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Al-Ram

April 30, 2024

Al-Ram (Arabic: الرّام), also transcribed as Al-Ramm, El-Ram, Er-Ram, and A-Ram, is a Palestinian town which lies northeast of Jerusalem, just outside the city's municipal border. The village is part of the built-up urban area of Jerusalem, the Atarot industrial zone and Beit Hanina lie to the west, and Neve Yaakov borders it on the south,[3] with a built-up area of 3,289 dunums. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, a-Ram had a population of 15,814 in 2017.[1] The head of A-Ram's village council estimates that 58,000 people live there, more than half of them holding Israeli identity cards.[4]

Al-Ram
A-Ram
Er-Ram
Municipality type B
Arabic transcription(s)
 • Arabicالرّام
 • Latinal-Ramm (official)
al-Ram (unofficial)
Al-Ram behind the separation barrier
Al-Ram
A-Ram
Er-Ram
Location of Al-Ram within Palestine
Coordinates: 31°51′13″N 35°14′00″E / 31.85361°N 35.23333°E / 31.85361; 35.23333
Palestine grid172/140
StateState of Palestine
GovernorateJerusalem
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
Area
 • Total3,289 dunams (3.3 km2 or 1.3 sq mi)
Population
 (2017)[1]
 • Total15,814
 • Density4,800/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
Name meaningFrom Hebrew Ramah, "The Hill". In Arabic: "Stagnant water"[2]

History edit

Ancient Israel edit

Al-Ram identified with Ramah in Benjamin, a town mentioned multiple times in the Bible.[5][6][7][8] Archeological evidence shows that the town was heavily populated during the Iron Age II, declined during the Persian period, and later revived during the Hellenistic period.[9]

Classical period edit

Ossuaries dated to the first century BC and CE were discovered at Al-Ram bearing Hebrew inscriptions with names such as Miriam, Yehohanan, and Shimon ben Zekhariya.[10]

Crusader period edit

In Crusader sources, Al-Ram was named Aram, Haram, Rama, Ramatha, Ramitta, or Ramathes.[11] Al-Ram was one of 21 villages given by Godfrey of Bouillon (r. 1099–1100) as a fief to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[12][13] All the inhabitants of the village who were mentioned in Crusader sources between 1152 and 1160 had names which imply they were Christian.[14][15] The village was mentioned around 1161, when a dispute about a land boundary was settled.[15][16]

Ottoman period edit

In 1517, the village became part of the Ottoman Empire along with the rest of Palestine. In the 1596 tax records, it appeared as Rama, located in the Nahiya of Jabal Quds of the Liwa of Al-Quds. The population was 28 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olive trees and vineyards, in addition to occasional revenues, goats and beehives; a total of 4700 akçe.[17]

In 1838, Edward Robinson found the village to be very poor and small, but large stones and scattered columns indicated that it had previously been an important place.[5] In 1870 the French explorer Victor Guérin found the village to have 200 inhabitants,[18] while an Ottoman village list of about the same year showed that Er-Ram had 32 houses and a population of 120, though the population count included men only.[19][20]

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Er-Ram as a "small village in a conspicuous position on the top of a white hill, with olives. It has a well to the south. [..] The houses are of stone, partly built of old material".[21] "West of the village is a good birkeh with a pointed vault; lower down the hill a pillar-shaft broken in two, probably from the church. On the hill are cisterns. Drafted stones are used up in the village walls. At Khan-er-Ram, by the main road, is a quarry with half-finished blocks still in it, and two cisterns. The Khan appears to be quite modern, and is in ruins. There are extensive quarries on the hill-sides near it."[22]

In 1896, the population of Er-Ram was estimated to be about 240 persons.[23]

British Mandate period edit

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Al-Ram had a population of 208, all Muslims.[24] This had increased in the 1931 census to 262, still all Muslim, in 51 houses.[25] Al-Ram suffered badly in the 1927 earthquake, with old walls collapsing.[26]

In a survey in 1945, Al-Ram had a population of 350, all Muslims,[27] and a total land area of 5,598 dunams.[28] 441 dunams were designated for plantations and irrigable land, 2,291 for cereals,[29] while 14 dunams were built-up area.[30]

Jordanian period edit

 
The Faisal Al-Husseini Stadium in Al-Ram, 2011

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Al-Ram came under Jordanian rule.

