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Duden

January 20, 2023

For other uses, see Duden (disambiguation).

The Duden (German pronunciation: [ˈduːdn̩] (listen))[1][2] is a dictionary of the Standard High German language, first published by Konrad Duden in 1880, and later by Bibliographisches Institut GmbH. The Duden is updated regularly with new editions appearing every four or five years. As of December 2020, it is in its 28th edition. It is printed as twelve volumes, with each volume covering different aspects of the German language such as loanwords, etymology, pronunciation, synonyms, etc.

Logo in 2017
Vollständiges Orthographisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, first edition by Konrad Duden (1880)

The first of these volumes, Die deutsche Rechtschreibung (English: The German orthography), has long been the prescriptive source for Standard High German spelling. The Duden has become the preeminent language resource of the Standard High German language, stating the definitive set of rules regarding grammar, spelling and use of Standard High German language.[3]

History

Konrad Duden's Schleizer Duden (1872) and Urduden (1880)

In 1872, Konrad Duden, then headmaster of a Gymnasium (secondary school), had his treatise Die deutsche Orthoschrift (“German orthography”) published by B.G. Teubner in Leipzig. That book included both a dictionary and spelling rules for school use.[4] Often known as the Schleizer Duden – the author was then the headmaster of a Gymnasium (secondary school) in Schleiz, now in Thuringia — the work significantly influenced a debate about German spelling and became the template for subsequent dictionaries.

Eight years later, having moved to the grammar school in Hersfeld as headmaster, Konrad Duden's main work was published, considerably expanded from the Schleizer Duden. The first edition of this new work, Vollständiges Orthographisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (Complete Orthographical Dictionary of the German Language), later sometimes referred to by the publisher as Urduden, was published in Leipzig and was the first major complete dictionary of German.[5] This first "Duden" collected 28,000 keywords on 187 pages and subsequently prevailed throughout the German Empire as a standard reference work. From 1892 its spellings also became binding in Switzerland.

From 1901 to 1996

In 1902, the Bundesrat confirmed the Duden as the official standard for German spelling; Austria-Hungary and Switzerland soon followed suit. In the ensuing decades, the Duden continued to be the de facto standard for German orthography. After World War II this tradition continued separately in East and West Germany, in Leipzig and Mannheim, respectively.

In West Germany, some publishing houses began to attack the Duden "monopoly" in the 1950s, publishing dictionaries which contained alternative spellings. In reaction, in November 1955 the ministers of culture of the states of Germany confirmed the spellings given by the Duden would continue to be the official standard.

East German Duden (Leipzig)

 
Title of Der Große Duden by VEB Bibliographisches Institut Leipzig (1957)

In 1954, the first published Duden appeared in Mannheim, the western counterpart to the traditional Duden printing city of Leipzig. The first East German Duden appeared in Leipzig in 1951 but was largely ignored as illegitimate by West Germany.

The printing continued in both Mannheim and Leipzig until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The differences between the two versions of Duden printed during this period appear in the number of entries (Stichwörter). As the printing of the two Dudens began, in 1954 and 1951, the number of Stichwörter included was roughly the same.

As the split between the printers versions continued, the East German Duden slowly began diminishing the number of Stichwörter in its volume while the West German Duden printed in Mannheim increased the number of Stichwörter. The major differences between the two Dudens are seen in the lexical entries.

The East German Duden included various loan words from Russian, particularly in the area of politics, such as Politbüro and Sozialdemokratismus. Also new to the East German Duden were words stemming from Soviet agricultural and industrial organization and practices. Of note, there are a few semantic changes recorded in the East German Duden that evolved from contact with Russian.

The East German Duden records the nominalization of German words by adding the suffix -ist, borrowed from the Russian language suffix.

Furthermore, additional words were recorded due to increasing the number of adverbs and adjectives negated with the prefix un-, such as unernst ("un-serious") and unkonkret ("un-concrete", "irreal"). The few lexical and semantic items recorded in the East German Duden migrated from Der große Duden because the printing press in Leipzig did not publish the multiple volume Duden which has become the current standard.

Reform Duden

Main article: German orthography reform of 1996
 
Duden 25th Edition, Volume 1

On the cover of the Duden, 25th Edition, Volume 1, these words are printed in red letters: Das umfassende Standardwerk auf der Grundlage der aktuellen amtlichen Regeln. This translates as: "The comprehensive standard reference based on the current official rules."

The "current official rules" are the result of the German orthography reform of 1996.

