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Emer de Vattel

September 01, 2023

Emer (Emmerich) de Vattel (French pronunciation: ​[vat-těl] 25 April 1714 – 28 December 1767[1]) was an international lawyer. He was born in Couvet in the Principality of Neuchâtel (now a canton part of Switzerland but part of Prussia at the time) in 1714 and died in 1767. He was largely influenced by Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius.

Emer de Vattel
Born(1714-04-25)25 April 1714
Couvet, Neuchâtel
Died28 December 1767(1767-12-28) (aged 53)
Couvet, Neuchâtel
Notable workThe Law of Nations
SchoolInternational law
Main interests
International law
Influences
Influenced
Emer de Vattel

Vattel's work profoundly influenced the development of international law.[2][3] He is most famous for his 1758 work The Law of Nations. This work was his claim to fame and won him enough prestige to be appointed as a councilor to the court of Frederick Augustus II of Saxony. Vattel combined naturalist legal reasoning and positivist legal reasoning.[2]

Early life and career Edit

The son of a Protestant minister, Vattel was born at Couvet, Neuchâtel, on the 25th of April 1714.[3] He studied classics and philosophy at Basel and Geneva.[3] During his early years his favorite pursuit was philosophy and, having carefully studied the works of Leibniz and Christian Wolff, he published in 1741 a defence of Leibniz's system against Jean-Pierre de Crousaz. In the same year Vattel, who was born a subject of the king of Prussia, repaired to Berlin in the hope of obtaining some public employment from Frederick II, but was disappointed in his expectation. Two years later he proceeded to Dresden, where he experienced a very favourable reception from Count Brühl, the minister of Saxony. In 1746 he obtained from the elector, Augustus III, the title of councillor of embassy, accompanied with a pension, and was sent to Bern in the capacity of the elector's minister. His diplomatic functions did not occupy his whole time, and much of his leisure was devoted to literature and jurisprudence.[4]

The Law of Nations Edit

Main article: The Law of Nations
 
Le droit des gens, 1775.
 
The cover page from The Law of Nations

Vattel's seminal work was largely influenced by a book titled Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractum (The Law of Nations According to the Scientific Method) by Wolff. Vattel's work began, in fact, by translating Wolff's text from Latin, and adding his own thoughts. Vattel's work was also heavily influenced by Leibniz and Hugo Grotius. Focused largely on the rights and obligations of citizens and states, Vattel's work also had ramifications for Just War Theory as it outlined international diplomacy as we now know it.[5]

Vattel elucidated the "Golden Rule of Sovereigns":

One cannot complain when he is treated as he treats others.[6]

English editions Edit

Vattel's Law of Nations was translated into English in 1760, based on the French original of 1758. A Dublin translation of 1787 does not include notes from the original nor posthumous notes added to the 1773 French edition. Several other English editions were based on the edition of 1760. However, an English edition from 1793 includes Vattel's later thoughts, as did the London 1797 edition. The 1797 edition has a detailed table of contents and margin titles for subsections.[7]

Benjamin Franklin Edit

Charles W.F. Dumas sent Benjamin Franklin three original French copies of de Vattel's Le droit des gens (The Law of Nations). Franklin presented one copy to the Library Company of Philadelphia. On December 9, 1775, Franklin thanked Dumas: [8]

It came to us in good season, when the circumstances of a rising State make it necessary to frequently consult the Law of Nations.

Franklin also said that this book by Vattel, "has been continually in the hands of the members of our Congress now sitting".[9][10]

George Washington Edit

Two notable copies of The Law of Nations owned by the New York Society Library have been associated with US President George Washington. One copy had been borrowed by Washington on 8 October 1789, along with a copy of Vol. 12 of the Commons Debates, containing transcripts from Great Britain's House of Commons. When the staff of the Washington museum at Mount Vernon heard about the overdue books, they were unable to locate them, but purchased a second copy of the de Vattel work for US$12,000. This identical copy was ceremoniously "returned" 221 years late on 20 May 2010. The library waived the unpaid late-fees.[11]

Other works Edit

Vattel also published works other than his magnum opus. He worked so intensely that his health broke down, and a return to Dresden in 1766 did not improve him. His last work, Questions de droit naturel, ou Observations sur le traité du droit de la nature, par Wolff ("Questions of natural rights...") was published in 1762 and concerned Wolff's natural law philosophy.[12] He died in 1767 during a visit to Neuchâtel.[1]

Influence Edit

Vattel was a highly influential international lawyer.[3] Vattel was one of a number of 18th century European scholars who wrote on international law and were "well known in America" at the time, including Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, Cornelius van Bynkershoek, Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf, Thomas Rutherforth, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Christian Wolff. The Law of Nations has been described as "unrivaled among such treatises in its influence on the American founders".[13][14]

Vattel is also cited extensively in Lysander Spooner's The Unconstitutionality Of Slavery and appears to be a key Enlightenment thinker in Spooner's thought.

