East Bengali Refugees are people who left East Bengal following the Partition of Bengal, which was part of the Independence of India and Pakistan in 1947. An overwhelming majority of these refugees and immigrants were Bengali Hindus.[1] During the Bangladesh liberation war with West Pakistan, an estimated ten million people of East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh) fled the country and took refuge in India particularly in the Indian states of West Bengal and Indian North East region, especially Tripura and Assam.[citation needed]
In 1947, Bengal was partitioned into the Indian state of West Bengal and the Pakistani province of East Bengal. East Bengal was later renamed East Pakistan, which subsequently broke away from Pakistan to form the independent country of Bangladesh. Most of Sylhet district in Assam also joined East Bengal and subsequently became part of East Pakistan. East Bengal was the area of agricultural growth whereas West Bengal was meant for industrial development.
Settlement
The majority of East Bengali refugees settled in the city of Kolkata (Calcutta) and various other towns and rural areas of West Bengal, but a significant number also moved to the Barak Valley of Assam and the princely state of Tripura which eventually joined India in 1949. Around 0.5 million were also settled in other parts of India, including the East Pakistan Displaced Persons' Colony (EPDP) in Delhi (subsequently renamed Chittaranjan Park), Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Chhattisgarh. The estimated 0.5 million Bengalis in Delhi and 0.3 million in Mumbai are also largely East Bengali refugees and their descendants.[2]
Scope
The exact number of refugees has never been officially collected and estimates vary considerably.
In the immediate aftermath of partition, commonly attributed figures suggest around three million East Bengalis migrating to India and 864,000 migrants from India to East Pakistan.[3] Indian government estimates suggest around 2.6 million migrants leaving East Bengal for India and 0.7 million migrants coming to East Pakistan from India.[4]
As per the Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation Department of the Government of West Bengal, the census figures show the number of refugees from East Pakistan in 1971 was nearly 6 million (60 lakhs) and in 1981, the number was assessed at 8 million (80 lakhs).[5] A district-wise break-up in 1971, shows the main thrust of the refugee influx was on 24-Parganas (22.3% of the total refugees), Nadia (20.3%), Bankura (19.1%) and Kolkata (12.9%).[6]
Further migration
1950s
In 1950, it is estimated that a further one million refugees crossed into West Bengal, particularly in the aftermath of 1950 Barisal riots and Noakhali riots.[7] The 1951 Census of India recorded that 27% of Kolkata's population was East Bengali refugees mainly Hindu Bengalis and they contributed the economic growth of Kolkata in various fields. Millions of Hindus particularly Bengali speaking from East Pakistan took refuge in India's various states, mainly West Bengal. A number estimated that around 3.2 lakhs Hindus from East Pakistan migrated mainly to Kolkata and various rural areas and towns of West Bengal during 1947.[8]
1960s
Migration continued, primarily from East Pakistan to India, right up to the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971, both on an ongoing basis and with spikes during periods of particular communal unrest such as the 1964 East Pakistan riots and the 1965 India-Pakistan War, when it is estimated that 600,000 refugees left for India.[7] Estimates of the number of refugees up to 1970 are over five million to West Bengal alone.[9] This includes around 4.1 million coming between 1946 and 1958 and 1.2 million coming between 1959 and 1971.[8]
1970s
Another major influx into India came in 1971 during the Bangladesh Liberation War, when Hindu refugees escaped systematic mass killings, rapes, lootings and arson. It is estimated that around ten million East Bengali refugees entered India during the early months of the war, of whom 1.5 million may have stayed back after Bangladesh became independent.[9]
^US State Department, "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976", Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971", Page 165
^. education.nic.in. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
^Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert L. (September 1988). Bangladesh: A Country Study(PDF). Library of Congress. p. 57.
^Elahi, K M (2003). "Population, Spatial Distribution". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). (First ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008.
^"Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation". Government. Egiye Bangla. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
^Dasgupta, Abhijit. "The Puzzling Numbers: The Politics of Counting Refugees in West Bengal" (PDF). Table 1.2, Page 66. South Asian Refgees Watch, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2000. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
^ abChakravartty, Gargi. . www.weeklyholiday.net. Archived from the original on 6 January 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
^ ab. www.catchcal.com. Archived from the original on 25 September 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
^ ab. www.hinduonnet.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
Further reading
Kudaisya, Gyanesh (2006). "Divided Landscapes, Fragmented Identities: East Bengal Refugees and Their Rehabilitation in India, 1947–79". Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. 17 (1): 24–39. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9493.1996.tb00082.x. ISSN 0129-7619.