In 1961, the population of Al-Ram was 769.[31]

Post-1967 edit

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Al-Ram has been under Israeli occupation.

The population in a 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 860, 86 of whom originated from the Israeli territory.[32]

According to ARIJ, after the 1995 accords, 33.2% (or about ~2,226 dunums) of Al-Ram's land is classified as Area B land, while the remaining 66.8% (~4,482 dunums) was defined as Area C.[33] Israel has confiscated land from Al-Ram in order to build two Israeli settlement/Industrial parks:

In 2006, the Israeli High Court rejected three petitions objecting to the construction of a security barrier separating Al-Ram from Jerusalem.[35] The route of the fence planned to encircle northern Jerusalem has been revised several times. The latest plan, effectively implemented, called for a "minimalist" route following the municipal boundary at a distance of several hundred meters. This has left the town of Al-Ram almost entirely outside of the fence, with the exception of the southern part of the town, called Dahiyat al-Barid.[36][37]

Archaeology edit

Neolithic mask edit

The Survey of Western Palestine mentions that Dr. Chaplin, who had visited er-Ram with an interest for archaeological remains, had "a very curious stone mask... in his possession, obtained from the village. It represents a human face without hair or beard, the nose well-cut, the eyes and mouth very feebly designed. The mask is hollowed out behind, and has two deep holes at the back as if to fix it to a wall. It is over a foot in longer diameter, and curiously resembles some of the faces of the Moabite collection of Mr. Shapira. There cannot well be any question of its genuine character, and nothing like it has been found, so far as I know, in Palestine."[22][38] By 2018, a total of 15 such stone masks from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period have been discovered in the Southern Levant, one known to have had been bought in the late 19th century from villagers in Er-Ram and now kept at the Palestine Exploration Fund in London.[39]

Dr Thomas J. Chaplin (1830–1904) was the director of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews' own British Hospital for the Jews in Jerusalem for some 25 years.[40]

Crusader remains edit

Two Crusader structures have been identified in the town.

Tower edit

Archaeologists have identified the ruins of a Crusader courtyard building developed from an initial tower, as the grange of a Frankish new town founded by 1160.[41]

Former Crusader church edit

 
19th-century drawing of a lintel from a Crusader church, repurposed as a maqam[22]

The former (old) mosque of Al-Ram was once a Crusader parish church.[15][42][dubious – discuss]

In 1838, Robinson noted that "A small mosk with columns seems once to have been a church".[5]

In 1870, Guérin described "a mosque, replacing a former Christian church, of which it occupies the choir; the inhabitants venerate there the memory of Shaykh Hasen. The columns of this sanctuary come from the church."[43]

In 1881, Lieutenant Conder reported: "At the shrine which is so conspicuous near this village are remains of a former chapel. The lintel stone (as it would seem), with a bas-relief of rosettes, has been found by Dr. Chaplin within the building."[22][38]

In 1883, SWP noted that "west of the village is the Mukam of Sheik Hasein, once a small Christian basilica". It further described it as "The remains of the north aisle 6 feet 8 inches wide, are marked by four columns 2 feet in diameter. The chamber of the saint's tomb occupies part of the nave, and into its north wall the lintel of the old door is built, a stone 10 feet long, half of which is visible, with designs as shown. In the courtyard east of this chamber is an old well of good water and a fine mulberry-tree. In the west wall of the Mukam other stones, with discs in low relief, are built in."[22]