US Department of Defense 2015 Law of War Manual Edit

In 2015 the United States Department of Defense published its Law of War Manual. Vattel is cited after Hugo Grotius and before Francis Lieber and Hersch Lauterpacht as a subsidiary means and an authority in determining the rules of law of war.[15]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
  2. ^ a b Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2018). Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law. Routledge. pp. 3–4. doi:10.4324/9780429439391. ISBN 9780429439391. S2CID 159062874.
  3. ^ a b c d Fenwick, Charles G. (1913). "The Authority of Vattel". American Political Science Review. 7 (3): 395–410. doi:10.2307/1944965. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1944965. S2CID 147687975.
  4. ^   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Vattel, Emeric de". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 951.
  5. ^ Ignatieff, Michael (17 February 2002). "Barbarians at the Gates". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 May 2011.
  6. ^ Emer de Vattel (1916). Le droit des gens ou principes de la loi naturelle Appliqués à la conduite et aux affaires des Nations et des Souverains par M. de Vattel. Vol. II (Reproduction of Books III and IV of Edition of 1758). Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution. p. 79. Retrieved 12 April 2016 – via Internet Archive.
  7. ^ Emer de Vattel (1844). The Law of Nations, Or the Principles of Law of Nature Applied to the Conduct and the Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns with Three Early Essays on the Origin and Nature of Natural Law and on Luxury (PDF). Philadelphia: T. & J. W. Johnson – via Library of Congress.
  8. ^ Emer de Vattel (1916). The Law of Nations or the Principles of Natural Law Applied to the Conduct and the Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns, Translation of the Edition of 1758 by Charles Fenwick with an Introduction by Albert de Lapradelle. Vol. III. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution. p. xxx. Retrieved 12 April 2016 – via Internet Archive.
  9. ^ Emer de Vattel (1916). "Preface by James Brown Scott". Le droit des gens ou principes de la loi naturelle Appliqués à la conduite et aux affaires des Nations et des Souverains par M. de Vattel. Vol. I (Reproduction of Books I and II of Edition of 1758). Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution. p. 1a–2a. Retrieved 13 April 2016 – via Internet Archive.
  10. ^ U.S. Steel Corp. v. Multistate Tax Comm'n., 434 U.S. 452, 462 (1977).
  11. ^ "George Washington's 221-year overdue library book: A timeline", The Week, 21 May 2010, retrieved 3 May 2011
  12. ^ Questions de droit naturel, et observations sur le Traité du droit de la nature de M. le baron de Wolf, A Berne : Chez la Societé typographique (1762) Internet Archive
  13. ^
  14. ^ Ramsey, Michael D. (14 October 2005). "Law of Nations as a Constitutional Obligation" (MS Word document). International Human Rights Colloquium. Georgetown University Law Center. Retrieved 4 May 2011. {{cite journal}}: External link in |journal= (help)
  15. ^ Office of General Counsel, Department of Defense (2016). Department of Defense Law War Manual (PDF) (2nd ed.). Washington, DC. p. 35. Retrieved 18 January 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Sources Edit

Primary Edit

  • Le loisir philosophique ou pieces diverses de philosophie, de morale et d'amusement par Mr. de Vattel, Dresde : 1747 chez George Conrad Walther via Google Books
  • Le droit des gens ou Principes de la loi naturelle appliqués à la conduite et aux affaires des nations et des souverains. Tome 1 / par M. de Vattel, Londres : 1758 via Gallica
  • Le droit des gens ou Principes de la loi naturelle appliqués à la conduite et aux affaires des nations et des souverains. Tome 2 / par M. de Vattel, Londres : 1758 via Gallica
  • The Law of Nations (full text)
  • Le droit des gens, Emer de Vattel, Translation of 1758 edition, Ed. Charles Ghequiere Fenwick
  • Law of Nations, 1883 Ed. Joseph Chitty, & Edward D. Ingraham

