.valpo.edu/law/

Campus edit

The city of Valparaiso, Indiana, is located 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Chicago, and 10 miles (16 km) south of Lake Michigan and the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore.

The Valparaiso law school was primarily located in Wesemann Hall, in an area known as "Old Campus". Valparaiso University's 320-acre (1.3 km2) campus is part of the downtown Valparaiso historic district. The Lawyering Skills Center and Law Clinic were next door, in the recently renovated Heritage Hall.[7]

History edit

Originally named the Northern Indiana Law School, Valparaiso Law School began operations with nine students (including two women) on November 11, 1879. Tuition was set at $10 per term. It was one of the first in the nation to admit both men and women. Colonel Mark L. DeMotte became the school's first dean and was one of the original three faculty members. During his appointment, he developed the core curriculum that remained in use at Valparaiso until its closure.[8]

 
Valparaiso University School of Law, circa 1910 (Photograph courtesy of the S. Shook Collection)

Despite difficult economic times and amidst an economic depression, the Northern Indiana Law School remained and experienced growth during its second decade.[9] At the turn of the century, 21 years after its founding, the school had an enrollment of 170 students and was reportedly the largest law school in Indiana.

In 1905, the law school became part of Valparaiso University and was thus officially renamed the Valparaiso University School of Law/Valparaiso University Law School. Following consultation and inspection with the American Bar Association and the Association of American Law Schools, the law school expanded its curriculum, received its ABA accreditation in 1929, and was admitted into AALS in 1930. It was the thirty-eighth oldest ABA-accredited law school in the United States.[10] A 1925 graduate, Frances Tilton Weaver, became the youngest woman to be admitted to practice before both the Indiana Supreme Court and the Illinois Supreme Court. She practiced law in Chicago until moving with her husband back to Valparaiso to practice law with her father, Ira Tilton, who in nearly six decades in Valparaiso had served as a schoolteacher, city attorney, and judge, as well as head of the local Democratic Party.[11]

In 2013, long-term law school dean Jay Conison resigned to accept a position at the relatively new Charlotte School of Law. His replacement was the former associate dean of DePaul Law School, Andrea Lyon, who in 1979 had been the first woman lead counsel in a death penalty case.[12] While the law school's practical skills training received a high ranking from the National Jurist Magazine, and the Prelaw Magazine cited its innovation, the school faced financial issues and censure from the ABA in October 2016.

Valparaiso School of Law was censured by the ABA in October 2016 for violating ABA Standards 501(a) and 501(b).[13] Those standards require that "a law school shall maintain sound admission policy and practices" and "shall not admit an applicant who does not appear capable of satisfactorily completing its program of legal education and being admitted to the bar". Since 2010, Valparaiso met declining applications with reduced admissions standards to maintain the size of the school's student body. In 2010, the entering class had a median LSAT score of 150 and a median GPA of 3.31. By 2015, Valparaiso's entering class had a median LSAT score of 145 and a median GPA of 2.93.[14] Valparaiso's bar passage rates plummeted as a result. In 2013, 77% of graduates taking the Indiana bar exam and 71% of graduates taking the Illinois bar exam passed on the first attempt. But in 2014, only 61% of graduates taking the Indiana bar exam and only 63% of graduates taking the Illinois bar exam passed on the first attempt.[15] In November 2017, the ABA lifted the sanction of public censure on Valparaiso School of Law, stating that the school had demonstrated compliance with ABA Standards 501(a) and 501(b).[16]

In March 2017, the university hired Ogilvy Public Relations to handle the law school's termination or downsizing. In November, the university announced that no students would be admitted for the year beginning in 2018. On March 21, 2018, the law school announced Dean Lyon's resignation effective June 1 and that she would continue to teach as a professor.[17] Three months later, in June, the Valparaiso University submitted to Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU) a non-binding letter of intent to transfer the Valparaiso University School of Law to MTSU. MTSU's president clarified with media sources that the law school was not being purchased or merged into MTSU but was "much like a gift".[18] Although MTSU's trustees were in favor of the move, it was rejected by the Tennessee Higher Education Commission in October[19] and the school announced its pending closure as it ensured that currently enrolled students would have an opportunity to complete their education.[5]