Sister cities edit

See also edit

  • Ramallah, Palestinian city few km northwest of Al-Ram

References edit

  1. ^ a b Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  2. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 324
  3. ^ "The Separation Barrier surrounding a-Ram". Btselem. January 1, 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  4. ^ . B'Tselem. Palestine Media Center. June 27, 2005. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  5. ^ a b c Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, pp. 315-317
  6. ^ Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Rama - (al-Ram) 2012-10-03 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 25 October 2017
  7. ^ Na'aman, Nadav (2019-10-02). "Reconsidering the Ancient name of Nebi Samwil". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 151 (3–4): 202–217. doi:10.1080/00310328.2019.1684772. ISSN 0031-0328.
  8. ^ Finkelstein, I. (2008). Archaeology and the List of Returnees in the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah. Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 140(1), p. "Ramah is unanimously identified with the village of er-Ram north of Jerusalem. Only one modern survey was conducted at the site — by Feldstein et al. (1993, 168–169). They collected a large number of 359 sherds, of which 20% date to the Iron II, 2% to the Persian period and 13% to the Hellenistic period. This means that the site was strongly inhabited in the Iron II, that it declined in the Persian period, and that it recovered in the Hellenistic period. Ramah appears in the list of towns of Benjamin (Joshua 18.25) which dates to the late 7th century BCE (Alt 1925; Na’aman 1991) and in the book of Jeremiah (31.15; 40.1)."
  9. ^ Finkelstein, Israel (2018). Hasmonean realities behind Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles. SBL Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-88414-307-9. OCLC 1081371337.
  10. ^ Corpus inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae: a multi-lingual corpus of the inscriptions from Alexander to Muhammad. Vol. IV: Iudaea / Idumaea. Eran Lupu, Marfa Heimbach, Naomi Schneider, Hannah Cotton. Berlin: de Gruyter. 2018. pp. 231–233. ISBN 978-3-11-022219-7. OCLC 663773367.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  11. ^ Pringle, 1998, p. 179
  12. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 11
  13. ^ de Roziére, 1849, p. 263: Haram, cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. 16-17, No 74
  14. ^ Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. 70- 71, No 278; p. 92, No 353
  15. ^ a b c Pringle, 1998, p. 180
  16. ^ Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 96, No 365
  17. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 117
  18. ^ Guérin, 1874, p. 199 ff
  19. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 158
  20. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 127, also noted 32 houses
  21. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 13
  22. ^ a b c d e Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 155
  23. ^ Schick, 1896, p. 121
  24. ^ Barron, 1923, Table V||, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 14
  25. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 42
  26. ^ Pringle, 1983, p. 163
  27. ^ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 25
  28. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 58 2018-11-03 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 104 2012-03-14 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 154 2014-04-27 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 23
  32. ^ Perlmann, Joel (November 2011 – February 2012). "The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version" (PDF). Levy Economics Institute. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  33. ^ Ar Ram Town Profile, ARIJ, 2012, pp. 18-19
  34. ^ a b Ar Ram Town Profile, ARIJ, 2012, p. 19
  35. ^ , Dec. 13, 2006, The Jerusalem Post
  36. ^ Btselem (January 2016). "The Separation Barrier surrounding a-Ram". Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  37. ^ Harel, Amos (November 10, 2003). "Separation fence to include wide area east of Jerusalem". Haaretz. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  38. ^ a b Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 438
  39. ^ Gannon, Megan (30 November 2018). "Haunting, 9,000-Year-Old Stone Mask Discovered in a Field in the West Bank". Live Science. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  40. ^ Lev, Efraim; Perry, Yaron (2004). "Dr Thomas Chaplin, Scientist and Scholar in Nineteenth-Century Palestine". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 136 (136:2). London: Palestine Exploration Fund: 151–162. doi:10.1179/003103204x4067. S2CID 161268746. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  41. ^ Pringle, 1997, p. 88
  42. ^ Wilson, 1881, p. 214: picture
  43. ^ Guérin, 1874, p. 200, as translated in Pringle, 1998, p. 180

Bibliography edit

  • Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
  • Conder, C.R. (1881). "Lieutenant Conder´s reports". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 13 (3): 158–208. doi:10.1179/peq.1881.13.3.158.
  • Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964). First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population (PDF).
  • Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.
  • Guérin, V. (1874). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 2: Samarie, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  • Hadawi, S. (1970). . Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center. Archived from the original on 2018-12-08. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
  • Hartmann, M. (1883). "Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149.
  • Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
  • Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
  • Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Pringle, D.; Leach, Peter (1983). "Two Medieval Villages North of Jerusalem: Archaeological Investigations in Al-Jib and Ar-Ram". Levant. 15: 141–177, pls.xvi-xxiia. doi:10.1179/lev.1983.15.1.141.
  • Pringle, D. (1997). Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetter. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521-46010-7.
  • Pringle, D. (1998). The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: L-Z (excluding Tyre). Vol. II. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39037-0.
  • Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. ( pp. 108, 114, 141)
  • Röhricht, R. (1893). (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI) (in Latin). Berlin: Libraria Academica Wageriana. (Index: p. 491: Aram (Haram), p. 504: Rama, Ramatha )
  • Röhricht, R. (1904). (RRH Ad) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani Additamentum (in Latin). Berlin: Libraria Academica Wageriana. (Index: p. 129: Aram #74; p. 134: er Ram #74; Rama #30a; (Rame? #512)
  • Roziére, de, ed. (1849). Cartulaire de l'église du Saint Sépulchre de Jérusalem: publié d'après les manuscrits du Vatican (in Latin and French). Paris: Imprimerie nationale.
  • Schick, C. (1896). "Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 19: 120–127.
  • Socin, A. (1879). "Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163.
  • Toledano, E. (1984). "The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population". Archivum Ottomanicum. 9: 279–319.
  • Wilson, C.W., ed. (c. 1881). Picturesque Palestine, Sinai and Egypt. Vol. 1. New York: D. Appleton.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Al-Ram.
  • Welcome To al-Ram
  • Al-Ramm, Welcome to Palestine
  • Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: IAA, Wikimedia commons
  • Al-Ram Town (Fact Sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
  • Ar Ram Town Profile, ARIJ
  • Ar Ram aerial photo, ARIJ
  • Locality Development Priorities and Needs in Ar Ram, ARIJ
  • . Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem. 21 March 2005. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007.
  • Oz Rosenberg (11 April 2012). "IDF closes off central Palestinian town to vehicles". Haaretz.