Secondary Edit

  • Chetail, Vincent: "Vattel and the American Dream: An Inquiry into the Reception of The Law of Nations in the United States", in: Pierre-Marie Dupuy and Vincent Chetail (editors): ″The Roots of International Law / Les fondements du droit international: liber amicorum Peter Haggenmacher″, Leiden 2014, pp. 251–300
  • Gilman, Daniel Coit; Peck, Harry Thurston; Colby, Frank Moore, eds. (1904). "VATTEL, Emmerich de". The New International Encyclopaedia. Vol. XVII (TYP-ZYR). New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 241. hdl:2027/mdp.39015053671221. Retrieved February 23, 2019 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
  • Nussbaum, Arthur (1947). A Concise History of the Law of Nations. New York: Macmillan. pp. 155–163.
  • Montmorency, James E. G. de (1913). "ÉMERICH DE VATTEL". In Macdonell, John; Manson, Edward William Donoghue (eds.). Great Jurists of the World. London: John Murray. pp. 477–504. Retrieved 13 February 2019 – via Internet Archive.
  • Ossipow, William and Gerber, Dominik: "The Reception of Vattel's Law of Nations in the American Colonies: From James Otis and John Adams to the Declaration of Independence", in: "American Journal of Legal History", 2017, pp. 1–35
  • Wheaton, Henry (1845). History of the Law of Nations in Europe and America from the Earliest Times to the Treaty of Washington, 1842. New York: Gould, Banks & Co. pp. 182–188. Retrieved 23 February 2019 – via Internet Archive.
  • (in French) Peter Haggenmacher,"Vattel, Emer de" in Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse, 02/07/2013.;

External links Edit

  • Works by or about Emer de Vattel at Internet Archive
  • VATTEL, EMER DE: at Online Library of Liberty