Admissions and academics edit

The law school offered a traditional three-year full-time program, an accelerated two-and-a-half year program, and a five-year, part-time program toward the Juris Doctor degree, a Master of Laws degree program, and the following dual degree programs:[20] JD/MBA, JD/MALS, JD/MA (Psychology), JD/Clinical Mental Health Counseling, JD/MA in Chinese Studies, JD/MA in Liberal Studies, JD/MS International Commerce & Policy, and JD/MS Sports Administration, and the S.J.D, the School's advanced research degree that was open to candidates who had completed an LL.M.[21]

The School of Law offered eight live legal clinics: criminal clinic, civil clinic, juvenile clinic, domestic violence clinic, mediation clinic, sports law clinic, tax clinic, and wrongful conviction clinic.[22] The school also offered more than 85 discrete externship[23] opportunities. In 2005, the School of Law started the nation's first sports law clinic, giving free advice to amateur status athletes during the Olympics.[24]

Post-graduation employment edit

According to Valparaiso's official 2015 ABA-required disclosures, 42% of the class of 2015 obtained full-time, long-term, bar-passage-required employment.[25] 23% of graduates were unemployed ten months after graduation. Three graduates were working in non-professional positions after graduation. Valparaiso's Law School Transparency under-employment score was 37.4%, indicating the percentage of the class of 2015 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation.[26]

Struggling graduates of Valparaiso Law School were featured in a New York Times article in June 2016.[27] One Valparaiso Law School graduate worked in the clothing department of a retail store, and another graduate discussed his grim job prospects.

Costs edit

The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at Valparaiso for the 2014-2015 academic year was $53,862.[28] The Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years was $196,217.[29] Valparaiso engaged in the practice of offering new students conditional scholarships. These scholarships were contingent on the student maintaining a specific grade point average rather than remaining in good academic standing. Valparaiso imposed a grading curve with a median GPA of 2.7 on first-year students.[30] As a result of the curve, 18 Valparaiso students had their scholarships withdrawn or reduced during the 2014-2015 academic year.[31]

Student life edit

Valparaiso Law students could participate in more than 40 student organizations.[32] According to Valparaiso's 2015 Standard 509 Report, 17 students transferred to higher ranking schools the previous academic year.[33]

