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Dolichorhynchops

April 12, 2024

Dolichorhynchops is an extinct genus of polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous of North America, containing the species D. osborni and D. herschelensis, with two previous species having been assigned to new genera.[1] Specimens of D. osborni have been found in the early Coniacian to early Campanian rocks, while those of D. herschelensis have been found in the late Campanian to early Maastrichtian rocks.[2] Dolichorhynchops was a prehistoric marine reptile. Its Greek generic name means "long-nosed face". While typically measuring about 3 metres (9.8 ft) in length, the largest specimen of D. osborni is estimated to have a total body length more than approximately 4.3 metres (14 ft).

Dolichorhynchops
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 93.5–72.1 Ma
D. osborni, National Museum of Natural History, Washington D. C.
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Superorder: †Sauropterygia
Order: †Plesiosauria
Family: †Polycotylidae
Genus: †Dolichorhynchops
Williston, 1902
Type species
†Dolichorhynchops osborni
Williston, 1902
Other species
  • †D. herschelensis
    Sato, 2005

Discovery and species edit

 
Mounted skeleton of the holotype of D. osborni (from Williston, 1903), in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History

The holotype specimen of Dolichorhynchops osborni, KUVP 1300, was discovered in the upper Smoky Hill Chalk Logan County, Kansas, by George F. Sternberg, as a teenager, in around 1900. The remains were collected by him and his father, Charles H. Sternberg, and then sold to the University of Kansas (Lawrence, Kansas). KUVP 1300[3] was prepared and mounted by H.T. Martin under the supervision of Dr. Samuel Wendell Williston, who described and named it in 1902. A more detailed description and photographs were provided by Williston 1903). The specimen has been on display in the KU Museum of Natural History since that time. Everhart 2004b estimated that the holotype had a skull measuring 57 cm (1.87 ft) long.

George Sternberg found a second, less complete specimen of D.osborni in 1926. In his effort to sell the specimen to a museum, Sternberg took detailed photographs of the skull.[4] The specimen was eventually mounted in plaster and was acquired by the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology. MCZ 1064[5] was on display there until some time in the 1950s. This specimen was never completely described although the skull was figured by O'Keefe 2004. (See also Everhart 2004b)

The specimen of D. osborni on exhibit at the Sternberg, FHSM VP-404[6] was found by Marion Bonner near Russell Springs in Logan County in the early 1950s. Carpenter 1996 estimated that FHSM VP-404, with a skull measuring 51.3 centimetres (1.68 ft) long, had a total body length of approximately 3.07 metres (10.1 ft). The skull[7] was crushed flat but is in very good condition. This specimen was initially reported by Sternberg & Walker 1957, and then was the subject of a Masters thesis by Bonner 1964. Note that it was described by Bonner as "Trinacromerum osborni" which was the accepted genus name at the time.

Larger specimens of D. osborni have been reported: UNSM 50133 had an estimated skull length of 61.8 centimetres (2.03 ft), while AMNH 5834 had an estimated skull length of 74.5 centimetres (2.44 ft) (see Carpenter 1996). Carpenter 1996 estimated that AMNH 5834 had a total body length of more than approximately 4.3 metres (14 ft).

 
Skeleton in Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre

D. herschelensis was described as a new species by Tamaki Sato in 2005. It was discovered in the Bearpaw Formation of Saskatchewan, Canada, a Late Cretaceous (late Campanian to early Maastrichtian) rock formation. The fossil was found close to the town of Herschel in southwestern Saskatchewan, from which the species name is derived. The rock formation it was found in consists of sandstones, mudstones and shales laid down in the Western Interior Seaway, just before it began to revert to dry land.[8]

The type specimen of D. herschelensis was discovered in a disarticulated state (i.e. the bones were scattered about the discovery site). The skull, lower jaw, ribs, pelvis and shoulder blades were all recovered, but the spine was incomplete, so the exact number of vertebrae the living animal would have had is unknown. All four limbs are missing, with the exception of 9 small Phalanges (finger bones) and a small number of limb bones found close by which may belong to the animal in question.[8]