September 01, 2023
emer, vattel, emer, emmerich, vattel, french, pronunciation, těl, april, 1714, december, 1767, international, lawyer, born, couvet, principality, neuchâtel, canton, part, switzerland, part, prussia, time, 1714, died, 1767, largely, influenced, dutch, jurist, h. Emer Emmerich de Vattel French pronunciation vat tel 25 April 1714 28 December 1767 1 was an international lawyer He was born in Couvet in the Principality of Neuchatel now a canton part of Switzerland but part of Prussia at the time in 1714 and died in 1767 He was largely influenced by Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius Emer de VattelBorn 1714 04 25 25 April 1714Couvet NeuchatelDied28 December 1767 1767 12 28 aged 53 Couvet NeuchatelNotable workThe Law of NationsSchoolInternational lawMain interestsInternational lawInfluences Hugo Grotius Christian Wolff Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Samuel Puffendorf Jean Jacques BurlamaquiInfluenced Western philosophers Benjamin Franklin George Washington Alexander Hamilton John Adams Emer de VattelVattel s work profoundly influenced the development of international law 2 3 He is most famous for his 1758 work The Law of Nations This work was his claim to fame and won him enough prestige to be appointed as a councilor to the court of Frederick Augustus II of Saxony Vattel combined naturalist legal reasoning and positivist legal reasoning 2 Contents 1 Early life and career 2 The Law of Nations 2 1 English editions 2 2 Benjamin Franklin 2 3 George Washington 3 Other works 4 Influence 5 US Department of Defense 2015 Law of War Manual 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 8 1 Primary 8 2 Secondary 9 External linksEarly life and career EditThe son of a Protestant minister Vattel was born at Couvet Neuchatel on the 25th of April 1714 3 He studied classics and philosophy at Basel and Geneva 3 During his early years his favorite pursuit was philosophy and having carefully studied the works of Leibniz and Christian Wolff he published in 1741 a defence of Leibniz s system against Jean Pierre de Crousaz In the same year Vattel who was born a subject of the king of Prussia repaired to Berlin in the hope of obtaining some public employment from Frederick II but was disappointed in his expectation Two years later he proceeded to Dresden where he experienced a very favourable reception from Count Bruhl the minister of Saxony In 1746 he obtained from the elector Augustus III the title of councillor of embassy accompanied with a pension and was sent to Bern in the capacity of the elector s minister His diplomatic functions did not occupy his whole time and much of his leisure was devoted to literature and jurisprudence 4 The Law of Nations EditMain article The Law of Nations nbsp Le droit des gens 1775 nbsp The cover page from The Law of NationsVattel s seminal work was largely influenced by a book titled Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractum The Law of Nations According to the Scientific Method by Wolff Vattel s work began in fact by translating Wolff s text from Latin and adding his own thoughts Vattel s work was also heavily influenced by Leibniz and Hugo Grotius Focused largely on the rights and obligations of citizens and states Vattel s work also had ramifications for Just War Theory as it outlined international diplomacy as we now know it 5 Vattel elucidated the Golden Rule of Sovereigns One cannot complain when he is treated as he treats others 6 English editions Edit Vattel s Law of Nations was translated into English in 1760 based on the French original of 1758 A Dublin translation of 1787 does not include notes from the original nor posthumous notes added to the 1773 French edition Several other English editions were based on the edition of 1760 However an English edition from 1793 includes Vattel s later thoughts as did the London 1797 edition The 1797 edition has a detailed table of contents and margin titles for subsections 7 Benjamin Franklin Edit Charles W F Dumas sent Benjamin Franklin three original French copies of de Vattel s Le droit des gens The Law of Nations Franklin presented one copy to the Library Company of Philadelphia On December 9 1775 Franklin thanked Dumas 8 It came to us in good season when the circumstances of a rising State make it necessary to frequently consult the Law of Nations Franklin also said that this book by Vattel has been continually in the hands of the members of our Congress now sitting 9 10 George Washington Edit Two notable copies of The Law of Nations owned by the New York Society Library have been associated with US President George Washington One copy had been borrowed by Washington on 8 October 1789 along with a copy of Vol 12 of the Commons Debates containing transcripts from Great Britain s House of Commons When the staff of the Washington museum at Mount Vernon heard about the overdue books they were unable to locate them but purchased a second copy of the de Vattel work for US 12 000 This identical copy was ceremoniously returned 221 years late on 20 May 2010 The library waived the unpaid late fees 11 Other works EditVattel also published works other than his magnum opus He worked so intensely that his health broke down and a return to Dresden in 1766 did not improve him His last work Questions de droit naturel ou Observations sur le traite du droit de la nature par Wolff Questions of natural rights was published in 1762 and concerned Wolff s natural law philosophy 12 He died in 1767 during a visit to Neuchatel 1 Influence EditVattel was a highly influential international lawyer 3 Vattel was one of a number of 18th century European scholars who wrote on international law and were well known in America at the time including Jean Jacques Burlamaqui Cornelius van Bynkershoek Hugo Grotius Samuel von Pufendorf Thomas Rutherforth Niccolo Machiavelli and Christian Wolff The Law of Nations has been described as unrivaled among such treatises in its influence on the American founders 13 14 Vattel is