Volumes

  1. Die deutsche Rechtschreibung – The German Orthography (Spelling Dictionary)
  2. Das Stilwörterbuch – The Dictionary of Style
  3. Das Bildwörterbuch – The Pictorial Dictionary
  4. Die Grammatik – The Grammar
  5. Das Fremdwörterbuch – The Dictionary of Foreign Words
  6. Das Aussprachewörterbuch – The Pronouncing Dictionary
  7. Das Herkunftswörterbuch – The Etymological Dictionary
  8. Das Synonymwörterbuch – The Synonym-Dictionary (Thesaurus)
  9. Richtiges und gutes Deutsch – Correct and Good German (Guide to usage)
  10. Das Bedeutungswörterbuch – The Meaning-Dictionary (Definitions)
  11. Redewendungen – Figures of Speech
  12. Zitate und Aussprüche – Quotations and Sayings

References

  1. ^ Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962]. Das Aussprachewörterbuch [The Pronunciation Dictionary] (in German) (7th ed.). Berlin: Dudenverlag. p. 322. ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4.
  2. ^ Krech, Eva-Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz Christian (2009). Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch [German Pronunciation Dictionary] (in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 458. ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6.
  3. ^ Gerhard Weiss (1995). "Up-to-Date and with a Past: The "Duden" and Its History". Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German. Wiley. 6 (1: The Publisher as Teacher): 7–21. doi:10.2307/3531328. JSTOR 3531328.
  4. ^ Stefan Alles, “Duden, Konrad” in Hessische Biografie, 25 February 2013, Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS, State Historical Information System, Hesse).
  5. ^ Der Urduden, website of Verlags Bibliographisches Institut, 2013, accessed 7 December 2014.

Literature

  • Betz, Werner. Verändert Sprache die Welt: Semantik, Politik und Manipulation [Modified language of the world: semantics, politics and manipulation]. Edition Interfrom AG: Zürich, 1977.
  • Hellmann, Manfred W. (ed.) Zum Öffentlichen Sprachgebrauch in Bundesrepublik Deutschland und in der DDR [On public usage in the Federal Republic of Germany and in the GDR]. Düsseldorf: Pädagogischer Verlag Schwann, 1973.
  • Reich, Hans H. Sprache und Politik: Untersuchungen zu Wortschatz und Wortwahl des offiziellen Sprachgebrauchs in der DDR [Language and politics: studies on vocabulary and terminology of the official use of language in the GDR]. Munich: Max Hueber Verlag, 1968.
  • Schlosser, Horst Dieter (ed). Kommunikationsbedingungen und Alltagssprache in der ehemaligen DDR [Communications requirements and everyday language in the former GDR]. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag, 1991.
  • Siegl, Elke Annalene. Duden-Ost, Duden-West: Zur Sprache in Deutschland seit 1945: ein Vergleich der Leipziger und der Mannheimer Dudenauflagen seit 1947 [Duden East, Duden West: On language in Germany since 1945: a comparison of Leipzig and Mannheim editions of Duden since 1947]. Düsseldorf: Schwann, 1989.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Duden.
  • Official website (in German)

