"You know" redirects here. For other uses, see U Know.
A discourse marker is a word or a phrase that plays a role in managing the flow and structure of discourse. Since their main function is at the level of discourse (sequences of utterances) rather than at the level of utterances or sentences, discourse markers are relatively syntax-independent and usually do not change the truth conditional meaning of the sentence.[1] They can also indicate what a speaker is doing on a variety of different planes.[2] Examples of discourse markers include the particlesoh, well, now, then, you know, and I mean, and the discourse connectives so, because, and, but, and or.[3] The term discourse marker was popularized by Deborah Schiffrin in her 1987 book Discourse Markers.[4]
Common discourse markers used in the English language include you know, actually, basically, like, I mean, okay and so. Discourse markers come from varied word classes, such as adverbs (well) or prepositional phrases (in fact). The process that leads from a free construction to a discourse marker can be traced back through grammaticalisation studies and resources.[citation needed] Discourse markers can be seen as a “joint product” of grammaticalization and cooption, explaining both their grammatical behavior and their metatextual properties.[5]
Traditionally, some of the words or phrases that were considered discourse markers were treated as fillers or expletives: words or phrases that had no function at all. Now they are assigned functions in different levels of analysis: topic changes, reformulations, discourse planning, stressing, hedging, or backchanneling.
Referential markers, usually conjunctions, are used to indicate the sequence, causality, and coordination between statements.
Sequence: now, then
Causality: because
Coordination: and, or non-coordination: but
Structural markers indicate the hierarchy of conversational actions at the time in which they are spoken. These markers indicate which statements the speaker believes to be most or least important.
In her book on discourse analysis, Barbara Johnstone called discourse markers that are used by speakers to take the floor (like so) "boundarymarking uses" of the word. This use of discourse markers is present and important in both monologue and dialogue situations.[2]
Examples in other languagesedit
Another example of an interpersonal discourse marker is the Yiddish marker nu, also used in Modern Hebrew and other languages, often to convey impatience or to urge the listener to act (cf. German cognate nun, meaning 'now' in the sense of 'at the moment being discussed', but contrast Latin etymological cognate nunc, meaning 'now' in the sense of 'at the moment in which discussion is occurring'; Latin used iam for 'at the moment being discussed' (and many other meanings) and German uses jetzt for 'at the moment in which discussion is occurring').[7] The French phrase à propos can indicate 'a smooth or a more abrupt discourse shift.'[5]
^Schiffrin, Deborah (1987). Discourse Markers. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0521357180.
^ abHeine, Bernd; Kaltenböck, Gunther; Kuteva, Tania; Long, Haiping (2021). The Rise of Discourse Markers. Cambridge University Press. ISBN9781108982856.
^Jucker, Andreas H.; Ziv, Yael (1998). Discourse Markers: Descriptions and theory. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN9789027285522.
^Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2009). Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns. In Journal of Language Contact, Varia 2: 40–67, p. 50.
Further readingedit
Look up discourse marker in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Brown, Benjamin (2014). "'But Me No Buts': The Theological Debate Between the Hasidim and the Mitnagdim in Light of the Discourse-Markers Theory". Numen. 61 (5–6): 525–551. doi:10.1163/15685276-12341341.
Brown, Benjamin (2014). "'Some Say This, Some Say That': Pragmatics and Discourse Markers in Yad Malachi's Interpretation Rules". Language and Law. 3: 1–20.
January 01, 1970
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You know redirects here For other uses see U Know A discourse marker is a word or a phrase that plays a role in managing the flow and structure of discourse Since their main function is at the level of discourse sequences of utterances rather than at the level of utterances or sentences discourse markers are relatively syntax independent and usually do not change the truth conditional meaning of the sentence 1 They can also indicate what a speaker is doing on a variety of different planes 2 Examples of discourse markers include the particles oh well now then you know and I mean and the discourse connectives so because and but and or 3 The term discourse marker was popularized by Deborah Schiffrin in her 1987 book Discourse Markers 4 Contents 1 Usage in English 2 Examples in other languages 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Further readingUsage in English editCommon discourse markers used in the English language include you know actually basically like I mean okay and so Discourse markers come from varied word classes such as adverbs well or prepositional phrases in fact The process that leads from a free construction to a discourse marker can be traced back through grammaticalisation studies and resources citation needed Discourse markers can be seen as a joint product of grammaticalization and cooption explaining both their grammatical behavior and their metatextual properties 5 Traditionally some of the words or phrases that were considered discourse markers were treated as fillers or expletives words or phrases that had no function at all Now they are assigned functions in different levels of analysis topic changes reformulations discourse planning stressing hedging or backchanneling Yael Maschler divided discourse markers into four broad categories interpersonal referential structural and cognitive 6 Interpersonal markers are used to indicate the relationship between the speaker and the listener Perception look believe me Agreement exactly or disagreement I m not sure Amazement wow Referential markers usually conjunctions are used to indicate the sequence causality and coordination between statements Sequence now then Causality because Coordination and or non coordination but Structural markers indicate the hierarchy of conversational actions at the time in which they are spoken These markers indicate which statements the speaker believes to be most or least important Organization first of all Introduction so Summarization in the end Cognitive markers reveal the speaker s thought process Processing information uhh Realization oh Rephrasing I mean In her book on discourse analysis Barbara Johnstone called discourse markers that are used by speakers to take the floor like so boundarymarking uses of the word This use of discourse markers is present and important in both monologue and dialogue situations 2 Examples in other languages editAnother example of an interpersonal discourse marker is the Yiddish marker nu also used in Modern Hebrew and other languages often to convey impatience or to urge the listener to act cf German cognate nun meaning now in the sense of at the moment being discussed but contrast Latin etymological cognate nunc meaning now in the sense of at the moment in which discussion is occurring Latin used iam for at the moment being discussed and many other meanings and German uses jetzt for at the moment in which discussion is occurring 7 The French phrase a propos can indicate a smooth or a more abrupt discourse shift 5 See also editFiller linguistics So word Speech disfluency Tag questionNotes edit Carol Lynn Moder Aida Martinovic Zic 2004 Discourse Across Languages and Cultures John Benjamins Publishing Company p 117 ISBN 9027230781 a b Johnstone Barbara 2018 Discourse Analysis 3rd ed John Wiley amp Sons Inc ISBN 9781119257714 Schiffrin Deborah 1986 Discourse markers Studies in interactional sociolinguistics 5 Cambridge Cambridgeshire ISBN 978 0 521 30385 9 OCLC 243527510 Schiffrin Deborah 1987 Discourse Markers Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0521357180 a b Heine Bernd Kaltenbock Gunther Kuteva Tania Long Haiping 2021 The Rise of Discourse Markers Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781108982856 Jucker Andreas H Ziv Yael 1998 Discourse Markers Descriptions and theory John Benjamins Publishing ISBN 9789027285522 Zuckermann Ghil ad 2009 Hybridity versus Revivability Multiple Causation Forms and Patterns In Journal of Language Contact Varia 2 40 67 p 50 Further reading edit nbsp Look up discourse marker in Wiktionary the free dictionary Hansen Maj Britt Mosegaard 1998 The semantic status of discourse markers Lingua 104 3 4 235 260 Brown Benjamin 2014 But Me No Buts The Theological Debate Between the Hasidim and the Mitnagdim in Light of the Discourse Markers Theory Numen 61 5 6 525 551 doi 10 1163 15685276 12341341 Brown Benjamin 2014 Some Say This Some Say That Pragmatics and Discourse Markers in Yad Malachi s Interpretation Rules Language and Law 3 1 20 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Discourse marker amp oldid 1213705382, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
