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Egon Orowan

January 01, 1970

Egon Orowan FRS (Hungarian: Orován Egon) (August 2, 1902 – August 3, 1989) was a Hungarian-British physicist and metallurgist.[1][2][3] He was key in introducing crystal dislocation into physics and understanding of how materials plastically deform under stress.[3][4] According to György Marx, he was one of The Martians, a group of Jews born in Pest between 1890 and 1910 who shaped the 20th century's technology after moving to the West.[5][6]

Solvay Conference on Physics in Brussels 1951. Left to right, sitting: Crussaro, N.P. Allen, Cauchois, Borelius, Bragg, Moller, Sietz, Hollomon, Frank; middle row: Rathenau,(nl) Koster, Rudberg,(sv), Flamache, Goche, Groven, Orowan, Burgers, Shockley, Guinier, C.S. Smith, Dehlinger, Laval, Henriot; top row: Gaspart, Lomer, Cottrell, Homes, Curien

Early life edit

Orowan was born in the Óbuda district of Budapest in 1902.[3][7][4] His parents were Josze (Josephine) Spitzer Ságvári and Berthold Orowan, a mechanical engineer and factory manager.[3][7]

He attended the Staatsobergymnasium (Main Gimnázium) in District 9 of Budapest, graduating from high school in June 1920.[7][3] In 1920 he went to the University of Vienna, where he studied chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, and physics for two years.[7][8] After six months of mandatory apprenticeship done home in Hungary, he was admitted to the Technical University of Berlin, where he studied mechanical and then electrical engineering.[8] Eventually he started his experiments in physics, where he became the assistant of Professor Richard Becker in 1928.[8][7] He completed his master's in 1928 and his doctorate of engineering in 1933 on the fracture of mica.[9][7]

Soon after Hitler's rise to power in 1933, Orowan, who was of Jewish descent, left his studies and career in Berlin and returned to Hungary.[10][3][7]

Career edit

In 1934, Orowan wrote his famous paper on dislocations. He had been doing the experiments, while still in Berlin, which supported the theory put forward in Becker's 1925 paper.[8] In 1934, Orowan,[11] roughly contemporarily with G. I. Taylor and Michael Polanyi, realized that the plastic deformation of ductile materials could be explained in terms of the theory of dislocations developed by Vito Volterra in 1905. Though the discovery was neglected until after World War II, it was critical in developing the modern science of solid mechanics.

In Hungary, he seemed to have experienced some difficulty in finding immediate employment and spent the next few years living with his mother and ruminating on his doctoral research.[9][7] From 1936 to 1939, he worked for the Tungsram light bulbs manufacturer, where, with the help of Mihály (Michael) Polanyi, he developed a new process for the extraction of krypton from the air.[9][8]

In 1937, aware of the imminence of war, Orowan accepted the invitation of Rudolf Peierls and moved to the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom where they worked together on the theory of fatigue.[8][7] In 1939, he moved to the Cavendish Laboritory at University of Cambridge, where William Lawrence Bragg inspired his interest in x-ray diffraction.[7] He worked on structural problems on merchant marine ships.[7]

During World War II, he worked on problems of munitions production, particularly that of plastic flow during rolling. In 1944, he was central to the reappraisal of the causes of the loss of many Liberty ships during the war, identifying the critical issues of the notch sensitivity of poor quality welds and the aggravating effects of the extremely low temperatures of the North Atlantic.