also cited extensively in Lysander Spooner s The Unconstitutionality Of Slavery and appears to be a key Enlightenment thinker in Spooner s thought US Department of Defense 2015 Law of War Manual EditIn 2015 the United States Department of Defense published its Law of War Manual Vattel is cited after Hugo Grotius and before Francis Lieber and Hersch Lauterpacht as a subsidiary means and an authority in determining the rules of law of war 15 See also EditSamuel PufendorfReferences Edit a b Chisholm 1911 a b Orakhelashvili Alexander 2018 Akehurst s Modern Introduction to International Law Routledge pp 3 4 doi 10 4324 9780429439391 ISBN 9780429439391 S2CID 159062874 a b c d Fenwick Charles G 1913 The Authority of Vattel American Political Science Review 7 3 395 410 doi 10 2307 1944965 ISSN 0003 0554 JSTOR 1944965 S2CID 147687975 nbsp One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Vattel Emeric de Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 27 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 951 Ignatieff Michael 17 February 2002 Barbarians at the Gates The New York Times Retrieved 4 May 2011 Emer de Vattel 1916 Le droit des gens ou principes de la loi naturelle Appliques a la conduite et aux affaires des Nations et des Souverains par M de Vattel Vol II Reproduction of Books III and IV of Edition of 1758 Washington DC Carnegie Institution p 79 Retrieved 12 April 2016 via Internet Archive Emer de Vattel 1844 The Law of Nations Or the Principles of Law of Nature Applied to the Conduct and the Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns with Three Early Essays on the Origin and Nature of Natural Law and on Luxury PDF Philadelphia T amp J W Johnson via Library of Congress Emer de Vattel 1916 The Law of Nations or the Principles of Natural Law Applied to the Conduct and the Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns Translation of the Edition of 1758 by Charles Fenwick with an Introduction by Albert de Lapradelle Vol III Washington DC Carnegie Institution p xxx Retrieved 12 April 2016 via Internet Archive Emer de Vattel 1916 Preface by James Brown Scott Le droit des gens ou principes de la loi naturelle Appliques a la conduite et aux affaires des Nations et des Souverains par M de Vattel Vol I Reproduction of Books I and II of Edition of 1758 Washington DC Carnegie Institution p 1a 2a Retrieved 13 April 2016 via Internet Archive U S Steel Corp v Multistate Tax Comm n 434 U S 452 462 1977 George Washington s 221 year overdue library book A timeline The Week 21 May 2010 retrieved 3 May 2011 Questions de droit naturel et observations sur le Traite du droit de la nature de M le baron de Wolf A Berne Chez la Societe typographique 1762 Internet Archive U S Department of State Hillary Clinton Secretary of State America s Founders were inspired by the ideas and values of early Swiss philosophers like Jean Jacques Burlamaqui and Emer de Vattel and the 1848 Swiss Constitution was influenced by our own U S Constitution Swiss commitment to democracy is an example for nations and people everywhere who yearn for greater freedoms and human rights Ramsey Michael D 14 October 2005 Law of Nations as a Constitutional Obligation MS Word document International Human Rights Colloquium Georgetown University Law Center Retrieved 4 May 2011 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a External link in code class cs1 code journal code help Office of General Counsel Department of Defense 2016 Department of Defense Law War Manual PDF 2nd ed Washington DC p 35 Retrieved 18 January 2022 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Sources EditPrimary Edit Le loisir philosophique ou pieces diverses de philosophie de morale et d amusement par Mr de Vattel Dresde 1747 chez George Conrad Walther via Google Books Le droit des gens ou Principes de la loi naturelle appliques a la conduite et aux affaires des nations et des souverains Tome 1 par M de Vattel Londres 1758 via Gallica Le droit des gens ou Principes de la loi naturelle appliques a la conduite et aux affaires des nations et des souverains Tome 2 par M de Vattel Londres 1758 via Gallica The Law of Nations full text Le droit des gens Emer de Vattel Translation of 1758 edition Ed Charles Ghequiere Fenwick Law of Nations 1883 Ed Joseph Chitty amp Edward D IngrahamSecondary Edit Chetail Vincent Vattel and the American Dream An Inquiry into the Reception of The Law of Nations in the United States in Pierre Marie Dupuy and Vincent Chetail editors The Roots of International Law Les fondements du droit international liber amicorum Peter Haggenmacher Leiden 2014 pp 251 300 Gilman Daniel Coit Peck Harry Thurston Colby Frank Moore eds 1904 VATTEL Emmerich de The New International Encyclopaedia Vol XVII TYP ZYR New York Dodd Mead and Company p 241 hdl 2027 mdp 39015053671221 Retrieved February 23 2019 via HathiTrust Digital Library Nussbaum Arthur 1947 A Concise History of the Law of Nations New York Macmillan pp 155 163 Montmorency James E G de 1913 EMERICH DE VATTEL In Macdonell John Manson Edward William Donoghue eds Great Jurists of the World London John Murray pp 477 504 Retrieved 13 February 2019 via Internet Archive Ossipow William and Gerber Dominik The Reception of Vattel s Law of Nations in the American Colonies From James Otis and John Adams to the Declaration of Independence in American Journal of Legal History 2017 pp 1 35 Wheaton Henry 1845 History of the Law of Nations in Europe and America from the Earliest Times to the Treaty of Washington 1842 New York Gould Banks amp Co pp 182 188 Retrieved 23 February 2019 via Internet Archive in French Peter Haggenmacher Vattel Emer de in Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse 02 07 2013 External links EditWorks by or about Emer de Vattel at Internet Archive VATTEL EMER DE at Online Library of Liberty Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Emer de Vattel amp oldid 1156813298, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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