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Kingdom of East Anglia

The Kingdom of the East Angles (Old English: Ēastengla Rīċe; Latin: Regnum Orientalium Anglorum), formally known as the Kingdom of East Anglia, was a small independent kingdom of the Angles during the Anglo-Saxon period comprising what are now the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk and perhaps the eastern part of the Fens,[1] the area still known as East Anglia.

Kingdom of the East Angles
Old English: Ēastengla Rīċe
Latin: Regnum Orientalium Anglorum
6th century-917
A map of East Anglia c. 650
StatusIndependent (6th century-794; 796-c. 799; 825-869)
Client state of Mercia (794-796; c. 799-825)
Part of the Danelaw (869-917)
Official languages
Religion
Anglo-Saxon paganism (before 7th century)
Christianity (after 7th century)
History 
• Established
6th century
• Annexed by the Kingdom of Wessex
917
Preceded by
Succeeded by

The kingdom formed in the 6th century in the wake of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain and was one of the kingdoms of the Heptarchy. It was ruled by the Wuffingas dynasty in the 7th and 8th centuries, but the territory was taken by Offa of Mercia in 794. Mercia control lapsed briefly following the death of Offa but was reestablished. The Danish Great Heathen Army landed in East Anglia in 865, after taking York it returned to East Anglia, killing King Edmund ("the Martyr") and making it Danish land in 869. After Alfred the Great forced a treaty with the Danes, East Anglia was left as part of the Danelaw.

It was taken back from Danish control by Edward the Elder and incorporated into the Kingdom of Wessex in 917.

History edit

The Kingdom of East Anglia was organised in the first or second quarter of the 6th century, with Wehha listed as the first king of the East Angles, followed by Wuffa.[1] The Anglo-Saxon genealogy for East Angles gives Wehha as descended from Woden via Caesar.

Until 749 the kings of East Anglia were Wuffingas, named after the semi-historical Wuffa. During the early 7th century under Rædwald of East Anglia, it was a powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Rædwald, the first East Anglian king to be baptised a Christian, is seen by many scholars to be the person buried within (or commemorated by) the ship burial at Sutton Hoo, near Woodbridge. During the decades that followed his death in about 624, East Anglia became increasingly dominated by the kingdom of Mercia. Several of Rædwald's successors were killed in battle, such as Sigeberht, under whose rule and with the guidance of his bishop, Felix of Burgundy, Christianity was firmly established.[citation needed]

From the death of Æthelberht II by the Mercians in 794 until 825, East Anglia ceased to be an independent kingdom, apart from a brief reassertion under Eadwald in 796. It survived until 869, when the Vikings defeated the East Anglians in battle and their king, Edmund the Martyr, was killed. After 879, the Vikings settled permanently in East Anglia. In 903 the exiled Æthelwold ætheling induced the East Anglian Danes to wage a disastrous war on his cousin Edward the Elder. By 918, after a succession of Danish defeats, East Anglia submitted to Edward and was incorporated into the Kingdom of Wessex.

Settlement edit

East Anglia was settled by the Anglo-Saxons earlier than many other regions, possibly at the start of the 5th century.[2] It emerged from the political consolidation of the Angles in the approximate area of the former territory of the Iceni and the Roman civitas, with its centre at Venta Icenorum, close to Caistor St Edmund.[3] The region that was to become East Anglia seems to have been depopulated to some extent around the 4th century. Ken Dark writes that "in this area at least, and possibly more widely in eastern Britain, large tracts of land appear to have been deserted in the late 4th century, possibly including whole 'small towns' and villages. This does not seem to be a localised change in settlement location, size or character but genuine desertion."[4]

According to Bede, the East Angles (and the Middle Angles, Mercians and Northumbrians) were descended from natives of Angeln (now in modern Germany).[5] The first reference to the East Angles is from about 704–713, in the Whitby Life of St Gregory.[6] While the archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that a large-scale migration and settlement of the region by continental Germanic speakers occurred,[7] it has been questioned whether all of the migrants self-identified as Angles.[8][9]

The East Angles formed one of seven kingdoms known to post-medieval historians as the Heptarchy, a scheme used by Henry of Huntingdon in the 12th century. Some modern historians have questioned whether the seven ever existed contemporaneously and claim the political situation was far more complicated.[10]

Pagan rule edit

 
The golden belt buckle from the Sutton Hoo ship-burial

The East Angles were initially ruled by the pagan Wuffingas dynasty, apparently named after an early king Wuffa, although his name may be a back-creation from the name of the dynasty, which means "descendants of the wolf".[3] An indispensable source on the early history of the kingdom and its rulers is Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People,[a] but he provided little on the chronology of the East Anglian kings or the length of their reigns.[12] Nothing is known of the earliest kings, or how the kingdom was organised, although a possible centre of royal power is the concentration of ship-burials at Snape and Sutton Hoo in eastern Suffolk. The "North Folk" and "South Folk" may have existed before the arrival of the first East Anglian kings.[13]