In June 1950, he became a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he headed its materials division and conducted research on solid-state materials.[12][7] He became the George Westinghouse professor of mechanical engineering at MIT.[13] Later, his research interests expanded to include geology.[7] He was a visiting professor at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1962, the Boeing Scientific Research Laboratory for a year in 1965–1977, and at the University of Pittsburgh in 1972.[7]

Orowan retired in 1968.[2] After his retirement, he researched and wrote about economic stability in Western society, coming up with the term "socionomy".[7] He also studied the Arab historian Ibn-Khaldun.[7]

Honors edit

Personal life edit

On January 20, 1941, Orowan married Joan Schonfeld, a pianist who studied at the Budapest Academy of Music.[3][7] They met in Budapest but were not romantically involved until meeting again in England where she was a refugee from Germany.[3] They had one daughter, Susan K. (née Orowan) Martin.[18][4]

Orowan died at the age of 87 on August 3, 1989, in the Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[2][4] He was buried in the Mount Auburn Cemetery.[3]

Selected publications edit

  • "Zur Temperaturabhängigkeit der Kristallplastizität". Zeitschrift für Physikysik, vol. 102 (1936) 112–118.
  • "The Rate of Plastic Flow as a Function of Temperature". Proceedings of the Royal Society, vol. A168 (1938): 307–310.
  • "Problems of Plastic Gliding". Proceedings of the Physical Society, vol. 52 (1940): 8-22.
  • "Origin and Spacing of Slip Bands". Nature, vol. 147 (1941): 452–454.
  • "A New Method in X-ray Crystallography". Nature, vol. 149 (1942): 355–356.
  • "The Fatigue of Glass Under Stress". Nature, vol. 154 (1944): 341–343.
  • "Fracture and Notch Brittleness in Ductile Materials", in Brittle Fracture in Mild Steel Plates, British Iron and Steel Research Association Part 5 (1945) 69–78.
  • "Creep in Metallic and Non-metallic Materials". Proceeding of the First. U.S. National Congress of Applied Mechanics. New York: ASME, 1953. pp. 453– 472.
  • "Condition of High Velocity Ductile Fracture". Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 26 (1955): 900–902.
  • "Continental Drift and the Origin of Mountains". Science, vol. 146 (1964): 1003–1010.
  • "Dilatancy and the Seismic Focal Mechanism". Reviews of Geophysics, vol. 4 (1966): 395–404.
  • "The Origin of the Oceanic Ridges". Scientific American, vol. 221 (1969): 102–119.
  • "Surface Energy and Surface Tension in Solids and Liquids". Proceeding of the Royal Society, vol. A316 (1970) 473–491.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Lévay, Júlia (20 September 2016). "A holográfia és a hologramok". mimicsoda.hu. Mi Micsoda.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Engineering Professor Dies". The Star Press. Muncie, Indiana. 6 August 1989. p. 45. Retrieved 14 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Nabarro, F.R.N. and Argon, A. S. "Egon Orowan. 1901—1989: A Biographical Memoir". Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 1996. p. 261-262.
  4. ^ a b c d "Egon Orowan, 87, Engineering Professor". The New York Times. 5 August 1989. p. 10. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  5. ^ A marslakók legendája 9 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine - György Marx
  6. ^ Leitner, Attila (9 September 2023). "The Voice of the Martians". The Budapest Times. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Hargittai, István; Hargittai, Balazs (10 March 2023). Brilliance in Exile: The Diaspora of Hungarian Scientists from John von Neumann to Katalin Karikó. Central European University Press. pp. 99–103. ISBN 978-963-386-607-8 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ a b c d e f . The History Programs. The American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives. 4 October 1981. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  9. ^ a b c F.R.N. Nabarro and A. S. Argon (1996). "Egon Orowan (1901—1989): A Biographical Memoir" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs [of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences]. Washington D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, National Academies Press. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  10. ^ a b (PDF). AJR Information, May 1947. London: Association of Jewish Refugees in Great Britain (AJR). May 1947. p. 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2015. Four refugees who came to England because of Hitler's anti-Jewish acts... honored recently by an election into the Fellowship of the Royal Society. [...] Dr. Egon Orowan (formerly Technische Hochschule, Berlin), Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge; ...
  11. ^ Orowan, E. (1934). "Zur Kristallplastizität. III". Zeitschrift für Physik. 89 (9–10): 634–659. Bibcode:1934ZPhy...89..634O. doi:10.1007/BF01341480. S2CID 186223160.
  12. ^ "Budapest Native Named New Professor at MIT". Concord Monitor. Concord, New Hampshire. 29 June 1950. p. 1. Retrieved 14 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ "Dr. Orowan Named Professor at M.I.T." The Boston Globe. 15 June 1951. p. 26. Retrieved 14 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ F.R.N. Nabarro and A. S. Argon (1995). "Egon Orowan. 2 August 1901 — 3 August 1989. Elected F.R.S. 1947". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 41. London: The Royal Society: 316. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1995.0020. S2CID 73197170.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Nabarro, F.R.N. and Argon, A. S. "Egon Orowan. 1901—1989: A Biographical Memoir". Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 1996. p. 309.
  16. ^ "At Lehigh Dinner: Rheology Society Honors Massachusetts Engineer". The Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. 6 November 1959. p. 8. Retrieved 14 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ "Engineer Education Unit Elects State Professor". The Bridgeport Post. Bridgeport, Connecticut. 17 October 1971. p. 2. Retrieved 14 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^ Nabarro, F.R.N. and Argon, A. S. "Egon Orowan. 1901—1989: A Biographical Memoir". Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 1996. p. 310.