Nakatani, Tetsuya (2000), "Away from Home : The Movement and Settlement of Refugees from East Pakistan in West Bengal, India", Journal of the Japanese Association for South Asian Studies, 12: 73–, doi:10.11384/jjasas1989.2000.73
Roy, Haimanti (2013), Partitioned Lives: Migrants, Refugees, Citizens in India and Pakistan, 1947-65, OUP India, ISBN978-0-19-808177-7
February 16, 2024
east, bengali, refugees, east, bengali, refugees, people, left, east, bengal, following, partition, bengal, which, part, independence, india, pakistan, 1947, overwhelming, majority, these, refugees, immigrants, were, bengali, hindus, during, bangladesh, libera. East Bengali Refugees are people who left East Bengal following the Partition of Bengal which was part of the Independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 An overwhelming majority of these refugees and immigrants were Bengali Hindus 1 During the Bangladesh liberation war with West Pakistan an estimated ten million people of East Pakistan present day Bangladesh fled the country and took refuge in India particularly in the Indian states of West Bengal and Indian North East region especially Tripura and Assam citation needed Contents 1 History 2 Settlement 3 Scope 4 Further migration 4 1 1950s 4 2 1960s 4 3 1970s 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingHistoryIn 1947 Bengal was partitioned into the Indian state of West Bengal and the Pakistani province of East Bengal East Bengal was later renamed East Pakistan which subsequently broke away from Pakistan to form the independent country of Bangladesh Most of Sylhet district in Assam also joined East Bengal and subsequently became part of East Pakistan East Bengal was the area of agricultural growth whereas West Bengal was meant for industrial development SettlementThe majority of East Bengali refugees settled in the city of Kolkata Calcutta and various other towns and rural areas of West Bengal but a significant number also moved to the Barak Valley of Assam and the princely state of Tripura which eventually joined India in 1949 Around 0 5 million were also settled in other parts of India including the East Pakistan Displaced Persons Colony EPDP in Delhi subsequently renamed Chittaranjan Park Odisha Madhya Pradesh Bihar and Chhattisgarh The estimated 0 5 million Bengalis in Delhi and 0 3 million in Mumbai are also largely East Bengali refugees and their descendants 2 ScopeThe exact number of refugees has never been officially collected and estimates vary considerably In the immediate aftermath of partition commonly attributed figures suggest around three million East Bengalis migrating to India and 864 000 migrants from India to East Pakistan 3 Indian government estimates suggest around 2 6 million migrants leaving East Bengal for India and 0 7 million migrants coming to East Pakistan from India 4 As per the Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation Department of the Government of West Bengal the census figures show the number of refugees from East Pakistan in 1971 was nearly 6 million 60 lakhs and in 1981 the number was assessed at 8 million 80 lakhs 5 A district wise break up in 1971 shows the main thrust of the refugee influx was on 24 Parganas 22 3 of the total refugees Nadia 20 3 Bankura 19 1 and Kolkata 12 9 6 Further migration1950s In 1950 it is estimated that a further one million refugees crossed into West Bengal particularly in the aftermath of 1950 Barisal riots and Noakhali riots 7 The 1951 Census of India recorded that 27 of Kolkata s population was East Bengali refugees mainly Hindu Bengalis and they contributed the economic growth of Kolkata in various fields Millions of Hindus particularly Bengali speaking from East Pakistan took refuge in India s various states mainly West Bengal A number estimated that around 3 2 lakhs Hindus from East Pakistan migrated mainly to Kolkata and various rural areas and towns of West Bengal during 1947 8 1960s Migration continued primarily from East Pakistan to India right up to the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971 both on an ongoing basis and with spikes during periods of particular communal unrest such as the 1964 East Pakistan riots and the 1965 India Pakistan War when it is estimated that 600 000 refugees left for India 7 Estimates of the number of refugees up to 1970 are over five million to West Bengal alone 9 This includes around 4 1 million coming between 1946 and 1958 and 1 2 million coming between 1959 and 1971 8 1970s Another major influx into India came in 1971 during the Bangladesh Liberation War when Hindu refugees escaped systematic mass killings rapes lootings and arson It is estimated that around ten million East Bengali refugees entered India during the early months of the war of whom 1 5 million may have stayed back after Bangladesh became independent 9 See alsoBangladesh India relations Hinduism in BangladeshReferences US State Department Foreign Relations of the United States 1969 1976 Volume XI South Asia Crisis 1971 Page 165 Dandakaranya Project education nic in Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 Retrieved 4 July 2016 Heitzman James Worden Robert L September 1988 Bangladesh A Country Study PDF Library of Congress p 57 Elahi K M 2003 Population Spatial Distribution In Islam Sirajul Jamal Ahmed A eds Banglapedia National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh First ed Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Archived from the original on 5 October 2008 Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation Government Egiye Bangla Retrieved 20 April 2018 Dasgupta Abhijit The Puzzling Numbers The Politics of Counting Refugees in West Bengal PDF Table 1 2 Page 66 South Asian Refgees Watch Vol 2 No 2 December 2000 Retrieved 20 April 2018 a b Chakravartty Gargi Coming Out of Partition Refugee Women of Bengal www weeklyholiday net Archived from the original on 6 January 2007 Retrieved 4 July 2016 a b The East Bengal Refugees www catchcal com Archived from the original on 25 September 2009 Retrieved 4 July 2016 a b The Hindu A home far from home www hinduonnet com Archived from the original on 5 March 2007 Retrieved 4 July 2016 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Further readingKudaisya Gyanesh 2006 Divided Landscapes Fragmented Identities East Bengal Refugees and Their Rehabilitation in India 1947 79 Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 17 1 24 39 doi 10 1111 j 1467 9493 1996 tb00082 x ISSN 0129 7619 Nakatani Tetsuya 2000 Away from Home The Movement and Settlement of Refugees from East Pakistan in West Bengal India Journal of the Japanese Association for South Asian Studies 12 73 doi 10 11384 jjasas1989 2000 73 Roy Haimanti 2013 Partitioned Lives Migrants Refugees Citizens in India and Pakistan 1947 65 OUP India ISBN 978 0 19 808177 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title East Bengali refugees amp oldid 1182988013, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