The most powerful of the Wuffingas kings was Rædwald, "son of Tytil, whose father was Wuffa",[3] according to the Ecclesiastical History. For a brief period in the early 7th century, whilst Rædwald ruled, East Anglia was among the most powerful kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England: he was described by Bede as the overlord of the kingdoms south of the Humber.[14] and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle identifies him as Bretwalda. In 616, he had been strong enough to defeat and kill the Northumbrian king Æthelfrith at the Battle of the River Idle and enthrone Edwin of Northumbria.[15] He was probably the individual honoured by the sumptuous ship burial at Sutton Hoo.[16] It has been suggested by Blair, on the strength of parallels between some objects found under Mound 1 at Sutton Hoo and those discovered at Vendel in Sweden, that the Wuffingas may have been descendants of an eastern Swedish royal family. However, the items previously thought to have come from Sweden are now believed to have been made in England, and it seems less likely that the Wuffingas were of Swedish origin.[13]

 
The Heptarchy, according to Bartholomew's A literary & historical atlas of Europe (1914)

Christianisation edit

Anglo-Saxon Christianity became established in the 7th century. The extent to which paganism was displaced is exemplified by a lack of any East Anglian settlement named after the old gods.[17]

In 604, Rædwald became the first East Anglian king to be baptised. He maintained a Christian altar, but at the same time continued to worship pagan gods.[18] From 616, when pagan monarchs briefly returned in Kent and Essex, East Anglia until Rædwald's death was the only Anglo-Saxon kingdom with a reigning baptised king. On his death in around 624, he was succeeded by his son Eorpwald, who was soon afterwards converted from paganism under the influence of Edwin,[3] but his new religion was evidently opposed in East Anglia and Eorpwald met his death at the hands of a pagan, Ricberht. After three years of apostasy, Christianity prevailed with the accession of Eorpwald's brother (or step-brother) Sigeberht, who had been baptised during his exile in Francia.[19] Sigeberht oversaw the establishment of the first East Anglian see for Felix of Burgundy at Dommoc, probably Dunwich.[20] He later abdicated in favour of his brother Ecgric and retired to a monastery.[21]

The three daughters of Anna of East Anglia, Æthelthryth, Wendreda, Seaxburh of Ely, are associated with the founding of abbeys.

Mercian aggression edit

The eminence of East Anglia under Rædwald fell victim to the rising power of Penda of Mercia and successors. From the mid-7th to early 9th centuries Mercian power grew, until a vast region from the Thames to the Humber, including East Anglia and the south-east, came under Mercian hegemony.[22] In the early 640s, Penda defeated and killed both Ecgric and Sigeberht,[18] who, having retired to religious life was later venerated as a saint.[23] Ecgric's successor Anna and Anna's son Jurmin were killed in 654 at the Battle of Bulcamp, near Blythburgh.[24] Freed from Anna's challenge, Penda subjected East Anglia to the Mercians.[25] In 655 Æthelhere of East Anglia joined Penda in a campaign against Oswiu that ended in a massive Mercian defeat at the Battle of the Winwaed, where Penda and his ally Æthelhere were killed.[26]

The last Wuffingas king was Ælfwald, who died in 749.[27] During the late 7th and 8th centuries East Anglia continued to be overshadowed by Mercian hegemony until, in 794, Offa of Mercia had the East Anglian king Æthelberht executed and then took control of the kingdom for himself.[28] A brief revival of East Anglian independence under Eadwald, after Offa's death in 796, was suppressed by the new Mercian king, Coenwulf.[29]

East Anglian independence was restored by a rebellion against Mercia led by Æthelstan in 825. Beornwulf of Mercia's attempt to restore Mercian control resulted in his defeat and death, and his successor Ludeca met the same end in 827. The East Angles appealed to Egbert of Wessex for protection against the Mercians and Æthelstan then acknowledged Egbert as his overlord. Whilst Wessex took control of the south-eastern kingdoms absorbed by Mercia in the 8th century, East Anglia could retain its independence.[30]

Viking attacks and eventual settlement edit

 
England in 878, when East Anglia was ruled by Guthrum

In 865, East Anglia was invaded by the Danish Great Heathen Army, which occupied winter quarters and secured horses before departing for Northumbria.[31] The Danes returned in 869 to winter at Thetford, before being attacked by the forces of Edmund of East Anglia, who was defeated and killed at Hægelisdun[b] and then buried at Beodericsworth. Following his death Edmund became known as 'the Martyr' and venerated as patron saint and the town of Bury St Edmunds was established there.

From then on East Anglia effectively ceased to be an independent kingdom. Having defeated the East Angles, the Danes installed puppet-kings to govern on their behalf, while they resumed their campaigns against Mercia and Wessex.[34] In 878 the last active portion of the Great Heathen Army was defeated by Alfred the Great and withdrew from Wessex after making peace and agreeing that the Danes would treat the Christians equally. The treaty between Alfred and Guthrum acknowledged the latter's landholdings in East Anglia. In 880 the Vikings returned to East Anglia under Guthrum, who according to the medieval historian Pauline Stafford, "swiftly adapted to territorial kingship and its trappings, including the minting of coins."[35]

Along with the traditional territory of East Anglia, Cambridgeshire and parts of Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, Guthrum's kingdom probably included Essex, the one portion of Wessex to come under Danish control.[36] A peace treaty was made between Alfred and Guthrum sometime in the 880s.[37]

Under Scandinavian control, there are settlements in East Anglia which have names with Old Norse elements, e.g. '-thorp', '-by'