External links edit

  • Nabarro, F.R.N. and Argon, A. S. "Egon Orowan. 1901—1989: A Biographical Memoir". Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 1996.
  • Interview with Dr. Egon Orowan in 1981 8 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Dr. Orowan speaks about his professional life. Transcript of interview tapes.
  • Kovács László. Orován Egon szilárdtestfizikus születésének centenáriumán. Magyar Tudomány, 2002/3 372.

January 01, 1970
egon, orowan, hungarian, orován, egon, august, 1902, august, 1989, hungarian, british, physicist, metallurgist, introducing, crystal, dislocation, into, physics, understanding, materials, plastically, deform, under, stress, according, györgy, marx, martians, g. Egon Orowan FRS Hungarian Orovan Egon August 2 1902 August 3 1989 was a Hungarian British physicist and metallurgist 1 2 3 He was key in introducing crystal dislocation into physics and understanding of how materials plastically deform under stress 3 4 According to Gyorgy Marx he was one of The Martians a group of Jews born in Pest between 1890 and 1910 who shaped the 20th century s technology after moving to the West 5 6 Solvay Conference on Physics in Brussels 1951 Left to right sitting Crussaro N P Allen Cauchois Borelius Bragg Moller Sietz Hollomon Frank middle row Rathenau nl Koster Rudberg sv Flamache Goche Groven Orowan Burgers Shockley Guinier C S Smith Dehlinger Laval Henriot top row Gaspart Lomer Cottrell Homes Curien Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Honors 4 Personal life 5 Selected publications 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksEarly life editOrowan was born in the obuda district of Budapest in 1902 3 7 4 His parents were Josze Josephine Spitzer Sagvari and Berthold Orowan a mechanical engineer and factory manager 3 7 He attended the Staatsobergymnasium Main Gimnazium in District 9 of Budapest graduating from high school in June 1920 7 3 In 1920 he went to the University of Vienna where he studied chemistry mathematics astronomy and physics for two years 7 8 After six months of mandatory apprenticeship done home in Hungary he was admitted to the Technical University of Berlin where he studied mechanical and then electrical engineering 8 Eventually he started his experiments in physics where he became the assistant of Professor Richard Becker in 1928 8 7 He completed his master s in 1928 and his doctorate of engineering in 1933 on the fracture of mica 9 7 Soon after Hitler s rise to power in 1933 Orowan who was of Jewish descent left his studies and career in Berlin and returned to Hungary 10 3 7 Career editIn 1934 Orowan wrote his famous paper on dislocations He had been doing the experiments while still in Berlin which supported the theory put forward in Becker s 1925 paper 8 In 1934 Orowan 11 roughly contemporarily with G I Taylor and Michael Polanyi realized that the plastic deformation of ductile materials could be explained in terms of the theory of dislocations developed by Vito Volterra in 1905 Though the discovery was neglected until after World War II it was critical in developing the modern science of solid mechanics In Hungary he seemed to have experienced some difficulty in finding immediate employment and spent the next few years living with his mother and ruminating on his doctoral research 9 7 From 1936 to 1939 he worked for the Tungsram light bulbs manufacturer where with the help of Mihaly Michael Polanyi he developed a new process for the extraction of krypton from the air 9 8 In 1937 aware of the imminence of war Orowan accepted the invitation of Rudolf Peierls and moved to the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom where they worked together on the theory of fatigue 8 7 In 1939 he