Demographics of Chennai
Chennai, along with Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata, is one of the few Indian cities that are home to a diverse population of ethno-religious communities.[2] According to the 2011 census Chennai then had a total population of 4,681,087 at a density of 26,902 per square kilometre; the sex ratio was 986 and literacy rate was 90.33%.[3] The most widely spoken languages are Tamil and English. Hinduism is followed by a majority of the populace followed by Islam and Christianity. Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism are other religions practiced.
History of enumeration edit
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1871 | 397,552 | — |
| 1881 | 405,848 | +2.1% |
| 1891 | 452,518 | +11.5% |
| 1901 | 509,346 | +12.6% |
| 1911 | 518,660 | +1.8% |
| 1921 | 526,911 | +1.6% |
| 1931 | 647,232 | +22.8% |
| 1941 | 777,481 | +20.1% |
| 1951 | 1,416,056 | +82.1% |
| 1961 | 1,729,141 | +22.1% |
| 1971 | 2,469,449 | +42.8% |
| 1981 | 3,266,034 | +32.3% |
| 1991 | 3,841,396 | +17.6% |
| 2001 | 4,343,645 | +13.1% |
| 2011 | 4,681,087 | +7.8% |
| Sources: * 1639–1791:[4] * 1871–1901:[5] * 1871–1931:[6] * 1931–1951:[7] * 1951–1961:[8] * 1991–2001:[9] * 2001–2011:[10] | ||
Based on the revenue comparisons for the years 1639 and 1648, the population of Madras in 1639, the year of its founding have been calculated as 7,000.[4] Captain Thomas Bowrey in his 1670 book Countries around the Bay of Bengal gives one of the earliest estimates for the population of the city.[4] According to him, Madras had a population of 30,000 including 300 Englishmen and 3,000 Portuguese.[11] Alexander Hamilton in New Account of the East Indies and Persia (1718) wrote,
The colony is well peopled, for there is computed to be 80,000 inhabitants in the towns and villages; and there is generally about 4,500 Europeans residing there...[11]
The idea of taking a census of Madras city was first mooted during the presidency of Elihu Yale. After being shelved for a time, the question was raised again in 1801 when the United Kingdom decided to organise an all-India census. The first census of any part of the city was taken in 1795 when the population of Blacktown (presently Georgetown) was determined as 60,000.[4] According to an 1822 estimate, Madras had a population of 462,051 while an 1863 report by Charles Trevelyan to the Royal Sanitary Commission records that there were not less than a million people in Madras city.[11] There have also been population estimates by other individuals, notable among them being Sir William Langhorne and Elihu Yale.While an Indian census was not organised until 1871, minor population headcounts of the city were taken by the Madras government on 4-year gaps from 1851–52 to 1866–67.
However, these early estimates and the methods used have been criticized by later enumerators. According to population scientist Christophe Guilmoto, the early enumerations were not censuses but "simple headcounts providing little information beyond the sub regional sex distribution". W. R. Cornish, who was the Madras Superintendent of the 1871 Census, the first organised census in British India, wrote
... the estimates of the population of Madras prior to 1867 have been so various and the direct Censuses of 1822 and 1863 were so evidently untrustworthy that it had long been found utterly impossible to any satisfactory conclusion as to the actual number of people living in the city
The first organized census of Madras city and its environs was undertaken in 1871 as a part of the India Census. Madras had a total population of 397,552 in 1871 making it India's third most populous city after Calcutta and Bombay.[11]It was also the fifth largest city in the British Empire.
Population growth edit
The first census of India taken in 1871 gave a population of 397,552. The city was acutely affected by the great famine of 1876–77, with 1877 alone accounting for 40,500,[7] and maintained a steady growth rate throughout the last decades of the 19th century. Between 1901 and 1921, however, the population growth rate was slow.
Religion edit
| Religions and their adherents (in percentage of total population) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Hindu | Muslim | Christian | Jain | Buddhist | Sikh | Others | Not Stated |
| 1901 | 80.6 | 11.3 | 8.0 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 |
| 1911 | 80.2 | 11.4 | 8.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.35 | 0 |
| 1921 | 81.2 | 10.1 | 8.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1931 | 80.4 | 10.8 | 8.4 | 0.4 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1941 | 79.9 | 12.3 | 5.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.31 | 0 |
| 1951 | 81.6 | 9.9 | 7.8 | 0.4 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0 |
| 1961 | 85 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 0.5 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0 |
| 1971 | 84.1 | 8.5 | 6.6 | 0.7 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0 |
| 1981 | 84.4 | 8.1 | 6.4 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0 |
| 1991 | 83.9 | 8.7 | 6.4 | 0.9 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0 |
| 2001 | 81.3 | 9.4 | 7.6 | 1.1 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0 |
| 2011[12] | 80.73 | 9.45 | 7.72 | 1.11 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.83 |
Hindus form the majority of Chennai's population but the city also has substantial Muslim and Christian minorities. As per the 2001 census, Hindus formed 81.3 percent of the total population while Muslims made up 9.4 percent and Christians, 7.6 percent.