The specimen is believed to be an adult, due to the fusion of certain bones (it is generally assumed—not necessarily strictly correctly so—that other animals' skulls, much as humans', consist of dissociated bones interconnected by cartilage fontanelles that do not entirely close until full maturity). It is also believed to have been substantially smaller than its close relative, D. osborni, as some juvenile specimens of D. osborni are larger than the adult specimen of D. herschelensis. Assuming that only a few vertebrae are missing from the skeleton, the animal is estimated to be about 2.5–3 metres (8.2–9.8 ft) in length. The snout is long and thin, with numerous tooth sockets. However, very few of the thin, sharp teeth remain.[8]

Formerly assigned species edit

 
Skeleton of Martinectes, which was formerly included in this genus

Two very large specimens of a polycotylid plesiosaur (KUVP 40001 and 40002[9]) were collected from the Pierre Shale of Wyoming and later reported on by Adams in her 1977 Masters thesis.[10] Later (1997), she officially described (1997) as a new species of Trinacromerum (T. bonneri). Unknown to her at the time, Carpenter (1996) had revised the Polycotylidae and separated Dolichorhynchops from Trinacromerum, raising the question as to whether or not the specimens represented a separate species or just larger individuals of D. osborni. A study in 2008 found that T. bonneri is a valid species of Dolichorhynchops, D. bonneri.[11] Carpenter 1996 estimated that KUVP 40001, with a skull measuring 98 centimetres (3.22 ft) long, had a total body length of more than approximately 5.1 metres (17 ft). A 2023 study assigns D. bonneri to a new genus, Martinectes.[1]

D. tropicensis was first named by Rebecca Schmeisser McKean in 2011. The specific name is derived from the name of the Tropic Shale, in which the two specimens of D. tropicensis were found. It is known from the holotype MNA V10046, an almost complete, well-preserved 3.2 metres (10 ft) long skeleton including the most of the skull and from the referred specimen MNA V9431, fragmentary postcranial elements. It was collected by the Museum of Northern Arizona from a single locality within the Tropic Shale of Utah, dating to the early Turonian stage of the early Late Cretaceous, about 93.5-91 million years ago. D. tropicensis extends the known stratigraphic range for Dolichorhynchops back by approximately 7 million years.[12] A 2023 study assigns D. tropicensis to a new genus, Scalamagnus.[1]

Classification edit

 
Life restoration of D. osborni
 
D. osborni in Vienna

Below is a cladogram of polycotylid relationships from Ketchum & Benson, 2011.[2]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c Clark, Robert O.; O’Keefe, F. Robin; Slack, Sara E. (2023-12-24). "A new genus of small polycotylid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior Seaway and a clarification of the genus Dolichorhynchops". Cretaceous Research: 105812. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105812. ISSN 0195-6671.
  2. ^ a b Hilary F. Ketchum & Roger B. J. Benson (2011). "A new pliosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Oxford Clay Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of England: evidence for a gracile, longirostrine grade of Early-Middle Jurassic pliosaurids". Special Papers in Palaeontology. 86: 109–129.
  3. ^ "Image: plio-lrg.jpg, (2175 × 600 px)". oceansofkansas.com. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
  4. ^ "Image: mcz5086a.jpg, (1336 × 742 px)". oceansofkansas.com. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
  5. ^ "Image: 1064-4.jpg, (1000 × 297 px)". oceansofkansas.com. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
  6. ^ "Image: vp-404.jpg, (1160 × 404 px)". oceansofkansas.com. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
  7. ^ . oceansofkansas.com. Archived from the original on 2008-02-05. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
  8. ^ a b c Sato 2005
  9. ^ "Image: KU40001-4.jpg, (589 × 500 px)". oceansofkansas.com. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
  10. ^ Adams 1977
  11. ^ O'Keefe, F. R. (2008). "Cranial anatomy and taxonomy of Dolichorhynchops bonneri new combination, a polycotylid (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Pierre Shale of Wyoming and South Dakota". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (3): 664–676. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[664:caatod]2.0.co;2. S2CID 32099438.
  12. ^ Schmeisser McKean 2011