moved to the Cavendish Laboritory at University of Cambridge where William Lawrence Bragg inspired his interest in x ray diffraction 7 He worked on structural problems on merchant marine ships 7 During World War II he worked on problems of munitions production particularly that of plastic flow during rolling In 1944 he was central to the reappraisal of the causes of the loss of many Liberty ships during the war identifying the critical issues of the notch sensitivity of poor quality welds and the aggravating effects of the extremely low temperatures of the North Atlantic In June 1950 he became a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he headed its materials division and conducted research on solid state materials 12 7 He became the George Westinghouse professor of mechanical engineering at MIT 13 Later his research interests expanded to include geology 7 He was a visiting professor at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1962 the Boeing Scientific Research Laboratory for a year in 1965 1977 and at the University of Pittsburgh in 1972 7 Orowan retired in 1968 2 After his retirement he researched and wrote about economic stability in Western society coming up with the term socionomy 7 He also studied the Arab historian Ibn Khaldun 7 Honors editFellow of the Royal Society 1947 14 10 7 Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1951 15 Bingham Medal of the Society of Rheology 1959 16 Honorary doctor of engineering degree from the Technical University of Berlin 1965 15 Gauss Medal of the Braunschweiger Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft 1968 15 Member of the National Academy of Sciences 1969 2 15 7 Vincent Bendix Gold Medal of the American Society for Engineering Education 1971 17 15 Corresponding member of the Gottingen Academy of Sciences 1972 15 Paul Bergse Medal of the Danish Metallurgical Society 1973 2 The Acta Metallurgica Gold Medal 1985 15 Personal life editOn January 20 1941 Orowan married Joan Schonfeld a pianist who studied at the Budapest Academy of Music 3 7 They met in Budapest but were not romantically involved until meeting again in England where she was a refugee from Germany 3 They had one daughter Susan K nee Orowan Martin 18 4 Orowan died at the age of 87 on August 3 1989 in the Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge Massachusetts 2 4 He was buried in the Mount Auburn Cemetery 3 Selected publications edit Zur Temperaturabhangigkeit der Kristallplastizitat Zeitschrift fur Physikysik vol 102 1936 112 118 The Rate of Plastic Flow as a Function of Temperature Proceedings of the Royal Society vol A168 1938 307 310 Problems of Plastic Gliding Proceedings of the Physical Society vol 52 1940 8 22 Origin and Spacing of Slip Bands Nature vol 147 1941 452 454 A New Method in X ray Crystallography Nature vol 149 1942 355 356 The Fatigue of Glass Under Stress Nature vol 154 1944 341 343 Fracture and Notch Brittleness in Ductile Materials in Brittle Fracture in Mild Steel Plates British Iron and Steel Research Association Part 5 1945 69 78 Creep in Metallic and Non metallic Materials Proceeding of the First U S National Congress of Applied Mechanics New York ASME 1953 pp 453 472 Condition of High Velocity Ductile Fracture Journal of Applied Physics vol 26 1955 900 902 Continental Drift and the Origin of Mountains Science vol 146 1964 1003 1010 Dilatancy and the Seismic Focal Mechanism Reviews of Geophysics vol 4 1966 395 404 The Origin of the Oceanic Ridges Scientific American vol 221 1969 102 119 Surface Energy and Surface Tension in Solids and Liquids Proceeding of the Royal Society vol A316 1970 473 491 See also editThe Martians scientists References edit Levay Julia 20 September 2016 A holografia es a