Notable faculty edit

Notable alumni edit

References edit

  1. ^ Scheiber, Noam (June 19, 2016). "An Expensive Law Degree, and No Place to Use It". New York Times. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
  2. ^ . Archived from the original on 2007-06-05. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
  3. ^ "Valparaiso ABA censure" (PDF).
  4. ^ Zaretsky, Staci. "Valparaiso Law School Will Stop Accepting New Students, May Wind Down (Updated)".
  5. ^ a b Whitford, Emma (October 31, 2018). "Another Law School Will Close". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
  6. ^ Lanich, Carley (May 17, 2020). "Valparaiso University graduates last class of law students in midst of coranvirus pandemic". NWI.com. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
  7. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2011-06-22.
  8. ^ Swygert, Michael Irven. "And, We Must Make Them Noble." Pp. 36-48. Durham, NC, Carolina Academic Press: 2004.
  9. ^ Baepler, Richard. Flame of Faith, Lamp of Learning: A History of Valparaiso University. Pp. 163-165. St. Louis, MO, Concordia Publishing House: 2001.
  10. ^ Swygert, Michael Irven. "And, We Must Make Them Noble." Pp. 121-128. Durham, NC, Carolina Academic Press: 2004.
  11. ^ "Porter County, Indiana, GenWeb - Biography for Avery B. and Frances (Tilton) Weaver". www.inportercounty.org.
  12. ^ "Valparaiso University Appoints Dean to Law School". 2013-11-08. Retrieved 2013-12-20.
  13. ^ "ABA Censure" (PDF).
  14. ^ "Valparaiso Class Profile".
  15. ^ "ABA Required Disclosures" (PDF).
  16. ^ American Bar Association Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar (November 2017). "Council Decision" (PDF). americanbar.org. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
  17. ^ "Valpo dean's resignation latest of troubled law school's woes".
  18. ^ Broden, Scott (June 22, 2018). "MTSU in talks with Valparaiso University to move law school to Murfreesboro". Murfreesboro Daily News Journal. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  19. ^ Chatlani, Shalina (October 15, 2018). "MTSU Law School Proposal Denied by State's Higher Education Commission". Nashville Public Radio. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  20. ^ . Archived from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
  21. ^ . Archived from the original on November 24, 2011.
  22. ^ "Clinic and Skill-Based Learning - Valparaiso University Law School - Valparaiso University". www.valpo.edu.
  23. ^ "Externships". from the original on March 17, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  24. ^ . October 3, 2005. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012.
  25. ^ "ABA Employment Report" (PDF).
  26. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-09.
  27. ^ "An Expensive Law Degree and No Place To Use It".
  28. ^ "Tuition and Fees".
  29. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-09.
  30. ^ "Valparaiso Curve" (PDF).
  31. ^ "ABA required disclosures" (PDF).
  32. ^ "Student Organizations - Valparaiso University Law School - Valparaiso University". www.valpo.edu.
  33. ^ "2015 Standard 509 Report" (PDF).
  34. ^ "Brady, Holly Ann". Federal Judicial Center.
  35. ^ "Press Release: New Chief Judge Holly A. Brady | Northern District of Indiana | United States District Court". www.innd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  36. ^ Minde C. Browning, Richard Humphrey, and Bruce Kleinschmidt, "Biographical Sketches of Indiana Supreme Court Justices", Indiana Law Review, Vol. 30, No. 1 (1997), section reproduced in Indiana Courts Justice Biographies page[permanent dead link].
  37. ^ . The HistoryMakers. Archived from the original on 2011-05-18. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
  38. ^ "Biography". www.ilga.gov. Illinois General Assembly. Retrieved October 7, 2023.
  39. ^ David J. Remondini, "Martin J. O'Malley", in Linda C. Gugin, James E. St. Clair, Justices of the Indiana Supreme Court (2010), p. 299.
  40. ^ . Hope College. Archived from the original on 2009-08-10. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
  41. ^ Center, The State of Texas and The University of Houston Law. "The University of Houston Law Center Faculty - Raymond Nimmer". www.law.uh.edu.
  42. ^ "Theodore Sendak". Indiana State Library.

