Guthrum
Guthrum[b] (Old English: Guðrum, c. 835 – c. 890) was King of East Anglia in the late 9th century. Originally a native of Denmark, he was one of the leaders of the "Great Summer Army" that arrived in Reading during April 871 to join forces with the Great Heathen Army, whose intentions were to conquer the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England. The combined armies were successful in conquering the kingdoms of East Anglia, Northumbria, and parts of Mercia, and overran Alfred the Great's Wessex, but were ultimately defeated by Alfred at the Battle of Edington in 878. The Danes retreated to their stronghold, where Alfred laid siege and eventually Guthrum surrendered.
| Guthrum | |
|---|---|
| King of East Anglia | |
| Reign | 879[a]–890? |
| Predecessor | Æthelred II |
| Successor | Eohric |
| Born | c. 835 Denmark |
| Died | c. 889/890 (aged approximately 55) East Anglia, England |
| Religion |
|
Under the terms of his surrender, Guthrum was obliged to be baptised as a Christian to endorse the agreement and then leave Wessex. The subsequent Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum set out the boundaries between Alfred and Guthrum's territories, as well as agreements on peaceful trade and the weregild value of its people. This treaty is seen as the foundation of the Danelaw. Guthrum ruled East Anglia under his baptismal name of Æthelstan until his death.[1]
Background edit
Viking raids began in England in the late 8th century. The first one probably took place in either 787 or 789.[2] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 787 says that:
"This year king Bertric took to wife Eadburga, king Offa's daughter; and in his days first came three ships of Northmen, out of Hæretha-land [Denmark]. And then the reve rode to the place, and would have driven them to the king's town, because he knew not who they were: and they there slew him. These were the first ships of Danishmen which sought the land of the English nation."
— Giles 1914, ASC 787
Small-scale raiding of the English kingdoms continued on and off until 865, when a much larger army landed in East Anglia with the intention of invading and conquering.[3] This initial army was reinforced in 871 by the Great Summer Army (Old English: mycel sumorlida).[4][5]
The Great Army edit
Guthrum, a nephew of Horik II of Denmark and a failed candidate for a share of the Danish throne, was one of the leaders of the Great Summer Army, which in April 871 joined forces with the "Great Danish Army" based at Reading. The combined army had several military engagements with the West Saxons before wintering in London in 871–872. Coins minted in London during this period bear the name Halfdan, identifying him as its leader.[7][8]
In the autumn of 872, the Great Army returned to Northumbria to quell a revolt[c] against its puppet-regent Ecgberht I of Northumbria.[10] The Army overwintered at Torksey, and was then reported as being in the Repton district a year later. It conquered Mercia in 874, with Burgred of Mercia being deposed and replaced by a Danish puppet-regent, Ceolwulf.[10]
Following this victory, the Great Army split in two – one half under Halfdan heading north to fight against the Picts and Britons of Strathclyde, and the other half under Guthrum heading south to continue fighting against Wessex.[7]
Surprise attack edit
On Epiphany, 6 January 878, Guthrum made a surprise nighttime attack on Alfred and his court at Chippenham. It being an important feast day in the Christian liturgical year, the Saxons were presumably taken by surprise—indeed it is possible that Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire, allowed the attack through either negligence or intent, for, on Alfred's return to power later in 878, Wulfhere and his wife were stripped of their lands.[11][12]
Alfred fled the attack with a few retainers and took shelter in the marshes of Somerset, staying in the small village of Athelney. Over the next few months, according to the Anglo Saxon Chronicle, he built up his force and waged a guerrilla war against Guthrum:
"Alfred: and he, with a small band, with difficulty retreated to the woods and to the fastnesses[d] of the moors.... at Easter king Alfred with a small band constructed a fortress at Athelney; and from this fortress, with that part of the men of Somerset which was nearest to it, from time to time they fought against the [viking] army."
— Giles 1914, ASC 878
After a few months, Alfred called his loyal men to Egbert's Stone, and from there they travelled to Edington to fight the invaders.[14]
Defeat by Alfred edit
In 878, Alfred the Great defeated the Viking Army at the Battle of Edington. Guthrum subsequently retreated with the remnants of his army to their "stronghold"; Alfred pursued and besieged him for fourteen days.[15] Guthrum eventually gave in, and a truce was negotiated. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the terms of the surrender:
"Then the raiding army granted him [Alfred] hostages and great oaths that they would leave his kingdom and also promised him that their king [Guthrum] would receive baptism; and they fulfilled it. And three weeks later the king Guthrum came to him, one of thirty of the most honourable men who were in the raiding army, at Aller – and that is near Athelney – and the king received him at baptism; and his chrism loosing was at Wedmore."
— Giles 1914, ASC 878
Conversion to Christianity and peace edit
Under the terms of his surrender, Guthrum was obliged to be baptised[e] in the Christian faith and then with his army leave Wessex. This agreement is known as the Treaty of Wedmore.[16] Another treaty soon followed that set out the boundaries between Alfred and Guthrum's territories as well as agreements on peaceful trade, and the weregild value of its people. This is known as the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum.[17]
Guthrum returned to East Anglia, and although there are records of Viking raiding parties in the 880s, Guthrum ceased to be a threat and ruled for more than ten years as a Christian king for his Saxon vassals and simultaneously as a Norse king for his Viking ones. He had coins minted that bore his baptismal name of Æthelstan. On his death in 890, the Annals of St Neots, a chronicle compiled at Bury St Edmunds in the 12th century, recorded that Guthrum was buried at Hadleigh,[f] Suffolk.[19][7][20]
In popular culture edit
Guthrum appears or is mentioned in several works of fiction, including:
- G. K. Chesterton's poem The Ballad of the White Horse.