April 30, 2024
arabic, الر, ام, also, transcribed, palestinian, town, which, lies, northeast, jerusalem, just, outside, city, municipal, border, village, part, built, urban, area, jerusalem, atarot, industrial, zone, beit, hanina, west, neve, yaakov, borders, south, with, bu. Al Ram Arabic الر ام also transcribed as Al Ramm El Ram Er Ram and A Ram is a Palestinian town which lies northeast of Jerusalem just outside the city s municipal border The village is part of the built up urban area of Jerusalem the Atarot industrial zone and Beit Hanina lie to the west and Neve Yaakov borders it on the south 3 with a built up area of 3 289 dunums According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics a Ram had a population of 15 814 in 2017 1 The head of A Ram s village council estimates that 58 000 people live there more than half of them holding Israeli identity cards 4 Al RamA RamEr RamMunicipality type BArabic transcription s Arabicالر ام Latinal Ramm official al Ram unofficial Al Ram behind the separation barrierAl RamA RamEr RamLocation of Al Ram within PalestineCoordinates 31 51 13 N 35 14 00 E 31 85361 N 35 23333 E 31 85361 35 23333Palestine grid172 140StateState of PalestineGovernorateJerusalemGovernment TypeMunicipalityArea Total3 289 dunams 3 3 km2 or 1 3 sq mi Population 2017 1 Total15 814 Density4 800 km2 12 000 sq mi Name meaningFrom Hebrew Ramah The Hill In Arabic Stagnant water 2 Contents 1 History 1 1 Ancient Israel 1 2 Classical period 1 3 Crusader period 1 4 Ottoman period 1 5 British Mandate period 1 6 Jordanian period 1 7 Post 1967 2 Archaeology 2 1 Neolithic mask 2 2 Crusader remains 2 2 1 Tower 2 2 2 Former Crusader church 3 Sister cities 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksHistory editAncient Israel edit Al Ram identified with Ramah in Benjamin a town mentioned multiple times in the Bible 5 6 7 8 Archeological evidence shows that the town was heavily populated during the Iron Age II declined during the Persian period and later revived during the Hellenistic period 9 Classical period edit Ossuaries dated to the first century BC and CE were discovered at Al Ram bearing Hebrew inscriptions with names such as Miriam Yehohanan and Shimon ben Zekhariya 10 Crusader period edit In Crusader sources Al Ram was named Aram Haram Rama Ramatha Ramitta or Ramathes 11 Al Ram was one of 21 villages given by Godfrey of Bouillon r 1099 1100 as a fief to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 12 13 All the inhabitants of the village who were mentioned in Crusader sources between 1152 and 1160 had names which imply they were Christian 14 15 The village was mentioned around 1161 when a dispute about a land boundary was settled 15 16 Ottoman period edit In 1517 the village became part of the Ottoman Empire along with the rest of Palestine In the 1596 tax records it appeared as Rama located in the Nahiya of Jabal Quds of the Liwa of Al Quds The population was 28 households all Muslim They paid a fixed tax rate of 33 3 on agricultural products including wheat barley olive trees and vineyards in addition to occasional revenues goats and beehives a total of 4700 akce 17 In 1838 Edward Robinson found the village to be very poor and small but large stones and scattered columns indicated that it had previously been an important place 5 In 1870 the French explorer Victor Guerin found the village to have 200 inhabitants 18 while an Ottoman village list of about the same year showed that Er Ram had 32 houses and a population of 120 though the population count included men only 19 20 In 1883 the PEF s Survey of Western Palestine described Er Ram as a small village in a conspicuous position on the top of a white hill with olives It has a well to the south The houses are of stone partly built of old material 21 West of the village is a good birkeh with a pointed vault lower down the hill a pillar shaft broken in two probably from the church On the hill are cisterns Drafted stones are used up in the village walls At Khan er Ram by the main road is a quarry with half finished blocks still in it and two cisterns The Khan appears to be quite modern and is in ruins There are extensive quarries on the hill sides near it 22 In 1896 the population of Er Ram was estimated to be about 240 persons 23 British Mandate