External links edit

  • Official website

February 13, 2024
valparaiso, university, school, valparaiso, university, school, school, valparaiso, university, private, university, valparaiso, indiana, founded, 1879, school, accredited, american, association, 1929, admitted, association, american, schools, 1930, october, 2. The Valparaiso University Law School was the law school of Valparaiso University a private university in Valparaiso Indiana 1 Founded in 1879 the school was accredited by the American Bar Association in 1929 and admitted to the Association of American Law Schools in 1930 2 In October 2016 the ABA censured the school for admitting applicants who did not appear capable of satisfactorily completing the school s program of legal education and being admitted to the bar 3 One year later the school suspended admissions 4 5 and shut down after the last class graduated in 2020 6 Valparaiso University Law SchoolParent schoolValparaiso UniversityEstablished1879School typePrivateLocationValparaiso Indiana US41 27 41 N 87 03 11 W 41 4614 N 87 0531 W 41 4614 87 0531USNWR ranking defunct Bar pass rate61 63 Websitewww wbr valpo wbr edu wbr law wbr Contents 1 Campus 2 History 3 Admissions and academics 4 Post graduation employment 5 Costs 6 Student life 7 Notable faculty 8 Notable alumni 9 References 10 External linksCampus editThe city of Valparaiso Indiana is located 50 miles 80 km southeast of Chicago and 10 miles 16 km south of Lake Michigan and the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore The Valparaiso law school was primarily located in Wesemann Hall in an area known as Old Campus Valparaiso University s 320 acre 1 3 km2 campus is part of the downtown Valparaiso historic district The Lawyering Skills Center and Law Clinic were next door in the recently renovated Heritage Hall 7 History editOriginally named the Northern Indiana Law School Valparaiso Law School began operations with nine students including two women on November 11 1879 Tuition was set at 10 per term It was one of the first in the nation to admit both men and women Colonel Mark L DeMotte became the school s first dean and was one of the original three faculty members During his appointment he developed the core curriculum that remained in use at Valparaiso until its closure 8 nbsp Valparaiso University School of Law circa 1910 Photograph courtesy of the S Shook Collection Despite difficult economic times and amidst an economic depression the Northern Indiana Law School remained and experienced growth during its second decade 9 At the turn of the century 21 years after its founding the school had an enrollment of 170 students and was reportedly the largest law school in Indiana In 1905 the law school became part of Valparaiso University and was thus officially renamed the Valparaiso University School of Law Valparaiso University Law School Following consultation and inspection with the American Bar Association and the Association of American Law Schools the law school expanded its curriculum received its ABA accreditation in 1929 and was admitted into AALS in 1930 It was the thirty eighth oldest ABA accredited law school in the United States 10 A 1925 graduate Frances Tilton Weaver became the youngest woman to be admitted to practice before both the Indiana Supreme Court and the Illinois Supreme Court She practiced law in Chicago until moving with her husband back to Valparaiso to practice law with her father Ira Tilton who in nearly six decades in Valparaiso had served as a schoolteacher city attorney and judge as well as head of the local Democratic Party 11 In 2013 long term law school dean Jay Conison resigned to accept a position at the relatively new Charlotte School of Law His replacement was the former associate dean of DePaul Law School Andrea Lyon who in 1979 had been the first woman lead counsel in a death penalty case 12 While the law school s practical skills training received a high ranking from the National Jurist Magazine and the Prelaw Magazine cited its innovation the school faced financial issues and censure from the ABA in October 2016 Valparaiso School of Law was censured by the ABA in October 2016 for violating ABA Standards 501 a and 501 b 13 Those standards require that a law school shall maintain sound admission policy and practices and shall not admit an applicant who does not appear capable of satisfactorily completing its program of legal education and being admitted to the bar Since 2010 Valparaiso met declining applications with reduced admissions standards to maintain the size of the school s student body In 2010 the entering class had a median LSAT score of 150 and a median GPA of 3 31 By 2015 Valparaiso s entering class had a median LSAT score of 145 and a median GPA of 2 93 14 Valparaiso s bar passage rates plummeted as a result In 2013 77 of graduates taking the Indiana bar exam and 71 of graduates taking the Illinois bar exam passed on the first attempt But in 2014 only 61 of