Absorption into the Kingdom of Wessex edit

In the early 10th century, the East Anglian Danes came under increasing pressure from Edward, King of Wessex. In 901, Edward's cousin Æthelwold ætheling,[c] having been driven into exile after an unsuccessful bid for the throne, arrived in Essex after a stay in Northumbria. He was apparently accepted as king by some or all Danes in England and induced the East Anglian Danes to wage war on Edward in Mercia and Wessex. This ended in disaster with the death of Æthelwold and of Eohric of East Anglia in battle in December 902.[38]

In 911–917 Edward expanded his control over the rest of England south of the Humber, establishing in Essex and Mercia burhs, often designed to control the use of a river by the Danes.[39] In 917, the Danish position in the area suddenly collapsed. A rapid succession of defeats culminated in the loss of the territories of Northampton and Huntingdon, along with the rest of Essex: a Danish king, probably from East Anglia, was killed at Tempsford. Despite reinforcement from overseas, the Danish counter-attacks were crushed, and after the defection of many of their English subjects as Edward's army advanced, the Danes of East Anglia and of Cambridge capitulated.[40]

East Anglia was absorbed into the Kingdom of Wessex in 917. Norfolk and Suffolk became part of a new earldom of East Anglia in 1017, when Thorkell the Tall was made earl by Cnut the Great.[41] The restored ecclesiastical structure saw two former East Anglian bishoprics (Elmham and Dunwich) replaced by a single one at North Elmham.[3]

Old East Anglian dialect edit

The East Angles spoke Old English. Their language is historically important, as they were among the first Germanic settlers to arrive in Britain during the 5th century: according to Kortmann and Schneider, East Anglia "can seriously claim to be the first place in the world where English was spoken."[42]

The evidence for dialects in Old English comes from the study of texts, place-names, personal names and coins.[43] A. H. Smith was the first to recognise the existence of a separate Old East Anglian dialect, in addition to the recognised dialects of Northumbrian, Mercian, West Saxon and Kentish. He acknowledged that his proposal for such a dialect was tentative, acknowledging that "the linguistic boundaries of the original dialects could not have enjoyed prolonged stability."[44] As no East Anglian manuscripts, Old English inscriptions or literary records such as charters have survived, there is little evidence to support the existence of such a dialect. According to a study by Von Feilitzen in the 1930s, the recording of many place-names in Domesday Book was "ultimately based on the evidence of local juries" and so the spoken form of Anglo-Saxon places and people was partly preserved in this way.[45] Evidence from Domesday Book and later sources suggests that a dialect boundary once existed, corresponding with a line that separates from their neighbours the English counties of Cambridgeshire (including the once sparsely-inhabited Fens), Norfolk and Suffolk.[46]

Geography edit

 
A physical map of Eastern England

The kingdom of the East Angles bordered the North Sea to the north and the east, with the River Stour historically dividing it from the East Saxons to the south. The North Sea provided a "thriving maritime link to Scandinavia and the northern reaches of Germany", according to the historian Richard Hoggett. The port of Ipswich (Gipeswic) was established in 7th century.

The kingdom's western boundary varied from the rivers Ouse, Lark and Kennett to further westwards, as far as the Cam in what is now Cambridgeshire. At its greatest extent, the kingdom comprised the modern-day counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and parts of eastern Cambridgeshire.[47]

Erosion on the eastern border and deposition on the north coast altered the East Anglian coastline in Roman and Anglo-Saxon times (and continues to do so). In the latter, the sea flooded the low-lying Fens. As sea levels fell alluvium was deposited near major river estuaries and the "Great Estuary" (which the Saxon Shore forts at Burgh Castle and Caister had guarded) became closed off by a large spit of land.[48]

Sources edit

No East Anglian charters (and few other documents) have survived, while the medieval chronicles that refer to the East Angles are treated with great caution by scholars. So few records from the Kingdom of the East Angles have survived because of a complete destruction of the kingdom's monasteries and disappearance of the two East Anglian sees as a result of Viking raids and settlement.[49] The main documentary source for the early period is Bede's 8th-century Ecclesiastical History of the English People. East Anglia is first mentioned as a distinct political unit in the Tribal Hidage, thought to have been compiled somewhere in England during the 7th century.[50]

Anglo-Saxon sources that include information about the East Angles or events relating to the kingdom:[51]

Post-Norman sources (of variable historical validity):

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ See Hoggett, 2010, pp. 24–27, for a detailed discussion of Bede's original sources and an account of the events in East Anglia that he refers to in the Ecclesiastical History.[11]
  2. ^ identified variously as Bradfield St Clare in 983, Hellesdon in Norfolk (documented as Hægelisdun c. 985) or Hoxne in Suffolk,[32] and now with Maldon in Essex.[3][27][33]
  3. ^ Ætheling was a title for a prince of the royal family who was eligible to become king

