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Reaction ferry

April 12, 2024

A reaction ferry is a cable ferry that uses the reaction of the current of a river against a fixed tether to propel the vessel across the water. Such ferries operate faster and more effectively in rivers with strong currents.

Reaction ferry crossing the Rhine at Basel, Switzerland

Types and modes of operation edit

Some reaction ferries operate using an overhead cable suspended from towers anchored on either bank of the river at right angles to the current flow. A "traveller" with pulleys runs along this cable and is attached to the ferry with a tether rope. This can divide into a two-part bridle which defines the angle of the ferry to the current. Sometimes two pulleys and tethers are used. Sometimes a single tether is attached to a bar that can be swung from one side of the ferry to the other. This type also uses a rudder in order to set the angle of the ferry to the current flow from zero - it is then stationary - to the best angle for maximal crossing speed. Ferries without a rudder change the relative lengths of the bridle or multiple tethers in order to steer. The lateral force of the current moves the ferry across the river.

A now rare type of reaction ferry uses a submerged cable lying on the bottom across a river or tidal water. This can be a wire rope or a chain and is pulled to the surface by the ferry or its operator. It passes through moveable pulleys or belaying points whose location sets the ferry's angle. In order to set off, manual work is required to initially pull the cable and also to manoeuvre, especially during the turning of the tide.[1]

The ferry may consist of a single hull, or two pontoons with a deck bridging them. Some ferries carry only passengers, whilst others carry road vehicles, with some examples carrying up to 12 cars.

Physical explanation edit

 
Force diagram of a reaction ferry with a traveller

A reaction ferry operates as a sailing craft where the traveller pulleys represent the wheels of a land yacht and the moving fluid is the water current rather than the wind. In the case of a reaction ferry with an anchored tether, the analogy can also be to a kite. In both cases the ferry's hull itself represents a sail and is angled to the apparent water current in order to generate lift in the same way a sail is set at an angle to the apparent wind.

With an overhead cable stretched across a river at right angles to the current, the ferry is, in sailing terminology, sailing on a reach with the true current exactly at right angles to the direction of crossing. For the anchored-tether type ferry this is valid when the tether is parallel to the current, near the middle of crossing. In sailing, the speed is governed by the lift-to-drag ratios (L/D) of the sail and the hull including centerboard or keel and rudder.[2]

For reaction ferries, L/D ratios also apply except that one is very high, for example typically 30 for a traveller on a steel rope, as visible in aerial photographs, and the other can vary from low, e.g. 1-2 without a centerboard, to 3.5 with one.[3]

A diagram is shown which follows the standard force diagram for sailing.[3][4] It is drawn with a traveller L/D of only about 6 in order to make it clearer. The ferry L/D is drawn at 1.5. The lift L acts at right angles to the direction of the apparent current, the vector sum of the true current and the current component due to the crossing speed. The drag D acts parallel to the apparent current. The vector sum of L and D is the resultant force R. This force can only exist because the tether exerts an opposed force of the same magnitude (see Newton's laws of motion), in this simplified two-dimensional projection of what is really a three-dimensional situation. R can be resolved in a drag component directly downstream and a component in the direction of crossing, the thrust T which drives the ferry. This is balanced by the opposing drag of the traveller pulleys. The amount of lift required is set by the angle of incidence of the ferry to the apparent current (here 10°), often done with a rudder (not shown).

In the figure the crossing speed is the same as the speed of the true current. With a centerboard or keel, the hull's L/D could increase several times. This would increase the crossing speed also several times, but according to the drag equation the forces increase with the square of the speed and put a great load particularly on the overhead cable. With the anchored-tether type ferry, such high speeds would be unobtainable because its tether drags in the water or is supported by buoys that do and this drag would also increase with the square of the speed.

Worldwide usage edit

Austria edit

Canada edit

 
The Lytton Ferry across the Fraser River in British Columbia, Canada, is a reaction ferry using an overhead cable and traveller, visible in the upper right corner.

At one time over 30 reaction ferries crossed the rivers of British Columbia, primarily the Fraser River and the Thompson River. Those still operating include:

In Quebec, the small Laval-sur-le-Lac–Île-Bizard Ferry operates seasonally across the Rivière des Prairies from Laval-sur-le-Lac to the Île Bizard.

Croatia edit

Reaction ferries cross the rivers Sava and Drava.