References edit

  • Adams, D. A. (1977), Trinacromerum bonneri, a new polycotylid plesiosaur from the Pierre Shale of South Dakota and Wyoming, Unpublished Masters thesis, University of Kansas, 97 pages
  • Adams, D. A. (1997). "Trinacromerum bonneri, new species, last and fastest pliosaur of the Western Interior Seaway". Texas Journal of Science. 49 (3): 179–198.
  • Albright III, L. B.; Gillette, D. D.; Titus, A. L. (2007b). (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (1): 41–58. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[41:PFTUCC]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 130268187. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-28.
  • Bonner, O. W. (1964), An osteological study of Nyctosaurus and Trinacromerum with a description of a new species of Nyctosaurus, Unpub. Masters Thesis, Fort Hays State University, 63 pages
  • Carpenter, K. (1996). "A Review of short-necked plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous of the western interior, North America" (PDF). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 201 (2): 259–287. doi:10.1127/njgpa/201/1996/259.
  • Everhart, M. J. (2003). "First records of plesiosaur remains in the lower Smoky Hill Chalk Member (Upper Coniacian) of the Niobrara Formation in western Kansas". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 106 (3–4): 139–148. doi:10.1660/0022-8443(2003)106[0139:FROPRI]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86541758.
  • Everhart, M. J. (2004a). "Plesiosaurs as the food of mosasaurs; new data on the stomach contents of a Tylosaurus proriger (Squamata; Mosasauridae) from the Niobrara Formation of western Kansas". The Mosasaur. 7: 41–46.
  • Everhart, M. J. (2004b). "New data regarding the skull of Dolichorhynchops osborni (Plesiosauroidea: Polycotylidae) from rediscovered photos of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology specimen". Paludicola. 4 (3): 74–80.
  • Everhart, M. J. (2005). Oceans of Kansas - A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea. Indiana University Press.
  • Everhart, M.J.; Decker, R.; Decker, P. (2006). "Earliest remains of Dolichorhynchops osborni (Plesiosauria: Polycotylidae) from the basal Fort Hays Limestone, Jewell County, Kansas". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 109 (3–4): 261. doi:10.1660/0022-8443(2006)109[247:AOTTAM]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 198152472. (abstract)
  • Everhart, M. J. (2007). Sea Monsters: Prehistoric Creatures of the Deep. National Geographic. ISBN 978-1-4262-0085-4.
  • O'Keefe, F. R. (2004). "On the cranial anatomy of the polycotylid plesiosaurs, including new material of Polycotylus latipinnis Cope, from Alabama". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (2): 326–340. doi:10.1671/1944. S2CID 46424292.
  • Sato, T. (2005). "A new Polycotylid Plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation in Saskatchewan, Canada". Journal of Paleontology. 79 (5): 969–980. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0969:ANPPRS]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 131128997.
  • Schmeisser McKean, Rebecca (2011). "A new species of polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Lower Turonian of Utah: extending the stratigraphic range of Dolichorhynchops". Cretaceous Research. 34: 184–199. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.10.017.
  • Sternberg, C. H. (1922). "Explorations of the Permian of Texas and the chalk of Kansas, 1918". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 30 (1): 119–120. doi:10.2307/3624047. JSTOR 3624047.
  • Sternberg, G. F.; Walker, M. V. (1957). "Report on a plesiosaur skeleton from western Kansas". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 60 (1): 86–87. doi:10.2307/3627008. JSTOR 3627008.
  • Williston, S. W. (1902). "Restoration of Dolichorhynchops osborni, a new Cretaceous plesiosaur". Kansas University Science Bulletin. 1 (9): 241–244.
  • Williston, S. W. (1903). "North American plesiosaurs". Field Columbian Museum, Pub. 73. Geological Series. 2 (1): 1–79.