graduates taking the Indiana bar exam and only 63 of graduates taking the Illinois bar exam passed on the first attempt 15 In November 2017 the ABA lifted the sanction of public censure on Valparaiso School of Law stating that the school had demonstrated compliance with ABA Standards 501 a and 501 b 16 In March 2017 the university hired Ogilvy Public Relations to handle the law school s termination or downsizing In November the university announced that no students would be admitted for the year beginning in 2018 On March 21 2018 the law school announced Dean Lyon s resignation effective June 1 and that she would continue to teach as a professor 17 Three months later in June the Valparaiso University submitted to Middle Tennessee State University MTSU a non binding letter of intent to transfer the Valparaiso University School of Law to MTSU MTSU s president clarified with media sources that the law school was not being purchased or merged into MTSU but was much like a gift 18 Although MTSU s trustees were in favor of the move it was rejected by the Tennessee Higher Education Commission in October 19 and the school announced its pending closure as it ensured that currently enrolled students would have an opportunity to complete their education 5 Admissions and academics editThe law school offered a traditional three year full time program an accelerated two and a half year program and a five year part time program toward the Juris Doctor degree a Master of Laws degree program and the following dual degree programs 20 JD MBA JD MALS JD MA Psychology JD Clinical Mental Health Counseling JD MA in Chinese Studies JD MA in Liberal Studies JD MS International Commerce amp Policy and JD MS Sports Administration and the S J D the School s advanced research degree that was open to candidates who had completed an LL M 21 The School of Law offered eight live legal clinics criminal clinic civil clinic juvenile clinic domestic violence clinic mediation clinic sports law clinic tax clinic and wrongful conviction clinic 22 The school also offered more than 85 discrete externship 23 opportunities In 2005 the School of Law started the nation s first sports law clinic giving free advice to amateur status athletes during the Olympics 24 Post graduation employment editAccording to Valparaiso s official 2015 ABA required disclosures 42 of the class of 2015 obtained full time long term bar passage required employment 25 23 of graduates were unemployed ten months after graduation Three graduates were working in non professional positions after graduation Valparaiso s Law School Transparency under employment score was 37 4 indicating the percentage of the class of 2015 unemployed pursuing an additional degree or working in a non professional short term or part time job nine months after graduation 26 Struggling graduates of Valparaiso Law School were featured in a New York Times article in June 2016 27 One Valparaiso Law School graduate worked in the clothing department of a retail store and another graduate discussed his grim job prospects Costs editThe total cost of attendance indicating the cost of tuition fees and living expenses at Valparaiso for the 2014 2015 academic year was 53 862 28 The Law School Transparency estimated debt financed cost of attendance for three years was 196 217 29 Valparaiso engaged in the practice of offering new students conditional scholarships These scholarships were contingent on the student maintaining a specific grade point average rather than remaining in good academic standing Valparaiso imposed a grading curve with a median GPA of 2 7 on first year students 30 As a result of the curve 18 Valparaiso students had their scholarships withdrawn or reduced during the 2014 2015 academic year 31 Student life editValparaiso Law students could participate in more than 40 student organizations 32 According to Valparaiso s 2015 Standard 509 Report 17 students transferred to higher ranking schools the previous academic year 33 Notable faculty editDan Flanagan Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court Faisal Kutty lawyer academic and writer focusing on law and religion Islamic law Islamic culture practice and rights Notable alumni editHolly A Brady class of 1994 the Chief United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana 34 35 Steve Buyer class of 1984 former U S Congressman from Indiana s 4th district works for R J Reynolds promoting the use of smokeless tobacco Floyd Draper class of 1915 Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court 36 David W Dugan class of 1985 United States Federal District Court Judge Southern District of Illinois Sidney E Ellsworth class of 1891 North Dakota Supreme Court from 1909 to 1910 Richard G Hatcher class of 1959 in 1968 became the first African American mayor of Gary Indiana and one of the first black mayors elected in a major Northern industrial city 37 Steve McClure Illinois State Senator who represents the 54th District 38 