References edit

  1. ^ a b   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "East Anglia". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  2. ^ Catherine Hills, The Anglo-Saxon migration to Britain: an archaeological perspective (2016)
  3. ^ a b c d e f Higham, N. J. (1999). "East Anglia, Kingdom of". In M. Lapidge; et al. (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. London: Blackwell. pp. 154–155. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.
  4. ^ Dark, Ken R. "Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the 4th to 6th centuries AD" (PDF).
  5. ^ Warner, 1996, p. 61.
  6. ^ Kirby, p. 20.
  7. ^ Coates, Richard (1 May 2017), "Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English", Namenkundliche Informationen, German Society for Name Research: 147–173, doi:10.58938/ni576, ISSN 0943-0849
  8. ^ Toby F. Martin, The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo-Saxon England, Boydell and Brewer Press (2015), pp. 174-178
  9. ^ Hills, Catherine (2015), "The Anglo-Saxon Migration: An Archaeological Case Study of Disruption", in Baker, Brenda J.; Tsuda, Takeyuki (eds.), Migrations and Disruptions, University Press of Florida, pp. 45–48, doi:10.2307/j.ctvx0703w, JSTOR j.ctvx0703w
  10. ^ Kirby, 2000, p. 4.
  11. ^ Hoggett, East Anglian Conversion, pp. 24–27.
  12. ^ Yorke, 2002, p. 58.
  13. ^ a b Yorke, 2002, p. 61.
  14. ^ Kirby, 2000, p. 54.
  15. ^ Kirby, 2000, p. 52.
  16. ^ Kirby, 2000, p. 55.
  17. ^ Hoops, Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Volume 24, p. 68.
  18. ^ a b Yorke, 2002, p. 62.
  19. ^ Kirby, 2000, p. 66.
  20. ^ Warner, 1996, p. 109.
  21. ^ Warner, 1996, p. 84.
  22. ^ Brown and Farr, 2001, pp. 2 and 4.
  23. ^ Baring-Gould, Sabine (1897). The Lives of the Saints. Vol. 12. p. 712 – via Internet Archive.
  24. ^ Warner, The Origins of Suffolk, p. 142.
  25. ^ Yorke, 2002, p. 63.
  26. ^ Kirby, 2000, pp. 78–79.
  27. ^ a b Hoops, Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Volume 6, p. 328.
  28. ^ Brown and Farr, 2001, p. 215.
  29. ^ Brown and Farr, 2001, p. 310.
  30. ^ Brown and Farr, 2001, pp. 222 and 313.
  31. ^ Kirby, 2000, p. 173.
  32. ^ . Hidden East Anglia. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  33. ^ Briggs, Keith (2011). "Was Hægelisdun in Essex? A new site for the martyrdom of Edmund". Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History. XLII: 277–291.
  34. ^ Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard D.; Pedersen, Frederik (2005). Viking Empires. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-521-82992-2.
  35. ^ Stafford, A Companion to the early Middle Ages, p. 205.
  36. ^ Hunter Blair, Peter; Keynes, Simon (2003). An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-521-29219-1.
  37. ^ Lavelle, Ryan (2010). Alfred's wars: sources and interpretations of Anglo-Saxon warfare in the Viking Age. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-1-84383-569-1.
  38. ^ Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 321–322.
  39. ^ Wilson, David Mackenzie (1976). The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England. London: Methuen & Co Ltd. pp. 135–6. ISBN 978-0-416-15090-2.
  40. ^ Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 328.
  41. ^ Harper-Bill, Christopher; Van Houts, Elisabeth (2002). A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-84383-341-3.
  42. ^ Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English: a Multimedia Reference Tool. Vol. 1 Phonology. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 163. ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5.
  43. ^ Fisiak, 2001, p. 22.
  44. ^ Fisiak, 2001, pp. 19–20.
  45. ^ Fisiak, 2001, pp. 22–23.
  46. ^ Fisiak, 2001, p. 27.
  47. ^ Hoggett, 2010, pp. 1–2.
  48. ^ Hoggett, 2010, p. 2.
  49. ^ Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England, p. 58.
  50. ^ Carver, The Age of Sutton Hoo, p. 3.
  51. ^ Carver, Age of Sutton Hoo, pp. 4–5.
  52. ^ Kirby, 2000, p. 11.

Bibliography edit

Further reading edit

  • Grossi, Joseph (2021). Angles on a Kingdom: East Anglian Identities from Bede to Ælfric. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-14875-0-573-8.
  • Metcalf, D. M. (2000). "Determining the mint-attribution of East Anglian Sceattas through regression analysis" (PDF). British Numismatic Journal. 70: 1–11.
  • Whitelock, Dorothy (1972). "The pre-Viking age church in East Anglia". Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge University Press. 1: 1–22. doi:10.1017/S0263675100000053. JSTOR 44510584. S2CID 161209303.