Czech Republic edit

  • Dolní Žleb Ferry crosses the Elbe at Dolní Žleb near Děčín. with lower (underwater) cable
  • Vrané nad Vltavou – Strnady, Vltava river before Prague, with overhead cable
 
The Aken Ferry, Germany

Germany edit

A number of reaction ferries operate in Germany, particularly across the rivers Elbe and Weser. Between the 17th and 19th centuries, they were quite common on the Rhine. Currently operating ferries include:

 
The Westerhüsen Ferry across the Elbe in Germany is a reaction ferry using a floating cable attached to a mid-channel anchorage, to the right of the boat.

Italy edit

The Traghetto di Leonardo [it] is a historic reaction ferry across the Adda River at Imbersago. It is reputed to have been designed by Leonardo da Vinci.[6]

 
Traghetto di Leonardo, Italy

Lithuania edit

 
Uperis - small river ferry in Vilnius, Lithuania
  • Padalių-Čiobiškio keltas [lt] across the river Neris, connecting Padaliai in Kaunas County with Čiobiškis in Vilnius County
  • Uperis [lt] across the river Neris, connecting Verkių parkas with the Valakampis district of Vilnius, opened in 2018.[7] See also [1]

Netherlands edit

New Zealand edit

Poland edit

A number of reaction ferries operate:

 
Ferry in Czeszewo, Poland (Warta river)
 
Ferry in Gniew, Poland (Vistula river)

Slovakia edit

 
Border-crossing ferry, Záhorská Ves in Slovakia and Angern an der March in Austria

Slovenia edit

Spain edit

  • Pas de barca de Flix on the Ebro river, in Flix in the Catalonia region of Spain.
  • Pas de barca de Miravet on the Ebro river, in Miravet in the Catalonia region of Spain has been operating since the Middle Ages, and continues to use a traditional wooden ferry boat design.

Switzerland edit

Four passenger ferries cross the Rhine in Basel.[11][12]

Three such ferries cross the Aare in Bern.

A small traditional ferry, the last on this river, crosses the Doubs.[13]

United Kingdom edit

 
Hampton Loade Ferry, England

The Hampton Loade Ferry, which carried passengers only, crossed the River Severn at Hampton Loade in Shropshire until 2017. It was operated partly by the current and partly by punting.

United States edit

Several reaction ferries crossed rivers in the Ozark Mountains of the central United States during the first half of the 20th century. The Akers Ferry across the Current River near Salem in Missouri remains in operation. Menor's Ferry in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, was a dual-pontoon reaction ferry built in the 1890s and operated until 1927. A replica was constructed by the National Park Service in 2009.[14][15]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Luckmann, Detlev (1974). "Prahmfähre über die Oste, Baujahr 1911, Oberndorf" (Video 17 Min. with transcript and article). German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB) (in German). Institut for the Scientific Film (IWF) (Göttingen).
  2. ^ Bruce, Edmond & Morss, Harry Design for Fast Sailing. Amateur Yacht Research Society, 1976, pp. 92-117.
  3. ^ a b Bruce, Edmond (July 1962). "The physics of sailing craft as revealed by measurements at full size" (PDF). A.Y.R.S. Publication (40): 23–55. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  4. ^ Marchaj, C. A. (1977). Sailing Theory and Practice. Adlard Coles Limited. p. 121.
  5. ^ "Murfähre - Thema auf meinbezirk.at". MeinBezirk.at (in German). Retrieved 2023-01-21.
  6. ^ Horowitz, Jason (2023-04-23). "Leonardo's Ferry Left High and Dry by Global Warming and Red Tape". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  7. ^ "UPERIS River crosser". Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  8. ^ "Prom rzeczny (52.215265,18.434951)" [River ferry (52.215265,18.434951)]. Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
  9. ^ "Prom rzeczny (50.290066,20.801754)" [River ferry (50.290066,20.801754)]. Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
  10. ^ "Prom rzeczny (52.055176,15.42901)" [River ferry (52.055176,15.42901)]. Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
  11. ^ Stiftung Basler Fähren
  12. ^ Video about Basel’s reaction ferry, by Tom Scott
  13. ^ Ferry of Tariche
  14. ^ Repanshek, Matt (August 4, 2009). "Menor's Ferry Back in Service At Grand Teton National Park". National Parks Traveler. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  15. ^ "Menors Ferry Historic District". National Park Service. July 20, 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2022.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reaction ferries.
  • BC Ministry of Transportation Marine Division
  • Picture of the ferry at Lytton across the Fraser River.
  • Commemorating the centennial of the McLure ferry
  • History of current-powered ferries in the Ozarks
  • Catalonia historical and tourist information site