April 12, 2024
dolichorhynchops, extinct, genus, polycotylid, plesiosaur, from, late, cretaceous, north, america, containing, species, osborni, herschelensis, with, previous, species, having, been, assigned, genera, specimens, osborni, have, been, found, early, coniacian, ea. Dolichorhynchops is an extinct genus of polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous of North America containing the species D osborni and D herschelensis with two previous species having been assigned to new genera 1 Specimens of D osborni have been found in the early Coniacian to early Campanian rocks while those of D herschelensis have been found in the late Campanian to early Maastrichtian rocks 2 Dolichorhynchops was a prehistoric marine reptile Its Greek generic name means long nosed face While typically measuring about 3 metres 9 8 ft in length the largest specimen of D osborni is estimated to have a total body length more than approximately 4 3 metres 14 ft DolichorhynchopsTemporal range Late Cretaceous 93 5 72 1 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg ND osborni National Museum of Natural History Washington D C Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ReptiliaSuperorder SauropterygiaOrder PlesiosauriaFamily PolycotylidaeGenus DolichorhynchopsWilliston 1902Type species Dolichorhynchops osborniWilliston 1902Other species D herschelensis Sato 2005 Contents 1 Discovery and species 1 1 Formerly assigned species 2 Classification 3 See also 4 Notes 5 ReferencesDiscovery and species edit nbsp Mounted skeleton of the holotype of D osborni from Williston 1903 in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural HistoryThe holotype specimen of Dolichorhynchops osborni KUVP 1300 was discovered in the upper Smoky Hill Chalk Logan County Kansas by George F Sternberg as a teenager in around 1900 The remains were collected by him and his father Charles H Sternberg and then sold to the University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas KUVP 1300 3 was prepared and mounted by H T Martin under the supervision of Dr Samuel Wendell Williston who described and named it in 1902 A more detailed description and photographs were provided by Williston 1903 The specimen has been on display in the KU Museum of Natural History since that time Everhart 2004b estimated that the holotype had a skull measuring 57 cm 1 87 ft long George Sternberg found a second less complete specimen of D osborni in 1926 In his effort to sell the specimen to a museum Sternberg took detailed photographs of the skull 4 The specimen was eventually mounted in plaster and was acquired by the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology MCZ 1064 5 was on display there until some time in the 1950s This specimen was never completely described although the skull was figured by O Keefe 2004 See also Everhart 2004b The specimen of D osborni on exhibit at the Sternberg FHSM VP 404 6 was found by Marion Bonner near Russell Springs in Logan County in the early 1950s Carpenter 1996 estimated that FHSM VP 404 with a skull measuring 51 3 centimetres 1 68 ft long had a total body length of approximately 3 07 metres 10 1 ft The skull 7 was crushed flat but is in very good condition This specimen was initially reported by Sternberg amp Walker 1957 and then was the subject of a Masters thesis by Bonner 1964 Note that it was described by Bonner as Trinacromerum osborni which was the accepted genus name at the time Larger specimens of D osborni have been reported UNSM 50133 had an estimated skull length of 61 8 centimetres 2 03 ft while AMNH 5834 had an estimated skull length of 74 5 centimetres 2 44 ft see Carpenter 1996 Carpenter 1996 estimated that AMNH 5834 had a total body length of more than approximately 4 3 metres 14 ft nbsp Skeleton in Canadian Fossil Discovery CentreD herschelensis was described as a new species by Tamaki Sato in 2005 It was discovered in the Bearpaw Formation of Saskatchewan Canada a Late Cretaceous late Campanian to early Maastrichtian rock formation The fossil was found close to the town of Herschel in southwestern Saskatchewan from which the species name is derived The rock formation it was found in consists of sandstones mudstones and shales laid down in the Western Interior Seaway just before it began to revert to dry land 8 The type specimen of D herschelensis was discovered in a