period edit In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities Al Ram had a population of 208 all Muslims 24 This had increased in the 1931 census to 262 still all Muslim in 51 houses 25 Al Ram suffered badly in the 1927 earthquake with old walls collapsing 26 In a survey in 1945 Al Ram had a population of 350 all Muslims 27 and a total land area of 5 598 dunams 28 441 dunams were designated for plantations and irrigable land 2 291 for cereals 29 while 14 dunams were built up area 30 Jordanian period edit nbsp The Faisal Al Husseini Stadium in Al Ram 2011 In the wake of the 1948 Arab Israeli War and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements Al Ram came under Jordanian rule In 1961 the population of Al Ram was 769 31 Post 1967 edit Since the Six Day War in 1967 Al Ram has been under Israeli occupation The population in a 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 860 86 of whom originated from the Israeli territory 32 According to ARIJ after the 1995 accords 33 2 or about 2 226 dunums of Al Ram s land is classified as Area B land while the remaining 66 8 4 482 dunums was defined as Area C 33 Israel has confiscated land from Al Ram in order to build two Israeli settlement Industrial parks 315 dunums were taken for Neve Ya akov 34 56 dunums were taken for the industrial Atarot site 34 In 2006 the Israeli High Court rejected three petitions objecting to the construction of a security barrier separating Al Ram from Jerusalem 35 The route of the fence planned to encircle northern Jerusalem has been revised several times The latest plan effectively implemented called for a minimalist route following the municipal boundary at a distance of several hundred meters This has left the town of Al Ram almost entirely outside of the fence with the exception of the southern part of the town called Dahiyat al Barid 36 37 Archaeology editNeolithic mask edit The Survey of Western Palestine mentions that Dr Chaplin who had visited er Ram with an interest for archaeological remains had a very curious stone mask in his possession obtained from the village It represents a human face without hair or beard the nose well cut the eyes and mouth very feebly designed The mask is hollowed out behind and has two deep holes at the back as if to fix it to a wall It is over a foot in longer diameter and curiously resembles some of the faces of the Moabite collection of Mr Shapira There cannot well be any question of its genuine character and nothing like it has been found so far as I know in Palestine 22 38 By 2018 a total of 15 such stone masks from the Pre Pottery Neolithic B period have been discovered in the Southern Levant one known to have had been bought in the late 19th century from villagers in Er Ram and now kept at the Palestine Exploration Fund in London 39 Dr Thomas J Chaplin 1830 1904 was the director of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews own British Hospital for the Jews in Jerusalem for some 25 years 40 Crusader remains edit Two Crusader structures have been identified in the town Tower edit Archaeologists have identified the ruins of a Crusader courtyard building developed from an initial tower as the grange of a Frankish new town founded by 1160 41 Former Crusader church edit nbsp 19th century drawing of a lintel from a Crusader church repurposed as a maqam 22 The former old mosque of Al Ram was once a Crusader parish church 15 42 dubious discuss In 1838 Robinson noted that A small mosk with columns seems once to have been a church 5 In 1870 Guerin described a mosque replacing a former Christian church of which it occupies the choir the inhabitants venerate there the memory of Shaykh Hasen The columns of this sanctuary come from the church 43 In 1881 Lieutenant Conder reported At the shrine which is so conspicuous near this village are remains of a former chapel The lintel stone as it would seem with a bas relief of rosettes has been found by Dr Chaplin within the building 22 38 In 1883 SWP noted that west of the village is the Mukam of Sheik Hasein once a small Christian basilica It further described it as The remains of the north aisle 6 feet 8 inches wide are marked by four columns 2 feet in diameter The chamber of the saint s tomb occupies part of the nave and into its north wall