January 20, 2023
duden, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, september, 2014, learn, when, remove, this. For other uses see Duden disambiguation This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations September 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Duden German pronunciation ˈduːdn listen 1 2 is a dictionary of the Standard High German language first published by Konrad Duden in 1880 and later by Bibliographisches Institut GmbH The Duden is updated regularly with new editions appearing every four or five years As of December 2020 update it is in its 28th edition It is printed as twelve volumes with each volume covering different aspects of the German language such as loanwords etymology pronunciation synonyms etc Logo in 2017 Vollstandiges Orthographisches Worterbuch der deutschen Sprache first edition by Konrad Duden 1880 The first of these volumes Die deutsche Rechtschreibung English The German orthography has long been the prescriptive source for Standard High German spelling The Duden has become the preeminent language resource of the Standard High German language stating the definitive set of rules regarding grammar spelling and use of Standard High German language 3 Contents 1 History 1 1 Konrad Duden s Schleizer Duden 1872 and Urduden 1880 1 2 From 1901 to 1996 1 3 East German Duden Leipzig 1 4 Reform Duden 2 Volumes 3 References 3 1 Literature 4 External linksHistory EditKonrad Duden s Schleizer Duden 1872 and Urduden 1880 Edit In 1872 Konrad Duden then headmaster of a Gymnasium secondary school had his treatise Die deutsche Orthoschrift German orthography published by B G Teubner in Leipzig That book included both a dictionary and spelling rules for school use 4 Often known as the Schleizer Duden the author was then the headmaster of a Gymnasium secondary school in Schleiz now in Thuringia the work significantly influenced a debate about German spelling and became the template for subsequent dictionaries Eight years later having moved to the grammar school in Hersfeld as headmaster Konrad Duden s main work was published considerably expanded from the Schleizer Duden The first edition of this new work Vollstandiges Orthographisches Worterbuch der deutschen Sprache Complete Orthographical Dictionary of the German Language later sometimes referred to by the publisher as Urduden was published in Leipzig and was the first major complete dictionary of German 5 This first Duden collected 28 000 keywords on 187 pages and subsequently prevailed throughout the German Empire as a standard reference work From 1892 its spellings also became binding in Switzerland From 1901 to 1996 Edit In 1902 the Bundesrat confirmed the Duden as the official standard for German spelling Austria Hungary and Switzerland soon followed suit In the ensuing decades the Duden continued to be the de facto standard for German orthography After World War II this tradition continued separately in East and West Germany in Leipzig and Mannheim respectively In West Germany some publishing houses began to attack the Duden monopoly in the 1950s publishing dictionaries which contained alternative spellings In reaction in November 1955 the ministers of culture of the states of Germany confirmed the spellings given by the Duden would continue to be the official standard East German Duden Leipzig Edit Title of Der Grosse Duden by VEB Bibliographisches Institut Leipzig 1957 In 1954 the first published Duden appeared in Mannheim the western counterpart to the traditional Duden printing city of Leipzig The first East German Duden appeared in Leipzig in 1951 but was largely ignored as illegitimate by West Germany The printing continued in both Mannheim and Leipzig until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 The differences between the two versions of Duden printed during this period appear in the number of entries Stichworter As the printing of the two Dudens began in 1954 and 1951 the number of Stichworter included was roughly the same As the split between the printers versions continued the East German Duden slowly began diminishing the number of Stichworter in its volume while the West German Duden printed in Mannheim increased the number of Stichworter The major differences between the two Dudens are seen in the lexical entries The East German Duden included various loan words from Russian particularly in the area of politics such as Politburo and Sozialdemokratismus Also new to the East German Duden were words stemming from Soviet agricultural and industrial organization and practices Of note there are a few semantic changes recorded in the East German Duden that evolved from contact with Russian The East German Duden records the nominalization of German words by adding the suffix ist borrowed from the Russian language suffix Furthermore additional words were recorded due to increasing the number of adverbs and adjectives negated with the prefix un such as unernst un serious and unkonkret un concrete irreal The few lexical and semantic items recorded in the East German Duden migrated from Der grosse Duden because the printing press in Leipzig did not publish the multiple volume Duden which has become the current standard Reform Duden Edit Main article German orthography reform of 1996 Duden 25th Edition Volume 1 On the cover of the Duden 25th Edition Volume 1 these words are printed in red letters Das umfassende Standardwerk auf der Grundlage der aktuellen amtlichen Regeln This translates as The comprehensive standard reference based on the current official rules The current official rules are the result of the German orthography reform of 1996 Volumes EditDie deutsche Rechtschreibung The German Orthography Spelling Dictionary Das Stilworterbuch The Dictionary of Style Das Bildworterbuch The Pictorial Dictionary Die Grammatik The Grammar Das Fremdworterbuch The Dictionary of Foreign Words Das Ausspracheworterbuch The Pronouncing Dictionary Das Herkunftsworterbuch The Etymological Dictionary Das Synonymworterbuch The Synonym Dictionary Thesaurus Richtiges und gutes Deutsch Correct and Good German Guide to usage Das Bedeutungsworterbuch The Meaning Dictionary Definitions Redewendungen Figures of Speech Zitate und Ausspruche Quotations and SayingsReferences Edit Dudenredaktion Kleiner Stefan Knobl Ralf 2015 First published 1962 Das Ausspracheworterbuch The Pronunciation Dictionary in German 7th ed Berlin Dudenverlag p 322 ISBN 978 3 411 04067 4 Krech Eva Maria Stock Eberhard Hirschfeld Ursula Anders Lutz Christian 2009 Deutsches Ausspracheworterbuch German Pronunciation Dictionary in German Berlin Walter de Gruyter p 458 ISBN 978 3 11 018202 6 Gerhard Weiss 1995 Up to Date and with a Past The Duden and Its History Die Unterrichtspraxis Teaching German Wiley 6 1 The Publisher as Teacher 7 21 doi 10 2307 3531328 JSTOR 3531328 Stefan Alles Duden Konrad in Hessische Biografie 25 February 2013 Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen LAGIS State Historical Information System Hesse Der Urduden website of Verlags Bibliographisches Institut 2013 accessed 7 December 2014 Literature Edit Betz Werner Verandert Sprache die Welt Semantik Politik und Manipulation Modified language of the world semantics politics and manipulation Edition Interfrom AG Zurich 1977 Hellmann Manfred W ed Zum Offentlichen Sprachgebrauch in Bundesrepublik Deutschland und in der DDR On public usage in the Federal Republic of Germany and in the GDR Dusseldorf Padagogischer Verlag Schwann 1973 Reich Hans H Sprache und Politik Untersuchungen zu Wortschatz und Wortwahl des offiziellen Sprachgebrauchs in der DDR Language and politics studies on vocabulary and terminology of the official use of language in the GDR Munich Max Hueber Verlag 1968 Schlosser Horst Dieter ed Kommunikationsbedingungen und Alltagssprache in der ehemaligen DDR Communications requirements and everyday language in the former GDR Hamburg Helmut Buske Verlag 1991 Siegl Elke Annalene Duden Ost Duden West Zur Sprache in Deutschland seit 1945 ein Vergleich der Leipziger und der Mannheimer Dudenauflagen seit 1947 Duden East Duden West On language in Germany since 1945 a comparison of Leipzig and Mannheim editions of Duden since 1947 Dusseldorf Schwann 1989 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Duden Official website in German Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Duden amp oldid 1099755040, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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