April 12, 2024
reaction, ferry, reaction, ferry, cable, ferry, that, uses, reaction, current, river, against, fixed, tether, propel, vessel, across, water, such, ferries, operate, faster, more, effectively, rivers, with, strong, currents, crossing, rhine, basel, switzerland,. A reaction ferry is a cable ferry that uses the reaction of the current of a river against a fixed tether to propel the vessel across the water Such ferries operate faster and more effectively in rivers with strong currents Reaction ferry crossing the Rhine at Basel Switzerland Contents 1 Types and modes of operation 2 Physical explanation 3 Worldwide usage 3 1 Austria 3 2 Canada 3 3 Croatia 3 4 Czech Republic 3 5 Germany 3 6 Italy 3 7 Lithuania 3 8 Netherlands 3 9 New Zealand 3 10 Poland 3 11 Slovakia 3 12 Slovenia 3 13 Spain 3 14 Switzerland 3 15 United Kingdom 3 16 United States 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksTypes and modes of operation editSome reaction ferries operate using an overhead cable suspended from towers anchored on either bank of the river at right angles to the current flow A traveller with pulleys runs along this cable and is attached to the ferry with a tether rope This can divide into a two part bridle which defines the angle of the ferry to the current Sometimes two pulleys and tethers are used Sometimes a single tether is attached to a bar that can be swung from one side of the ferry to the other This type also uses a rudder in order to set the angle of the ferry to the current flow from zero it is then stationary to the best angle for maximal crossing speed Ferries without a rudder change the relative lengths of the bridle or multiple tethers in order to steer The lateral force of the current moves the ferry across the river A now rare type of reaction ferry uses a submerged cable lying on the bottom across a river or tidal water This can be a wire rope or a chain and is pulled to the surface by the ferry or its operator It passes through moveable pulleys or belaying points whose location sets the ferry s angle In order to set off manual work is required to initially pull the cable and also to manoeuvre especially during the turning of the tide 1 The ferry may consist of a single hull or two pontoons with a deck bridging them Some ferries carry only passengers whilst others carry road vehicles with some examples carrying up to 12 cars Physical explanation edit nbsp Force diagram of a reaction ferry with a travellerA reaction ferry operates as a sailing craft where the traveller pulleys represent the wheels of a land yacht and the moving fluid is the water current rather than the wind In the case of a reaction ferry with an anchored tether the analogy can also be to a kite In both cases the ferry s hull itself represents a sail and is angled to the apparent water current in order to generate lift in the same way a sail is set at an angle to the apparent wind With an overhead cable stretched across a river at right angles to the current the ferry is in sailing terminology sailing on a reach with the true current exactly at right angles to the direction of crossing For the anchored tether type ferry this is valid when the tether is parallel to the current near the middle of crossing In sailing the speed is governed by the lift to drag ratios L D of the sail and the hull including centerboard or keel and rudder 2 For reaction ferries L D ratios also apply except that one is very high for example typically 30 for a traveller on a steel rope as visible in aerial photographs and the other can vary from low e g 1 2 without a centerboard to 3 5 with one 3 A diagram is shown which follows the standard force diagram for sailing 3 4 It is drawn with a traveller L D of only about 6 in order to make it clearer The ferry L D is drawn at 1 5 The lift L acts at right angles to the direction of the apparent current the vector sum of the true current and the current component due to the crossing speed The drag D acts parallel to the apparent current The vector sum of L and D is the resultant force R This force can only exist because the tether exerts an opposed force of the same magnitude see Newton s laws of motion in this simplified two dimensional projection of what is really a three dimensional situation R can be resolved in a drag component directly downstream and a component in the direction of crossing the thrust T which drives the ferry This is balanced by the opposing drag of the traveller pulleys The amount of lift required is set by the angle of incidence of the ferry to the apparent current here 10 often done with a rudder not shown In the figure the