52°30′N 01°00′E / 52.500°N 1.000°E / 52.500; 1.000

kingdom, east, anglia, kingdom, east, angles, english, Ēastengla, rīċe, latin, regnum, orientalium, anglorum, formally, known, small, independent, kingdom, angles, during, anglo, saxon, period, comprising, what, english, counties, norfolk, suffolk, perhaps, ea. The Kingdom of the East Angles Old English Eastengla Riċe Latin Regnum Orientalium Anglorum formally known as the Kingdom of East Anglia was a small independent kingdom of the Angles during the Anglo Saxon period comprising what are now the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk and perhaps the eastern part of the Fens 1 the area still known as East Anglia Kingdom of the East AnglesOld English Eastengla RiċeLatin Regnum Orientalium Anglorum6th century 917A map of East Anglia c 650StatusIndependent 6th century 794 796 c 799 825 869 Client state of Mercia 794 796 c 799 825 Part of the Danelaw 869 917 Official languagesOld EnglishOld Norse during Danish rule ReligionAnglo Saxon paganism before 7th century Christianity after 7th century History Established6th century Annexed by the Kingdom of Wessex917Preceded by Succeeded bySub Roman Britain WessexThe kingdom formed in the 6th century in the wake of the Anglo Saxon settlement of Britain and was one of the kingdoms of the Heptarchy It was ruled by the Wuffingas dynasty in the 7th and 8th centuries but the territory was taken by Offa of Mercia in 794 Mercia control lapsed briefly following the death of Offa but was reestablished The Danish Great Heathen Army landed in East Anglia in 865 after taking York it returned to East Anglia killing King Edmund the Martyr and making it Danish land in 869 After Alfred the Great forced a treaty with the Danes East Anglia was left as part of the Danelaw It was taken back from Danish control by Edward the Elder and incorporated into the Kingdom of Wessex in 917 Contents 1 History 1 1 Settlement 1 2 Pagan rule 1 3 Christianisation 1 4 Mercian aggression 1 5 Viking attacks and eventual settlement 1 6 Absorption into the Kingdom of Wessex 2 Old East Anglian dialect 3 Geography 4 Sources 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further readingHistory editThe Kingdom of East Anglia was organised in the first or second quarter of the 6th century with Wehha listed as the first king of the East Angles followed by Wuffa 1 The Anglo Saxon genealogy for East Angles gives Wehha as descended from Woden via Caesar Until 749 the kings of East Anglia were Wuffingas named after the semi historical Wuffa During the early 7th century under Raedwald of East Anglia it was a powerful Anglo Saxon kingdom Raedwald the first East Anglian king to be baptised a Christian is seen by many scholars to be the person buried within or commemorated by the ship burial at Sutton Hoo near Woodbridge During the decades that followed his death in about 624 East Anglia became increasingly dominated by the kingdom of Mercia Several of Raedwald s successors were killed in battle such as Sigeberht under whose rule and with the guidance of his bishop Felix of Burgundy Christianity was firmly established citation needed From the death of AEthelberht II by the Mercians in 794 until 825 East Anglia ceased to be an independent kingdom apart from a brief reassertion under Eadwald in 796 It survived until 869 when the Vikings defeated the East Anglians in battle and their king Edmund the Martyr was killed After 879 the Vikings settled permanently in East Anglia In 903 the exiled AEthelwold aetheling induced the East Anglian Danes to wage a disastrous war on his cousin Edward the Elder By 918 after a succession of Danish defeats East Anglia submitted to Edward and was incorporated into the Kingdom of Wessex Settlement edit East Anglia was settled by the Anglo Saxons earlier than many other regions possibly at the start of the 5th century 2 It emerged from the political consolidation of the Angles in the approximate area of the former territory of the Iceni and the Roman civitas with its centre at Venta Icenorum close to Caistor St Edmund 3 The region that was to become East Anglia seems to have been depopulated to some extent around the 4th century Ken Dark writes that in this area at least and possibly more widely in eastern Britain large tracts of land appear to have been deserted in the late 4th century possibly including whole small towns and villages This does not seem to be a localised change in settlement location size or character but genuine desertion 4 According to Bede the East Angles and the Middle Angles Mercians and Northumbrians were descended from natives of Angeln now in modern Germany 5 The first reference to the East Angles is from about 704 713 in the Whitby Life of St Gregory 6 While the archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that a large scale migration and settlement of the region by continental Germanic speakers occurred 7 it has been questioned whether all of the migrants self identified as Angles 8 9 The East Angles formed one of seven kingdoms known to post medieval historians as the Heptarchy a scheme used by Henry of Huntingdon in the 12th century Some modern historians have questioned whether the seven ever existed contemporaneously and claim the political situation was far more complicated 10 Pagan rule edit nbsp The golden belt buckle from the Sutton Hoo ship burialThe East Angles were initially ruled by the pagan Wuffingas dynasty apparently named after an early king Wuffa although his name may be a back creation from the name of the dynasty which means descendants of the wolf 3 An indispensable source on the early history of the kingdom and its rulers is Bede s Ecclesiastical History of the English People a but he provided little on the chronology of the East Anglian kings or the length of their reigns 12 Nothing is known of the earliest kings or how the kingdom was organised although a possible centre of royal power is the concentration of ship burials at Snape and Sutton Hoo in eastern