the lintel of the old door is built a stone 10 feet long half of which is visible with designs as shown In the courtyard east of this chamber is an old well of good water and a fine mulberry tree In the west wall of the Mukam other stones with discs in low relief are built in 22 Sister cities edit nbsp Zemun Serbia nbsp Bondy France in progress since 2010See also editRamallah Palestinian city few km northwest of Al RamReferences edit a b Preliminary Results of the Population Housing and Establishments Census 2017 PDF Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics PCBS Report State of Palestine February 2018 pp 64 82 Retrieved 2023 10 24 Palmer 1881 p 324 The Separation Barrier surrounding a Ram Btselem January 1 2014 Retrieved 18 January 2014 Israel s Apartheid Wall Surrounding a Ram B Tselem Palestine Media Center June 27 2005 Archived from the original on September 27 2011 Retrieved January 9 2015 a b c Robinson and Smith 1841 vol 2 pp 315 317 Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Rama al Ram Archived 2012 10 03 at the Wayback Machine accessed 25 October 2017 Na aman Nadav 2019 10 02 Reconsidering the Ancient name of Nebi Samwil Palestine Exploration Quarterly 151 3 4 202 217 doi 10 1080 00310328 2019 1684772 ISSN 0031 0328 Finkelstein I 2008 Archaeology and the List of Returnees in the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah Palestine Exploration Quarterly 140 1 p Ramah is unanimously identified with the village of er Ram north of Jerusalem Only one modern survey was conducted at the site by Feldstein et al 1993 168 169 They collected a large number of 359 sherds of which 20 date to the Iron II 2 to the Persian period and 13 to the Hellenistic period This means that the site was strongly inhabited in the Iron II that it declined in the Persian period and that it recovered in the Hellenistic period Ramah appears in the list of towns of Benjamin Joshua 18 25 which dates to the late 7th century BCE Alt 1925 Na aman 1991 and in the book of Jeremiah 31 15 40 1 Finkelstein Israel 2018 Hasmonean realities behind Ezra Nehemiah and Chronicles SBL Press p 41 ISBN 978 0 88414 307 9 OCLC 1081371337 Corpus inscriptionum Iudaeae Palaestinae a multi lingual corpus of the inscriptions from Alexander to Muhammad Vol IV Iudaea Idumaea Eran Lupu Marfa Heimbach Naomi Schneider Hannah Cotton Berlin de Gruyter 2018 pp 231 233 ISBN 978 3 11 022219 7 OCLC 663773367 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Pringle 1998 p 179 Conder and Kitchener 1883 SWP III p 11 de Roziere 1849 p 263 Haram cited in Rohricht 1893 RRH pp 16 17 No 74 Rohricht 1893 RRH pp 70 71 No 278 p 92 No 353 a b c Pringle 1998 p 180 Rohricht 1893 RRH p 96 No 365 Hutteroth and Abdulfattah 1977 p 117 Guerin 1874 p 199 ff Socin 1879 p 158 Hartmann 1883 p 127 also noted 32 houses Conder and Kitchener 1883 SWP III p 13 a b c d e Conder and Kitchener 1883 SWP III p 155 Schick 1896 p 121 Barron 1923 Table V Sub district of Jerusalem p 14 Mills 1932 p 42 Pringle 1983 p 163 Department of Statistics 1945 p 25 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 58 Archived 2018 11 03 at the Wayback Machine Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 104 Archived 2012 03 14 at the Wayback Machine Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 154 Archived 2014 04 27 at the Wayback Machine Government of Jordan Department of Statistics 1964 p 23 Perlmann Joel November 2011 February 2012 The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip A Digitized Version PDF Levy Economics Institute Retrieved 24 June 2016 Ar Ram Town Profile ARIJ 2012 pp 18 19 a b Ar Ram Town Profile ARIJ 2012 p 19 High Court A Ram fence is our defense Dec 13 2006 The Jerusalem Post Btselem January 2016 The Separation Barrier surrounding a Ram Retrieved 16 April 2019 Harel Amos November 10 2003 Separation fence to include wide area east of Jerusalem Haaretz Retrieved 18 January 2014 a b Conder and Kitchener 1883 SWP III p 438 Gannon Megan 30 November 2018 Haunting 9 000 Year Old Stone Mask Discovered in a Field in the West Bank Live Science Retrieved 10 November 2020 Lev Efraim Perry Yaron 2004 Dr Thomas Chaplin Scientist and Scholar in Nineteenth Century Palestine Palestine Exploration Quarterly 136 136 2 London Palestine Exploration Fund 151 162 doi 