- Hinduism
Hinduism is the majority faith in Chennai. The temples towns of Mylapore, Triplicane, Thiruvottiyur, Saidapet and Thiruvanmiyur, which are now part of Chennai city, had been visited by the Saivite saints called Nayanars. The saint Vayilar Nayanar was born and brought up in Mylapore. Sambandar gives a physical description of Mylapore in his hymns
In Mylapore of beautiful groves,
The waves creep up to the shore and then dance on it
As do the fisherfolk who spear the many fish in the waters,
Kapaleeswaram in its plenty celebrates the Thiruvadhirai festival,
Is it done for you to miss this excitement, Poompavai?
The early dubashes or Indian merchants who worked for the British East India Company were devout Hindus. The Chennakesava Perumal Temple, considered to be the chief Hindu temple of Madraspatnam and first to be built since the founding of the city in 1640, was constructed by the dubash Beri Thimmanna in 1646. Chennai is also an important centre of the Ramakrishna Order whose oldest institution the Sri Ramakrishna Math was founded in Chennai in May 1897. Since 1882, Chennai has been the headquarters of the Theosophical Society, a spiritual organisation dedicated to the study of world religions and inter-faith dialogue. According to a 1981 estimate, there were about 600 Hindu temples in Chennai city. The important among them are the Chennakesava Perumal Temple, Chenna Mallesvarar Temple Kapaleeswarar Temple, Parthasarathy Temple, Vadapalani Andavar Temple, Ashtalakshmi Kovil, Kalikambal Temple and the Thiruvalluvar Temple.
- Islam
There has been a recorded presence of Muslims in Chennai from the 9th century CE onwards. The oldest known mosques in Madras - the ones at Pulicat and Kovalam were built in the 10th century CE. Marco Polo in the 13th century and Duarte Barbarosa in the 16th century, both record that St. Thomas was venerated by Christians as well as Muslims of Madras.
- Christianity
The city also has one of the highest population of Christians among major Indian cities, accounting for 7.6% of the city's population.
Languages edit
| Census | Mother-tongues of Chennai (as percentage of the total population) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tamil | Telugu | Urdu | Malayalam | Hindi | Gujarati | Kannada | Marathi | English | Other | |
| 1901 | 61.2 | 21.3 | 10.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 3.1 | 0.71 |
| 1911 | 62.3 | 20.7 | 10.3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 1.03 |
| 1921 | 63.9 | 19.8 | 8.8 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 1.59 |
| 1931 | 63.6 | 19.3 | 9.7 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 1.1 |
| 1941 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 1951 | 67.9 | 19.3 | 6.3 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.1 |
| 1961 | 70.9 | 14.1 | 5.9 | 3.3 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.33 |
| 1971 | 73.7 | 12.0 | 5.7 | 3.7 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.68 |
| 1981 | 74.5 | 12.0 | 5.2 | 3.2 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.24 |
| 1991 | 76.7 | 10.5 | 4.8 | 3.2 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.58 |
| Source: Census of India | ||||||||||
Tamil is the most common language, being the mother tongue of about 76.7% of Chennai inhabitants, followed by Telugu (10.5%), Urdu (2.8%), Malayalam (2.2%) and Hindi (2.1%). English is commonly used as a second language by white-collar workers.[13] In 1891, the percentage of people who speak Tamil was 60.4% followed by Telugu 22.25% and the percentage of people who speak Tamil as their mother tongue had increased from 61.2 in 1901 to 76.7 in 1991 while those who speak Telugu had fallen from 21.3 in 1901 to 10.5 in 1991 and those of Urdu from 9.1 in 1901 to 2.8 in 1991 and English from 3.1 in 1901 to 0.3 in 1991. On the contrary, the percentage of people who speak Malayalam as their mother tongue has increased from 0.2 in 1901 to 2.2 in 1991 and Hindi, from 0.3 in 1901 to 2.1 in 1991.[14]
The fall in the Telugu-speaking population has been attributed to the mass migration of Telugu-speakers from the city upon the formation of Andhra State in 1953 while the decrease in the proportion of people who spoke English as their mother tongue has been attributed to the departure of most Europeans and Anglo-Indians for the United Kingdom following India's independence in 1947. Only a handful of Hindi speakers appear to have lived in Chennai in 1901 and they did not have a notable presence till the inauguration of the Republic of India in 1950. However, since 1950, their numbers have increased rapidly.