crossing speed is the same as the speed of the true current With a centerboard or keel the hull s L D could increase several times This would increase the crossing speed also several times but according to the drag equation the forces increase with the square of the speed and put a great load particularly on the overhead cable With the anchored tether type ferry such high speeds would be unobtainable because its tether drags in the water or is supported by buoys that do and this drag would also increase with the square of the speed Worldwide usage editAustria edit Ferry from Weissenkirchen in der Wachau to St Lorenz across the Danube Ferry from Spitz an der Donau to Arnsdorf across the Danube Ferry from Ottensheim to Wilhering across the Danube Ferry from Korneuburg to Klosterneuburg across the Danube 12 km north of Vienna Ferry from Weitersfeld an der Mur to Sladki Vrh Slovenia across the Mur river 5 recognised as a border crossingCanada edit nbsp The Lytton Ferry across the Fraser River in British Columbia Canada is a reaction ferry using an overhead cable and traveller visible in the upper right corner At one time over 30 reaction ferries crossed the rivers of British Columbia primarily the Fraser River and the Thompson River Those still operating include Big Bar Ferry across the Fraser River at Big Bar British Columbia Little Fort Ferry across the Thompson River in British Columbia Lytton Ferry across the Fraser River at Lytton British Columbia McLure Ferry across the Thompson River in British Columbia Usk Ferry across the Skeena River in Usk British ColumbiaIn Quebec the small Laval sur le Lac Ile Bizard Ferry operates seasonally across the Riviere des Prairies from Laval sur le Lac to the Ile Bizard Croatia edit Reaction ferries cross the rivers Sava and Drava Czech Republic edit Dolni Zleb Ferry crosses the Elbe at Dolni Zleb near Decin with lower underwater cable Vrane nad Vltavou Strnady Vltava river before Prague with overhead cable nbsp The Aken Ferry GermanyGermany edit A number of reaction ferries operate in Germany particularly across the rivers Elbe and Weser Between the 17th and 19th centuries they were quite common on the Rhine Currently operating ferries include Aken Ferry across the Elbe at Aken Elbe in Saxony Anhalt Barby Ferry across the Elbe at Barby in Saxony Anhalt Coswig Ferry across the Elbe at Coswig in Saxony Anhalt Rathen Ferry across the Elbe at Rathen in Saxony Rabel Ferry across the Elbe between Rabel and Havelberg in Saxony Anhalt Rothenburg Ferry across the Saale at Rothenburg in Saxony Anhalt Sandau Ferry across the Elbe at Sandau in Saxony Anhalt Belgern Ferry across the Elbe at Belgern in Saxony Veckerhagen Ferry across the Weser between Veckerhagen in Hesse and Hemeln in Lower Saxony Westerhusen Ferry across the Elbe at Magdeburg in Saxony Anhalt Matting Ferry across the Danube at Matting in Bavaria Near Regensburg nbsp The Westerhusen Ferry across the Elbe in Germany is a reaction ferry using a floating cable attached to a mid channel anchorage to the right of the boat Italy edit The Traghetto di Leonardo it is a historic reaction ferry across the Adda River at Imbersago It is reputed to have been designed by Leonardo da Vinci 6 nbsp Traghetto di Leonardo ItalyLithuania edit nbsp Uperis small river ferry in Vilnius LithuaniaPadaliu Ciobiskio keltas lt across the river Neris connecting Padaliai in Kaunas County with Ciobiskis in Vilnius County Uperis lt across the river Neris connecting Verkiu parkas with the Valakampis district of Vilnius opened in 2018 7 See also 1 Netherlands edit Culemborg ferry 2 Ferry service Doornenburg crossing the Pannerdens KanaalNew Zealand edit Tuapeka Mouth Ferry in Tuapeka South Island on the Clutha River 3 Poland edit A number of reaction ferries operate nbsp Ferry in Czeszewo Poland Warta river nbsp Ferry in Gniew Poland Vistula river Biechowy Ferry across the Warta between Biechowy and Piersk 8 Borusowa Ferry across the Vistula between Borusowa and Nowy Korczyn road no 973 9 Brody Ferry across the Oder at Brody road no 280 10 Ciszyca Ferry across the Vistula between Tarnobrzeg and Ciszyca road no 758 Czchow Ferry across the Dunajec between Czchow and Piaski Druzkow Czeszewo Ferry across the Warta at Czeszewo Debno Ferry across the Warta between Debno and Orzechowo Gniew Ferry across the Vistula between Gniew and Janowo road no 510 Grzegorzowice Ferry across the Oder between Grzegorzowice and Ciechowice road no 421 Kozubow Ferry across the Warta at Kozubow Krzemienna Ferry across the San between Krzemienna and Jablonica Ruska Milsko Ferry across the Oder between Milsko and Przewoz road no 282 