10 1179 003103204x4067 S2CID 161268746 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Pringle 1997 p 88 Wilson 1881 p 214 picture Guerin 1874 p 200 as translated in Pringle 1998 p 180Bibliography editBarron J B ed 1923 Palestine Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 Government of Palestine Conder C R 1881 Lieutenant Conder s reports Quarterly Statement Palestine Exploration Fund 13 3 158 208 doi 10 1179 peq 1881 13 3 158 Conder C R Kitchener H H 1883 The Survey of Western Palestine Memoirs of the Topography Orography Hydrography and Archaeology Vol 3 London Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Government of Jordan Department of Statistics 1964 First Census of Population and Housing Volume I Final Tables General Characteristics of the Population PDF Government of Palestine Department of Statistics 1945 Village Statistics April 1945 Guerin V 1874 Description Geographique Historique et Archeologique de la Palestine in French Vol 2 Samarie pt 1 Paris L Imprimerie Nationale Hadawi S 1970 Village Statistics of 1945 A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center Archived from the original on 2018 12 08 Retrieved 2014 04 27 Hartmann M 1883 Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem turkischen Staatskalender fur Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht 1871 Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina Vereins 6 102 149 Hutteroth Wolf Dieter Abdulfattah Kamal 1977 Historical Geography of Palestine Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten Sonderband 5 Erlangen Germany Vorstand der Frankischen Geographischen Gesellschaft ISBN 3 920405 41 2 Mills E ed 1932 Census of Palestine 1931 Population of Villages Towns and Administrative Areas Jerusalem Government of Palestine Palmer E H 1881 The Survey of Western Palestine Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener R E Transliterated and Explained by E H Palmer Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Pringle D Leach Peter 1983 Two Medieval Villages North of Jerusalem Archaeological Investigations in Al Jib and Ar Ram Levant 15 141 177 pls xvi xxiia doi 10 1179 lev 1983 15 1 141 Pringle D 1997 Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem an archaeological Gazetter Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521 46010 7 Pringle D 1998 The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem L Z excluding Tyre Vol II Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 39037 0 Robinson E Smith E 1841 Biblical Researches in Palestine Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea A Journal of Travels in the year 1838 Vol 2 Boston Crocker amp Brewster pp 108 114 141 Rohricht R 1893 RRH Regesta regni Hierosolymitani MXCVII MCCXCI in Latin Berlin Libraria Academica Wageriana Index p 491 Aram Haram p 504 Rama Ramatha Rohricht R 1904 RRH Ad Regesta regni Hierosolymitani Additamentum in Latin Berlin Libraria Academica Wageriana Index p 129 Aram 74 p 134 er Ram 74 Rama 30a Rame 512 Roziere de ed 1849 Cartulaire de l eglise du Saint Sepulchre de Jerusalem publie d apres les manuscrits du Vatican in Latin and French Paris Imprimerie nationale Schick C 1896 Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina Vereins 19 120 127 Socin A 1879 Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina Vereins 2 135 163 Toledano E 1984 The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century Aspects of Topography and Population Archivum Ottomanicum 9 279 319 Wilson C W ed c 1881 Picturesque Palestine Sinai and Egypt Vol 1 New York D Appleton External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Al Ram Welcome To al Ram Al Ramm Welcome to Palestine Survey of Western Palestine Map 17 IAA Wikimedia commons Al Ram Town Fact Sheet Applied Research Institute Jerusalem ARIJ Ar Ram Town Profile ARIJ Ar Ram aerial photo ARIJ Locality Development Priorities and Needs in Ar Ram ARIJ Another Palestinian Ghetto in East Jerusalem Israel Closes the Segregation Wall in Al Ram Applied Research Institute Jerusalem 21 March 2005 Archived from the original on 14 August 2007 Oz Rosenberg 11 April 2012 IDF closes off central Palestinian town to vehicles Haaretz Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w 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