hologramok mimicsoda hu Mi Micsoda a b c d e Engineering Professor Dies The Star Press Muncie Indiana 6 August 1989 p 45 Retrieved 14 December 2023 via Newspapers com a b c d e f g h i Nabarro F R N and Argon A S Egon Orowan 1901 1989 A Biographical Memoir Washington D C National Academies Press 1996 p 261 262 a b c d Egon Orowan 87 Engineering Professor The New York Times 5 August 1989 p 10 Retrieved 14 December 2023 A marslakok legendaja Archived 9 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine Gyorgy Marx Leitner Attila 9 September 2023 The Voice of the Martians The Budapest Times Retrieved 14 December 2023 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Hargittai Istvan Hargittai Balazs 10 March 2023 Brilliance in Exile The Diaspora of Hungarian Scientists from John von Neumann to Katalin Kariko Central European University Press pp 99 103 ISBN 978 963 386 607 8 via Google Books a b c d e f Oral History Transcript Dr Egon Orowan Interview with Dr Egon Orowan by S T Keith in Belmont Massachusetts October 4 1981 The History Programs The American Institute of Physics Niels Bohr Library amp Archives 4 October 1981 Archived from the original on 8 February 2015 Retrieved 7 February 2015 a b c F R N Nabarro and A S Argon 1996 Egon Orowan 1901 1989 A Biographical Memoir PDF Biographical Memoirs of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences Washington D C National Academy of Sciences National Academies Press Retrieved 7 February 2015 a b Personalia PDF AJR Information May 1947 London Association of Jewish Refugees in Great Britain AJR May 1947 p 36 Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 7 February 2015 Four refugees who came to England because of Hitler s anti Jewish acts honored recently by an election into the Fellowship of the Royal Society Dr Egon Orowan formerly Technische Hochschule Berlin Cavendish Laboratory Cambridge Orowan E 1934 Zur Kristallplastizitat III Zeitschrift fur Physik 89 9 10 634 659 Bibcode 1934ZPhy 89 634O doi 10 1007 BF01341480 S2CID 186223160 Budapest Native Named New Professor at MIT Concord Monitor Concord New Hampshire 29 June 1950 p 1 Retrieved 14 December 2023 via Newspapers com Dr Orowan Named Professor at M I T The Boston Globe 15 June 1951 p 26 Retrieved 14 December 2023 via Newspapers com F R N Nabarro and A S Argon 1995 Egon Orowan 2 August 1901 3 August 1989 Elected F R S 1947 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 41 London The Royal Society 316 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1995 0020 S2CID 73197170 a b c d e f g Nabarro F R N and Argon A S Egon Orowan 1901 1989 A Biographical Memoir Washington D C National Academies Press 1996 p 309 At Lehigh Dinner Rheology Society Honors Massachusetts Engineer The Morning Call Allentown Pennsylvania 6 November 1959 p 8 Retrieved 14 December 2023 via Newspapers com Engineer Education Unit Elects State Professor The Bridgeport Post Bridgeport Connecticut 17 October 1971 p 2 Retrieved 14 December 2023 via Newspapers com Nabarro F R N and Argon A S Egon Orowan 1901 1989 A Biographical Memoir Washington D C National Academies Press 1996 p 310 External links editNabarro F R N and Argon A S Egon Orowan 1901 1989 A Biographical Memoir Washington D C National Academies Press 1996 Interview with Dr Egon Orowan in 1981 Archived 8 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine Dr Orowan speaks about his professional life Transcript of interview tapes Kovacs Laszlo Orovan Egon szilardtestfizikus szuletesenek centenariuman Magyar Tudomany 2002 3 372 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Egon Orowan amp oldid 1210750160, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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