Nozdrzec Ferry across the San between Nozdrzec and Dabrowka Starzenska Opatowiec Ferry across the Vistula between Opatowiec and Ujscie Jezuickie Otfinow Ferry across the Dunajec between Otfinow and Pasieka Otfinowska Pogorzelica Ferry across the Warta between Pogorzelica and Nowa Wies Podgorna Polaniec Ferry across the Vistula between Polaniec and Gliny Male Polecko Ferry across the Oder between Polecko and Chlebowo road no 138 Pomorsko Ferry across the Oder at Pomorsko road no 281 Siedliszowice Ferry across the Dunajec between Siedliszowice and Wietrzychowice Slawsk Ferry across the Warta between Slawsk and Weglewskie Holendry Swiniary Ferry across the Vistula between Baranow Sandomierski and Swiniary Stare road no 872 Waki Ferry across the Warta at WakiSlovakia edit nbsp Border crossing ferry Zahorska Ves in Slovakia and Angern an der March in AustriaStrecno Ferry across the river Vah between Strecno and Nezbudska Lucka in Zilina District Vlcany Selice Ferry across the river Vah between Vlcany and Selice in Saľa District Zahorska Ves Ferry across the river Morava between Zahorska Ves Malacky District in Slovakia and Angern an der March Ganserndorf district in Lower Austria AustriaSlovenia edit Ferry from Sladki Vrh to Weitersfeld an der Mur Austria across the Mur river is recognised as a border crossing Ferry across the Mur river in Krog Ferry across the Mur river in Izakovci Ferry across the Mur river in Melinci Tinekov brod across the Mur river near Gornja Bistrica Spain edit Pas de barca de Flix on the Ebro river in Flix in the Catalonia region of Spain Pas de barca de Miravet on the Ebro river in Miravet in the Catalonia region of Spain has been operating since the Middle Ages and continues to use a traditional wooden ferry boat design Switzerland edit Four passenger ferries cross the Rhine in Basel 11 12 Three such ferries cross the Aare in Bern A small traditional ferry the last on this river crosses the Doubs 13 United Kingdom edit nbsp Hampton Loade Ferry EnglandThe Hampton Loade Ferry which carried passengers only crossed the River Severn at Hampton Loade in Shropshire until 2017 It was operated partly by the current and partly by punting United States edit Several reaction ferries crossed rivers in the Ozark Mountains of the central United States during the first half of the 20th century The Akers Ferry across the Current River near Salem in Missouri remains in operation Menor s Ferry in Jackson Hole Wyoming was a dual pontoon reaction ferry built in the 1890s and operated until 1927 A replica was constructed by the National Park Service in 2009 14 15 See also editCable ferry Chain boat Ferry Pontoon boat References edit Luckmann Detlev 1974 Prahmfahre uber die Oste Baujahr 1911 Oberndorf Video 17 Min with transcript and article German National Library of Science and Technology TIB in German Institut for the Scientific Film IWF Gottingen Bruce Edmond amp Morss Harry Design for Fast Sailing Amateur Yacht Research Society 1976 pp 92 117 a b Bruce Edmond July 1962 The physics of sailing craft as revealed by measurements at full size PDF A Y R S Publication 40 23 55 Retrieved 15 March 2023 Marchaj C A 1977 Sailing Theory and Practice Adlard Coles Limited p 121 Murfahre Thema auf meinbezirk at MeinBezirk at in German Retrieved 2023 01 21 Horowitz Jason 2023 04 23 Leonardo s Ferry Left High and Dry by Global Warming and Red Tape The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2023 04 24 UPERIS River crosser Retrieved 4 May 2019 Prom rzeczny 52 215265 18 434951 River ferry 52 215265 18 434951 Google Maps Google Retrieved 2012 01 29 Prom rzeczny 50 290066 20 801754 River ferry 50 290066 20 801754 Google Maps Google Retrieved 2012 01 29 Prom rzeczny 52 055176 15 42901 River ferry 52 055176 15 42901 Google Maps Google Retrieved 2012 01 29 Stiftung Basler Fahren Video about Basel s reaction ferry by Tom Scott Ferry of Tariche Repanshek Matt August 4 2009 Menor s Ferry Back in Service At Grand Teton National Park National Parks Traveler Retrieved 29 October 2022 Menors Ferry Historic District National Park Service July 20 2019 Retrieved 29 October 2022 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reaction ferries BC Ministry of Transportation Marine Division Picture of the ferry at Lytton across the Fraser River Commemorating the centennial of the McLure ferry History of current powered ferries in the Ozarks Catalonia historical and tourist information site Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Reaction ferry amp oldid 1214268427, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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