Mart O Malley class of 1912 Indiana Supreme Court Justice 39 Craig S Morford class of 1984 former acting United States Deputy Attorney General and former federal prosecutor 40 Raymond Nimmer class of 1968 former dean Childs Professor of Law and co director of the Houston Intellectual Property and Information Law Institute at the University of Houston Law Center 41 George William Norris class of 1883 former U S Senator from Nebraska Eugene E Parker class of 1982 African American former sports agent for Deion Sanders Emmitt Smith and other NFL players Xavier Prather class of 2018 first African American winner of Big Brother Eugene Rice class of 1917 former United States federal judge Eastern District of Oklahoma Robert D Rucker class of 1976 former justice on the Indiana Supreme Court Theodore L Sendak class of 1958 36th Indiana Attorney General 42 Frances Tilton Weaver a 1925 graduate the first woman attorney in Porter County Indiana and the youngest woman to be admitted to practice before the Indiana Supreme Court and the Illinois Supreme Court citation needed References edit Scheiber Noam June 19 2016 An Expensive Law Degree and No Place to Use It New York Times Retrieved June 27 2016 Valparaiso University School of Law homepage Archived from the original on 2007 06 05 Retrieved 2007 06 05 Valparaiso ABA censure PDF Zaretsky Staci Valparaiso Law School Will Stop Accepting New Students May Wind Down Updated a b Whitford Emma October 31 2018 Another Law School Will Close Inside Higher Ed Retrieved October 31 2018 Lanich Carley May 17 2020 Valparaiso University graduates last class of law students in midst of coranvirus pandemic NWI com Retrieved 2020 05 22 Valparaiso University School of Law Heritage Hall Rededication Ceremony Archived from the original on 2011 05 14 Retrieved 2011 06 22 Swygert Michael Irven And We Must Make Them Noble Pp 36 48 Durham NC Carolina Academic Press 2004 Baepler Richard Flame of Faith Lamp of Learning A History of Valparaiso University Pp 163 165 St Louis MO Concordia Publishing House 2001 Swygert Michael Irven And We Must Make Them Noble Pp 121 128 Durham NC Carolina Academic Press 2004 Porter County Indiana GenWeb Biography for Avery B and Frances Tilton Weaver www inportercounty org Valparaiso University Appoints Dean to Law School 2013 11 08 Retrieved 2013 12 20 ABA Censure PDF Valparaiso Class Profile ABA Required Disclosures PDF American Bar Association Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar November 2017 Council Decision PDF americanbar org Retrieved 2023 01 17 Valpo dean s resignation latest of troubled law school s woes Broden Scott June 22 2018 MTSU in talks with Valparaiso University to move law school to Murfreesboro Murfreesboro Daily News Journal Retrieved June 28 2018 Chatlani Shalina October 15 2018 MTSU Law School Proposal Denied by State s Higher Education Commission Nashville Public Radio Retrieved October 17 2018 Degree amp Dual Degree Programs Archived from the original on June 27 2012 Retrieved June 22 2011 Degree Programs Archived from the original on November 24 2011 Clinic and Skill Based Learning Valparaiso University Law School Valparaiso University www valpo edu Externships Archived from the original on March 17 2012 Retrieved July 21 2018 University opens sports law clinic October 3 2005 Archived from the original on November 4 2012 ABA Employment Report PDF Valparaiso University Profile Archived from the original on 2014 07 14 Retrieved 2014 07 09 An Expensive Law Degree and No Place To Use It Tuition and Fees Valparaiso University Profile Archived from the original on 2014 07 14 Retrieved 2014 07 09 Valparaiso Curve PDF ABA required disclosures PDF Student Organizations Valparaiso University Law School Valparaiso University www valpo edu 2015 Standard 509 Report PDF Brady Holly Ann Federal Judicial Center Press Release New Chief Judge Holly A Brady Northern District of Indiana United States District Court www innd uscourts gov Retrieved 2023 11 20 Minde C Browning Richard Humphrey and Bruce Kleinschmidt Biographical Sketches of Indiana Supreme Court Justices Indiana Law Review Vol 30 No 1 1997 section reproduced in Indiana Courts Justice Biographies page permanent dead link Richard Hatcher Biography The HistoryMakers Archived from the original on 2011 05 18 Retrieved 2010 01 05 Biography www ilga gov Illinois General Assembly Retrieved October 7 2023 David J Remondini Martin J O Malley in Linda C Gugin James E St Clair Justices of the Indiana Supreme Court 2010 p 299 Alumni Profiles Hope College Archived from the original on 2009 08 10 Retrieved 2010 01 05 Center The State of Texas and The University of Houston Law The University of Houston Law Center Faculty Raymond Nimmer www law uh edu Theodore Sendak Indiana State Library External links editOfficial website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Valparaiso University School of Law amp oldid 1185954996, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.