Ethnicities edit
Jains edit
There are both North-Indian and Tamil Jains in the city, although the former outnumber the latter. There are about 100 Jain temples in the city built by the North Indian Jains, whereas there are only 18 Tamil Jain temples catering to roughly 1,500 Tamil Jain families.[15]
Sikhs edit
There is no known official record of the first arrival of Sikhs in the city. However, it is believed that the migration has been consistent before, during, and post partition of India. As of 2012, there were about 300 Sikh families residing in the city. Sri Guru Nanak Sat Sangh Sabha, established in 1949, is a centre for social, religious and spiritual activities and is a common point for the Sikh families in the city to converge during special occasions and festivals.[16]
Zoroastrians edit
The first Parsis came to Madras in 1809 from Coorg when the ruling King's brother sent a deputation to the Governor of Fort St. George to deliver a picture. Hirijibhai Maneckji Kharas was the first Parsi to land in the city, who was accompanied by five other Parsis and two priests who bought land at Royapuram opposite the Catholic Church. By the 1900s, the Parsis were generally a prosperous lot, dealing in cars, cycles, perfumes and dyes. The first Iranis came to Madras around 1900 and soon became known for their Irani cafes and also established or managed theatres. There was no official priest in the community for over 100 years till 1906. There was no place of worship till the Royapuram fire temple was built in 1909.[17]
As of 2010, there were about 250 Parsis in Chennai. Many of them live in Royapuram.[18]
Japanese edit
As of 2013, there were about 700 Japanese in the city.[19]
Koreans edit
Chennai is the earliest hub of the Korean community in India, owing to Hyundai's decision to open factories in the city in 1995. Koreans concentrated largely in the Kilpauk township, which has acquired the nickname of "Little Korea" as a result.[20] The Korean community in the city continued to grow in the following years, and by 2009, there were about 3,000 Koreans in the city, up from about 700 in 2006.[21][22] Since then, Koreans make up the largest number of expatriates in Chennai.[23] As of 2013, there are over 4,000 Koreans in the city. According to the Korea Trade Centre, the city has over 150 Korean companies, including Hyundai Motors, Samsung, LG, and Lotte.[19] Several small and medium enterprises, mainly automobile spare parts, logistics and engineering companies, such as Hwashin, Dong-Sung and Doowon, have their operations to support these large firms.[23]
Many Koreans in Chennai work for Hyundai Motors and its suppliers.[22] Some expatriates have also opened Korean restaurants, aimed largely at their co-ethnics rather than local Indians.[24] Koreans have also formed a number of Christian churches in India, including two in Chennai; others include two in New Delhi and one in Mumbai.[25]
Nepalis edit
Around 5-6 lakh Nepali speaking people live in Chennai since a long time, half of them are Indian originated from various parts of North East and Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Duars part of West Bengal and also from Sikkim, rest are from Nepal, the Nepali speaking people are engaged in various professions like beauty and salon, hotel and services, guard for houses and also in IT and teachings.[citation needed]
Notes edit
- ^ "Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu" (XLS). Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
- ^ "The magic of melting pot called Chennai". The Hindu. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ^ "Chennai City Population Census 2011 (provisional)". 2011 Census India. Census Organization of India. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ a b c d H. D. Love (1913). "Population of Madras". Vestiges of Old Madras, Vol 3. p. 557.
- ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 16. Clarendon Press. 1908.
- ^ Mary Elizabeth Hancock (2008). The politics of heritage from Madras to Chennai. Indiana University Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-253-35223-1.
- ^ a b Muthiah, S. (2008). Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India, Volume 1. Association of British Scholars, Chennai. p. 77. ISBN 978-81-8379-468-8.
- ^ Sangya Srivastava (2005). Studies in Demography. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 251. ISBN 978-81-261-1992-9.
- ^ (PDF). Chennai District Statistical Handbook. District Administration, Chennai. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
- ^ (PDF). Census of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
- ^ a b c d Muthiah 2008, pp. 76–92.
- ^ 2011 Censuscensusindia.gov.in 8 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Population Of Chennai 2017". indiapopulation2017.in.
- ^ "The Record News". dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
- ^ Jain, Mahima (28 December 2013). "Tamil Jain?". The Hindu. Chennai. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
- ^ Sampath, Janani (25 March 2013). . The New Indian Express. Chennai: Express Publications. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
- ^ . The Hindu. Chennai. 11 July 2010. Archived from the original on 14 July 2010. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- ^ Mathai, Kamini (12 July 2010). "Parsis go all out to celebrate milestone in Chennai". The Times of India. Chennai: The Times Group. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- ^ a b Kamath, Vinay (15 April 2013). "Land of the rising yen". Business Line. Chennai: The Hindu. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^ Venkatraman, Hemamalini; Sivakuma, Nandini (15 January 2009), "Growing expat community favour cluster accomodation [sic]", The Times of India, retrieved 29 April 2009
- ^ Sanghi, Seema (14 February 2009), , The Hindu, archived from the original on 20 February 2009, retrieved 29 April 2009
- ^ a b Ghiridharadas, Anand (12 September 2006), "Foreign Automakers See India as Exporter", The New York Times, retrieved 29 April 2009
- ^ a b Kannan, Swetha (24 July 2013). "Seoul searching in Chennai". Business Line. Chennai: The Hindu. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
- ^ Doctor, Vikram (8 June 2008), "Food & flavour beyond Kimchi", The Times of India, retrieved 29 April 2009
- ^ "기타 정보" [Other information], 인도 투자핵심가이드 [India Core Investment Guide], Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, 2006, retrieved 29 April 2009[permanent dead link]