disarticulated state i e the bones were scattered about the discovery site The skull lower jaw ribs pelvis and shoulder blades were all recovered but the spine was incomplete so the exact number of vertebrae the living animal would have had is unknown All four limbs are missing with the exception of 9 small Phalanges finger bones and a small number of limb bones found close by which may belong to the animal in question 8 The specimen is believed to be an adult due to the fusion of certain bones it is generally assumed not necessarily strictly correctly so that other animals skulls much as humans consist of dissociated bones interconnected by cartilage fontanelles that do not entirely close until full maturity It is also believed to have been substantially smaller than its close relative D osborni as some juvenile specimens of D osborni are larger than the adult specimen of D herschelensis Assuming that only a few vertebrae are missing from the skeleton the animal is estimated to be about 2 5 3 metres 8 2 9 8 ft in length The snout is long and thin with numerous tooth sockets However very few of the thin sharp teeth remain 8 Formerly assigned species edit nbsp Skeleton of Martinectes which was formerly included in this genusTwo very large specimens of a polycotylid plesiosaur KUVP 40001 and 40002 9 were collected from the Pierre Shale of Wyoming and later reported on by Adams in her 1977 Masters thesis 10 Later 1997 she officially described 1997 as a new species of Trinacromerum T bonneri Unknown to her at the time Carpenter 1996 had revised the Polycotylidae and separated Dolichorhynchops from Trinacromerum raising the question as to whether or not the specimens represented a separate species or just larger individuals of D osborni A study in 2008 found that T bonneri is a valid species of Dolichorhynchops D bonneri 11 Carpenter 1996 estimated that KUVP 40001 with a skull measuring 98 centimetres 3 22 ft long had a total body length of more than approximately 5 1 metres 17 ft A 2023 study assigns D bonneri to a new genus Martinectes 1 D tropicensis was first named by Rebecca Schmeisser McKean in 2011 The specific name is derived from the name of the Tropic Shale in which the two specimens of D tropicensis were found It is known from the holotype MNA V10046 an almost complete well preserved 3 2 metres 10 ft long skeleton including the most of the skull and from the referred specimen MNA V9431 fragmentary postcranial elements It was collected by the Museum of Northern Arizona from a single locality within the Tropic Shale of Utah dating to the early Turonian stage of the early Late Cretaceous about 93 5 91 million years ago D tropicensis extends the known stratigraphic range for Dolichorhynchops back by approximately 7 million years 12 A 2023 study assigns D tropicensis to a new genus Scalamagnus 1 Classification edit nbsp Life restoration of D osborni nbsp D osborni in ViennaBelow is a cladogram of polycotylid relationships from Ketchum amp Benson 2011 2 Plesiosauroidea Cryptoclididae Leptocleidia Leptocleididae Polycotylidae EdgarosaurusPlesiopleurodonQM F18041EopolycotylusPolycotylusThililuaTrinacromerumManemergusDolichorhynchops herschelensisDolichorhynchopsPalmulasaurusSee also edit nbsp Paleontology portalList of plesiosaur genera Timeline of plesiosaur researchNotes edit a b c Clark Robert O O Keefe F Robin Slack Sara E 2023 12 24 A new genus of small polycotylid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior Seaway and a clarification of the genus Dolichorhynchops Cretaceous Research 105812 doi 10 1016 j cretres 2023 105812 ISSN 0195 6671 a b Hilary F Ketchum amp Roger B J Benson 2011 A new pliosaurid Sauropterygia Plesiosauria from the Oxford Clay Formation Middle Jurassic Callovian of England evidence for a gracile longirostrine grade of Early Middle Jurassic pliosaurids Special Papers in Palaeontology 86 109 129 Image plio lrg jpg 2175 600 px oceansofkansas com Retrieved 2015 09 05 Image mcz5086a jpg 1336 742 px oceansofkansas com Retrieved 2015 09 05 Image 1064 4 jpg 1000 297 px oceansofkansas com Retrieved 2015 09 05 Image vp 404 jpg 1160 404 px oceansofkansas com Retrieved 2015 09 05 VP 404 skull oceansofkansas com Archived from the original on 2008 02 05 Retrieved 2015 09 05 a b c Sato 2005 Image KU40001 4 jpg 589 500 px oceansofkansas com Retrieved 2015 09 05 Adams 1977 O