Suffolk The North Folk and South Folk may have existed before the arrival of the first East Anglian kings 13 The most powerful of the Wuffingas kings was Raedwald son of Tytil whose father was Wuffa 3 according to the Ecclesiastical History For a brief period in the early 7th century whilst Raedwald ruled East Anglia was among the most powerful kingdoms in Anglo Saxon England he was described by Bede as the overlord of the kingdoms south of the Humber 14 and the Anglo Saxon Chronicle identifies him as Bretwalda In 616 he had been strong enough to defeat and kill the Northumbrian king AEthelfrith at the Battle of the River Idle and enthrone Edwin of Northumbria 15 He was probably the individual honoured by the sumptuous ship burial at Sutton Hoo 16 It has been suggested by Blair on the strength of parallels between some objects found under Mound 1 at Sutton Hoo and those discovered at Vendel in Sweden that the Wuffingas may have been descendants of an eastern Swedish royal family However the items previously thought to have come from Sweden are now believed to have been made in England and it seems less likely that the Wuffingas were of Swedish origin 13 nbsp The Heptarchy according to Bartholomew s A literary amp historical atlas of Europe 1914 Christianisation edit Main article Christianisation of Anglo Saxon England Anglo Saxon Christianity became established in the 7th century The extent to which paganism was displaced is exemplified by a lack of any East Anglian settlement named after the old gods 17 In 604 Raedwald became the first East Anglian king to be baptised He maintained a Christian altar but at the same time continued to worship pagan gods 18 From 616 when pagan monarchs briefly returned in Kent and Essex East Anglia until Raedwald s death was the only Anglo Saxon kingdom with a reigning baptised king On his death in around 624 he was succeeded by his son Eorpwald who was soon afterwards converted from paganism under the influence of Edwin 3 but his new religion was evidently opposed in East Anglia and Eorpwald met his death at the hands of a pagan Ricberht After three years of apostasy Christianity prevailed with the accession of Eorpwald s brother or step brother Sigeberht who had been baptised during his exile in Francia 19 Sigeberht oversaw the establishment of the first East Anglian see for Felix of Burgundy at Dommoc probably Dunwich 20 He later abdicated in favour of his brother Ecgric and retired to a monastery 21 The three daughters of Anna of East Anglia AEthelthryth Wendreda Seaxburh of Ely are associated with the founding of abbeys Mercian aggression edit The eminence of East Anglia under Raedwald fell victim to the rising power of Penda of Mercia and successors From the mid 7th to early 9th centuries Mercian power grew until a vast region from the Thames to the Humber including East Anglia and the south east came under Mercian hegemony 22 In the early 640s Penda defeated and killed both Ecgric and Sigeberht 18 who having retired to religious life was later venerated as a saint 23 Ecgric s successor Anna and Anna s son Jurmin were killed in 654 at the Battle of Bulcamp near Blythburgh 24 Freed from Anna s challenge Penda subjected East Anglia to the Mercians 25 In 655 AEthelhere of East Anglia joined Penda in a campaign against Oswiu that ended in a massive Mercian defeat at the Battle of the Winwaed where Penda and his ally AEthelhere were killed 26 The last Wuffingas king was AElfwald who died in 749 27 During the late 7th and 8th centuries East Anglia continued to be overshadowed by Mercian hegemony until in 794 Offa of Mercia had the East Anglian king AEthelberht executed and then took control of the kingdom for himself 28 A brief revival of East Anglian independence under Eadwald after Offa s death in 796 was suppressed by the new Mercian king Coenwulf 29 East Anglian independence was restored by a rebellion against Mercia led by AEthelstan in 825 Beornwulf of Mercia s attempt to restore Mercian control resulted in his defeat and death and his successor Ludeca met the same end in 827 The East Angles appealed to Egbert of Wessex for protection against the Mercians and AEthelstan then acknowledged Egbert as his overlord Whilst Wessex took control of the south eastern kingdoms absorbed by Mercia in the 8th century East Anglia could retain its independence 30 Viking attacks and eventual settlement edit nbsp England in 878 when East Anglia was ruled by GuthrumIn 865 East Anglia was invaded by the Danish Great Heathen Army which occupied winter quarters and secured horses before departing for Northumbria 31 The Danes returned in 869 to winter at Thetford before being attacked by the forces of Edmund of East Anglia who was defeated and killed at Haegelisdun b and then buried at Beodericsworth Following his death Edmund became known as the Martyr and venerated as patron saint and the town of Bury St Edmunds was established there From then on East Anglia effectively ceased to be an independent kingdom Having defeated the East Angles the Danes installed puppet kings to govern on their behalf while they resumed their campaigns against Mercia and Wessex 34 In 878 the last active portion of the Great Heathen Army was defeated by Alfred the Great and withdrew from Wessex after making peace and agreeing that the Danes would treat the Christians equally The treaty between Alfred and Guthrum acknowledged the latter s landholdings in East Anglia In 880 the Vikings returned to East Anglia under Guthrum who according to the medieval historian Pauline Stafford swiftly adapted to territorial kingship and its trappings including the minting of coins 35 Along with the traditional territory of East Anglia Cambridgeshire and parts of Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Guthrum s kingdom probably included Essex the one portion of Wessex to come under Danish control 36 A peace treaty was made between Alfred and Guthrum sometime in the 880s 37 Under Scandinavian control there are settlements