- C. Walter Hodges' juvenile historical novels The Namesake and The Marsh King.
- The first three volumes of The Saxon Stories, a series of historical novels by Bernard Cornwell: The Last Kingdom, The Pale Horseman, and The Lords of the North.[21]
On screen, he has been portrayed by Brian Blessed[22] in episode 4 ("King Alfred") of Churchill's People; by Michael York in the 1969 film Alfred the Great; and by Thomas W. Gabrielsson in the BBC and Netflix original television series The Last Kingdom.
Guthrum appears in a number of video games that are set during the Viking Age. He is the leader of the East Engle faction in the 2018 strategy video game Total War Saga: Thrones of Britannia. He is an ally of the Norse drengr Eivor in the 2020 video game Assassin's Creed: Valhalla. He also appears in the 2012 grand strategy game Crusader Kings II as an unlanded, unplayable character (named Guttorm) in the 867 start date at the court of Þorfinn, the ruler of Vermaland in modern-day Sweden.
It is implied that the Vikings character Hvitserk would be the same as the historical Guthrum (despite a previous character having this name) after he is baptized as Athelstan and made a “Saxon prince” by King Alfred.
Notes edit
- ^ Date not secure. See Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum for more detail.
- ^ Also spelled Godrum and Guthorm; also known as Æthelstan, Athelstan, or Ethelstan
- ^ This explanation for the army's move north has been challenged, and it has been suggested the relocation was a result of a war with Mercia.[9]
- ^ Fastness - Safe place[13]
- ^ Guthrum's baptismal name was Æthelstan on his conversion to Christianity in 878.
- ^ Referred to as Headleage in the Annals of St Neots.[18]
Citations edit
- ^ Downham 2007, p. 79.
- ^ Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, p. 125.
- ^ Oliver 2012, p. 169.
- ^ Williams 1999, p. 70.
- ^ Starkey 2004, p. 51.
- ^ Laust Krambs 2018, p. 1.
- ^ a b c Costambeys 2008.
- ^ Sturdy 1995, p. 146.
- ^ Downham 2007, p. 69.
- ^ a b Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Garmonsway 1972, p. 74.
- ^ Smyth 1995, pp. 446–447.
- ^ Cambridge Dictionary 2020.
- ^ Garmonsway 1972, p. 76.
- ^ Wood 2005, pp. 124–125.
- ^ Attenborough 1922, pp. 96–101.
- ^ Lavelle 2010, p. 326.
- ^ Skeat 1913, pp. 78–79.
- ^ Dumville, Keynes & Lapidge 1985, p. lxii.
- ^ Suffolk Heritage Explorer 2018.
- ^ Lochun 2020.
- ^ BBC 2021.
References edit
- Attenborough, F.L. Tr, ed. (1922). "Treaties with the Danes". The laws of the earliest English kings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 4296219.
- BBC (2021). "The Last Kingdom - Guthrum". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- Cambridge Dictionary (2020). "Fastness". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
- Costambeys, Marios (2008). "Guthrum". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11793. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Dumville, David; Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (1985). The Annals of St Neots with Vita Prima Sancti Neoti, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: a Collaborative Edition. Vol. 17. Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-85991-117-7.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Downham, Clare (2007). Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Dunedin Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-903765-89-0.
- Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard D; Pedersen, Frederik (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5218-29922.
- Garmonsway, G. N., ed. (1972). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. London: Dent. ISBN 0-460-11624-X.
- Giles, J.A. (1914). . London: G. Bell and Sons Ltd. – via Wikisource.
- Laust Krambs, Karsten (2018). "Early Norse kings of York". Les Collections Numismatiques de la Fondation Calvet. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
- Lavelle, Ryan (2010). Alfred's Wars Sources and Interpretations of Anglo-Saxon Warfare in the Viking Age. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydel Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-569-1.
- Lochun, Kev (2020). "The Last Kingdom: the real history behind the series". HistoryExtra. BBC. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- Oliver, Neil (2012). Vikings. A History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-86787-6.
- Skeat, Walter W (1913). The Place-Names of Suffolk. Vol. XLVI. Octavo. OCLC 477037693.
- Smyth, Alfred P. (1995). King Alfred the Great. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822989-5.
- Starkey, David (2004). The Monarchy of England Volume I. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 0-7011-7678-4.
- Sturdy, David (1995). Alfred the Great. London: Constable. ISBN 0-09-474280-4.
- Suffolk Heritage Explorer (2018). "Burial place of the Anglo-Saxon Danish chieftain Guthrum". Suffolk County Council. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
- Williams, Ann (1999). Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England C.500–1066. Basingstoke: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-56798-2.
- Wood, Michael (2005). In Search of the Dark Ages. London: BBC. ISBN 978-0-563-52276-8.
External links edit
- Guthrum 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 742.