Keefe F R 2008 Cranial anatomy and taxonomy of Dolichorhynchops bonneri new combination a polycotylid Sauropterygia Plesiosauria from the Pierre Shale of Wyoming and South Dakota Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 3 664 676 doi 10 1671 0272 4634 2008 28 664 caatod 2 0 co 2 S2CID 32099438 Schmeisser McKean 2011References editAdams D A 1977 Trinacromerum bonneri a new polycotylid plesiosaur from the Pierre Shale of South Dakota and Wyoming Unpublished Masters thesis University of Kansas 97 pages Adams D A 1997 Trinacromerum bonneri new species last and fastest pliosaur of the Western Interior Seaway Texas Journal of Science 49 3 179 198 Albright III L B Gillette D D Titus A L 2007b Plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous Cenomanian Turonian Tropic Shale of southern Utah part 2 polycotylidae PDF Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 1 41 58 doi 10 1671 0272 4634 2007 27 41 PFTUCC 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 130268187 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 09 28 Bonner O W 1964 An osteological study ofNyctosaurusandTrinacromerumwith a description of a new species ofNyctosaurus Unpub Masters Thesis Fort Hays State University 63 pages Carpenter K 1996 A Review of short necked plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous of the western interior North America PDF Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen 201 2 259 287 doi 10 1127 njgpa 201 1996 259 Everhart M J 2003 First records of plesiosaur remains in the lower Smoky Hill Chalk Member Upper Coniacian of the Niobrara Formation in western Kansas Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 106 3 4 139 148 doi 10 1660 0022 8443 2003 106 0139 FROPRI 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 86541758 Everhart M J 2004a Plesiosaurs as the food of mosasaurs new data on the stomach contents of a Tylosaurus proriger Squamata Mosasauridae from the Niobrara Formation of western Kansas The Mosasaur 7 41 46 Everhart M J 2004b New data regarding the skull of Dolichorhynchops osborni Plesiosauroidea Polycotylidae from rediscovered photos of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology specimen Paludicola 4 3 74 80 Everhart M J 2005 Oceans of Kansas A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea Indiana University Press Everhart M J Decker R Decker P 2006 Earliest remains of Dolichorhynchops osborni Plesiosauria Polycotylidae from the basal Fort Hays Limestone Jewell County Kansas Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 109 3 4 261 doi 10 1660 0022 8443 2006 109 247 AOTTAM 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 198152472 abstract Everhart M J 2007 Sea Monsters Prehistoric Creatures of the Deep National Geographic ISBN 978 1 4262 0085 4 O Keefe F R 2004 On the cranial anatomy of the polycotylid plesiosaurs including new material of Polycotylus latipinnis Cope from Alabama Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 2 326 340 doi 10 1671 1944 S2CID 46424292 Sato T 2005 A new Polycotylid Plesiosaur Reptilia Sauropterygia from the Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation in Saskatchewan Canada Journal of Paleontology 79 5 969 980 doi 10 1666 0022 3360 2005 079 0969 ANPPRS 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 131128997 Schmeisser McKean Rebecca 2011 A new species of polycotylid plesiosaur Reptilia Sauropterygia from the Lower Turonian of Utah extending the stratigraphic range of Dolichorhynchops Cretaceous Research 34 184 199 doi 10 1016 j cretres 2011 10 017 Sternberg C H 1922 Explorations of the Permian of Texas and the chalk of Kansas 1918 Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 30 1 119 120 doi 10 2307 3624047 JSTOR 3624047 Sternberg G F Walker M V 1957 Report on a plesiosaur skeleton from western Kansas Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 60 1 86 87 doi 10 2307 3627008 JSTOR 3627008 Williston S W 1902 Restoration of Dolichorhynchops osborni a new Cretaceous plesiosaur Kansas University Science Bulletin 1 9 241 244 Williston S W 1903 North American plesiosaurs Field Columbian Museum Pub 73 Geological Series 2 1 1 79 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dolichorhynchops amp oldid 1217824692, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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