in East Anglia which have names with Old Norse elements e g thorp by Absorption into the Kingdom of Wessex edit Further information AEthelwold s Revolt In the early 10th century the East Anglian Danes came under increasing pressure from Edward King of Wessex In 901 Edward s cousin AEthelwold aetheling c having been driven into exile after an unsuccessful bid for the throne arrived in Essex after a stay in Northumbria He was apparently accepted as king by some or all Danes in England and induced the East Anglian Danes to wage war on Edward in Mercia and Wessex This ended in disaster with the death of AEthelwold and of Eohric of East Anglia in battle in December 902 38 In 911 917 Edward expanded his control over the rest of England south of the Humber establishing in Essex and Mercia burhs often designed to control the use of a river by the Danes 39 In 917 the Danish position in the area suddenly collapsed A rapid succession of defeats culminated in the loss of the territories of Northampton and Huntingdon along with the rest of Essex a Danish king probably from East Anglia was killed at Tempsford Despite reinforcement from overseas the Danish counter attacks were crushed and after the defection of many of their English subjects as Edward s army advanced the Danes of East Anglia and of Cambridge capitulated 40 East Anglia was absorbed into the Kingdom of Wessex in 917 Norfolk and Suffolk became part of a new earldom of East Anglia in 1017 when Thorkell the Tall was made earl by Cnut the Great 41 The restored ecclesiastical structure saw two former East Anglian bishoprics Elmham and Dunwich replaced by a single one at North Elmham 3 Old East Anglian dialect editThe East Angles spoke Old English Their language is historically important as they were among the first Germanic settlers to arrive in Britain during the 5th century according to Kortmann and Schneider East Anglia can seriously claim to be the first place in the world where English was spoken 42 The evidence for dialects in Old English comes from the study of texts place names personal names and coins 43 A H Smith was the first to recognise the existence of a separate Old East Anglian dialect in addition to the recognised dialects of Northumbrian Mercian West Saxon and Kentish He acknowledged that his proposal for such a dialect was tentative acknowledging that the linguistic boundaries of the original dialects could not have enjoyed prolonged stability 44 As no East Anglian manuscripts Old English inscriptions or literary records such as charters have survived there is little evidence to support the existence of such a dialect According to a study by Von Feilitzen in the 1930s the recording of many place names in Domesday Book was ultimately based on the evidence of local juries and so the spoken form of Anglo Saxon places and people was partly preserved in this way 45 Evidence from Domesday Book and later sources suggests that a dialect boundary once existed corresponding with a line that separates from their neighbours the English counties of Cambridgeshire including the once sparsely inhabited Fens Norfolk and Suffolk 46 Geography edit nbsp A physical map of Eastern EnglandThe kingdom of the East Angles bordered the North Sea to the north and the east with the River Stour historically dividing it from the East Saxons to the south The North Sea provided a thriving maritime link to Scandinavia and the northern reaches of Germany according to the historian Richard Hoggett The port of Ipswich Gipeswic was established in 7th century The kingdom s western boundary varied from the rivers Ouse Lark and Kennett to further westwards as far as the Cam in what is now Cambridgeshire At its greatest extent the kingdom comprised the modern day counties of Norfolk Suffolk and parts of eastern Cambridgeshire 47 Erosion on the eastern border and deposition on the north coast altered the East Anglian coastline in Roman and Anglo Saxon times and continues to do so In the latter the sea flooded the low lying Fens As sea levels fell alluvium was deposited near major river estuaries and the Great Estuary which the Saxon Shore forts at Burgh Castle and Caister had guarded became closed off by a large spit of land 48 Sources editNo East Anglian charters and few other documents have survived while the medieval chronicles that refer to the East Angles are treated with great caution by scholars So few records from the Kingdom of the East Angles have survived because of a complete destruction of the kingdom s monasteries and disappearance of the two East Anglian sees as a result of Viking raids and settlement 49 The main documentary source for the early period is Bede s 8th century Ecclesiastical History of the English People East Anglia is first mentioned as a distinct political unit in the Tribal Hidage thought to have been compiled somewhere in England during the 7th century 50 Anglo Saxon sources that include information about the East Angles or events relating to the kingdom 51 Ecclesiastical History of the English People Anglo Saxon Chronicle The Tribal Hidage where the East Angles are assessed at 30 000 hides evidently superior in resources to lesser kingdoms such as Sussex and Lindsey 52 Historia Brittonum Life of Foillan written in the 7th centuryPost Norman sources of variable historical validity The 12th century Liber Eliensis Florence of Worcester s Chronicle written in the 12th century Henry of Huntingdon s Historia Anglorum written in the 12th century Roger of Wendover s Flores Historiarum written in the 13th centurySee also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kingdom of the East Angles List of monarchs of East AngliaNotes edit See Hoggett 2010 pp 24 27 for a detailed discussion of Bede s original sources and an account of the events in East Anglia that he refers to in the Ecclesiastical History 11 identified variously as Bradfield St Clare in 983 Hellesdon in Norfolk documented as Haegelisdun c 985 or Hoxne in Suffolk 32 and now with Maldon in Essex 3 27 33 AEtheling was a title for a prince of the royal family who was eligible to become kingReferences edit a b nbsp One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 East Anglia Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press Catherine Hills The Anglo Saxon migration to Britain an archaeological perspective 2016 a b c d e f Higham N J 1999 East Anglia Kingdom of In M Lapidge et al eds The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo Saxon England London Blackwell pp 154 155 ISBN 978 0 631 22492 1 Dark Ken R Large scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian s Wall in the 4th to 6th centuries AD PDF Warner 1996 p 61 Kirby p 20 Coates Richard 1 May 2017 Celtic whispers revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English Namenkundliche Informationen German Society for Name Research 147 173 doi 10 58938 ni576 ISSN 0943 0849 Toby F Martin The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo Saxon England Boydell and Brewer Press 2015 pp 174 178 Hills Catherine 2015 The Anglo Saxon Migration An Archaeological Case Study of Disruption in Baker Brenda J Tsuda Takeyuki eds Migrations and Disruptions University Press of Florida pp 45 48 doi 10 2307 j ctvx0703w JSTOR j ctvx0703w Kirby 2000 p 4 Hoggett East Anglian Conversion pp 24 27 Yorke 2002 p 58 a b Yorke 2002 p 61 Kirby 2000 p 54 Kirby 2000 p 52 Kirby 2000 p 55 Hoops Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde Volume 24 p 68 a b Yorke 2002 p 62 Kirby 2000 p 66 Warner 1996 p 109 Warner 1996 p 84 Brown and Farr 2001 pp 2 and 4 Baring Gould Sabine 1897 The Lives of the Saints Vol 12 p 712 via Internet Archive Warner The Origins of Suffolk p 142 Yorke 2002 p 63 Kirby 2000 pp 78 79 a b Hoops Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde Volume 6 p 328 Brown and Farr 2001 p 215 Brown and Farr 2001 p 310 Brown and Farr 2001 pp 222 and 313 Kirby 2000 p 173 Edmund of East Anglia Part 5 The Last Mystery Where Did Edmund Die Hidden East Anglia Archived from the original on 28 September 2015 Retrieved 30 April 2012 Briggs Keith 2011 Was Haegelisdun in Essex A new site for the martyrdom of Edmund Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History XLII 277 291 Forte Angelo Oram Richard D Pedersen Frederik 2005 Viking Empires New York Cambridge University Press p 72 ISBN 978 0 521 82992 2 Stafford A Companion to the early Middle Ages p 205 Hunter Blair Peter Keynes Simon 2003 An Introduction to Anglo Saxon England 3rd ed Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 79 ISBN 978 0 521 29219 1 Lavelle Ryan 2010 Alfred s wars sources and interpretations of Anglo Saxon warfare in the Viking Age Woodbridge The Boydell Press p 325 ISBN 978 1 84383 569 1 Stenton Anglo Saxon England pp 321 322 Wilson David Mackenzie 1976 The Archaeology of Anglo Saxon England London Methuen amp Co Ltd pp 135 6 ISBN 978 0 416 15090 2 Stenton Anglo Saxon England p 328 Harper Bill Christopher Van Houts Elisabeth 2002 A Companion to the Anglo Norman World Woodbridge The Boydell Press p 7 ISBN 978 1 84383 341 3 Kortmann Bernd Schneider Edgar W 2004 A Handbook of Varieties of English a Multimedia Reference Tool Vol 1 Phonology The Hague Mouton de Gruyter p 163 ISBN 978 3 11 017532 5 Fisiak 2001 p 22 Fisiak 2001 pp 19 20 Fisiak 2001 pp 22 23 Fisiak 2001 p 27 Hoggett 2010 pp 1 2 Hoggett 2010 p 2 Yorke Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo Saxon England p 58 Carver The Age of Sutton Hoo p 3 Carver Age of Sutton Hoo pp 4 5 Kirby 2000 p 11 Bibliography editBrown Michelle P Farr Carol Ann 2001 Mercia an Anglo Saxon Kingdom in Europe London New York Leicester University Press ISBN 978 0 8264 7765 1 Carver M O H ed 1992 The Age of Sutton Hoo the Seventh Century in North Western Europe Woodbridge Boydell Press ISBN 978 0 85115 361 2 Fisiak Jacek 2001 Old East Anglian a problem in Old English dialectology In Fisiak Jacek Trudgill Peter eds East Anglian English Boydell and Brewer doi 10 1017 9781846150678 ISBN 978 1 84615 067 8 Hadley Dawn 2009 Viking Raids and Conquest In Stafford Pauline ed A Companion to the Early Middle Ages Britain and Ireland c 500 c 1100 Chichester Blackwell ISBN 978 1 4051 0628 3 Hoggett Richard 2010 The Archaeology of the East Anglian Conversion Woodbridge The Boydell Press ISBN 978 1 84383 595 0 Hoops Johannes 1986 1911 1919 Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde Encyclopedia of Germanic Antiquity in German Vol 6 2nd ed Berlin Walter de Gruyter amp Co ISBN 978 3 11 010468 4 Kirby D P 2000 The Earliest English Kings London and New York Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 24211 0 Stenton Sir Frank 1988 1943 Anglo Saxon England New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 821716 9 Yorke Barbara 2002 Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo Saxon England London and New York Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 16639 3 Warner Peter 1996 The Origins of Suffolk Origins of the Shire Manchester Manchester University Press ISBN 978 0 7190 3817 4 Williams Gareth 2001 Mercian Coinage and Authority In Brown Michelle P Farr Carol Ann eds Mercia an Anglo Saxon kingdom in Europe Leicester Leicester University Press ISBN 978 0 8264 7765 1 Further reading editGrossi Joseph 2021 Angles on a Kingdom East Anglian Identities from Bede to AElfric Toronto University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 14875 0 573 8 Metcalf D M 2000 Determining the mint attribution of East Anglian Sceattas through regression analysis PDF British Numismatic Journal 70 1 11 Whitelock Dorothy 1972 The pre Viking age church in East Anglia Anglo Saxon England Cambridge University Press 1 1 22 doi 10 1017 S0263675100000053 JSTOR 44510584 S2CID 161209303 Portal nbsp Anglo Saxon England 52 30 N 01 00 E 52 500 N 1 000 E 52 500 1 000 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kingdom of East Anglia amp oldid 1208979402, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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