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Crust punk

January 01, 1970

"Crusty" redirects here. For other uses, see Krusty (disambiguation).

Crust punk (also known as stenchcore or simply crust)[6] is a subgenre of punk rock influenced by the English punk scene as well as extreme metal.[1] The style, which evolved in the early 1980s in England,[7] often has songs with dark and pessimistic lyrics that linger on political and social ills. The term "crust" was coined by Hellbastard on their 1986 Ripper Crust demo.[8]

Crust punk
Crust punk band Antisect performing in 1985
Other names
  • Crust
  • stenchcore
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsEarly 1980s, England
Derivative formsGrindcore[5]
Subgenres
Crustcore
Fusion genres
Blackened crust, crack rock steady, Red and Anarchist black metal
Regional scenes
United Kingdom
Other topics

Crust is partly defined by its "bassy" and "dirty" sound. It is often played at a fast tempo with occasional slow sections. Vocals are usually raspy screams, but can also be grunted/growled. Crust punk takes cues from the anarcho-punk of Crass and Discharge[1] and the heavy metal of bands like Venom, Trouble, Hellhammer, Celtic Frost, Black Sabbath and Motörhead.[1][9] While the term was first associated with Hellbastard, Amebix have been described as the originators of the style, along with Discharge and Antisect.[1]

Characteristics edit

Instrumentation edit

Crust punk is a derivative form of anarcho-punk, mixed with metal riffs.[1] The tempos are often fast, but just short of thrashcore or grindcore. However, many groups confine themselves to a crawling, sludgy pace. The overall musical sound has been described as being "stripped down".[10] Drumming is typically done at high speed, with D-beats sometimes being used.[2] In Sober Living for the Revolution: Hardcore Punk, Straight Edge, and Radical Politics, author Gabriel Kuhn referred to the genre as a "blend of 1977 British punk, roots culture and black metal", with the genre often taking influence from death metal, grindcore and powerviolence.[11]

Vocals and lyrics edit

Vocals in crust punk are often shrieked or shouted, and may be shared between two or more vocalists. The lyrical content of crust punk tends to be bleak and nihilistic, yet politically engaged. Crust punk songs are often about nuclear war, militarism, animal rights, police, personal grievances, oppressive states and fascism. Amebix were also interested in various forms of mysticism and Gnosticism.[9] Malcolm "Scruff" Lewty, guitarist and vocalist of Hellbastard, describes the distinction between metal and crust punk lyrics "Metal lyrics were so dumb, so far removed from daily life. Venom were going on about Satan... and bikes... and Satan... and women... and Satan! You know what? I never got up in the morning and said, 'Fuck yeah! Satan! Let's go and meet my disciples from Hell!' I'd switch on the TV and know I was going to see hundreds of people dying because there'd been an earthquake in the third world... and all these people starving to death while military expenditure still increased... That was — and still is — the reality of it. The whole heavy metal thing is just an escape from reality, into this other world of... well, bullshit basically."[12]

History edit

Precursors edit

The initial inspiration for the crust punk scene came from the anarcho-punk of Crass[1] and D-beat of Discharge.[5] Swedish D-beat groups such as Crude SS, Skitslickers/Anti Cimex and Mob 47 and the Finnish Rattus were also early influences.[13] Amebix also brought in influences from various post-punk bands, including Public Image Ltd., Bauhaus, Joy Division, and especially Killing Joke.[9]

1980s edit

 
Pioneering English crust punk band Antisect performing in Finland in 2011

Crust was founded by the bands Amebix[2][14] and Antisect.[1] The term "crust" was coined by Hellbastard on their 1986 Ripper Crust demo.[1] In his book Trapped in a Scene, punk historian Ian Glasper said "Rippercrust is widely regarded as the first time the word 'crust' was used in the punk context, and hence the specific starting point of the whole crust punk genre, although some would attribute that accolade to the likes of Disorder, Chaos UK, and Amebix several years earlier.[8] In the same book, he quoted the group's vocalist and guitarist Malcolm "Scruff" Lewty "A lot of people say we started the crust punk genre, but whatever. If they wanna say that, I don't mind, but I'm certainly no Malcolm McLaren, saying I invented something I didn't."[8] However, in Sober Living for the Revolution: Hardcore Punk, Straight Edge, and Radical Politics, author Gabriel Kuhn Punk stated that the name of the genre came from the "crusty" appearance of the genre's practitioning bands.[11] journalist Felix von Havoc contends that Doom, Excrement of War, Electro Hippies and Extreme Noise Terror were among the first bands to have the traditional UK "crust" sound.[1] Additional subgenres of this style began to develop. Deviated Instinct, from Norwich, created "stenchcore", bringing "both the look and sound — dirty and metallic, respectively — to their natural conclusion".[15] Initially an anarcho-punk group, they began to take increasing influence from metal. As vocalist Julian "Leggo" Kilsby comments "We were very much a part of the anarcho scene, to start with, very politically motivated... all the way through the band's existence, really, although it got less obvious as time went by. But I never really liked the straightforward 'War is bad...' lyrics that were so prevalent at the time, so as my writing skills improved I wanted to add more depth to our lyrics and make them more metaphorical; I'd always been into horror films, so that started to manifest itself in the imagery I was using.[16]

Extreme Noise Terror is credited with developing this style into grindcore.[5] However, Pete Hurley, the guitarist for the group, declared that he had no interest in being remembered as a pioneer of this style: "'grindcore' was a legendarily stupid term coined by a hyperactive kid from the West Midlands, and it had nothing to do with us whatsoever. ENT were, are, and — I suspect — always will be a hardcore punk band... not a grindcore band, a stenchcore band, a trampcore band, or any other sub-sub-sub-core genre-defining term you can come up with."[17]

American crust punk began in New York City, also in the mid-1980s, with the work of Nausea. The group emerged from the Lower East Side squat scene and New York hardcore,[18] living with Roger Miret of Agnostic Front.[19] The early work of Neurosis, from San Francisco, also borrowed from Amebix, and inaugurated crust punk on the West Coast.[20][21] Disrupt (Boston),[22] Antischism (South Carolina), MISERY and Destroy (Minneapolis) were also significant U.S. crust groups.[1]

1990s edit

An important American crust punk band was Aus Rotten[23] from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Crust punk also flourished in Minneapolis, shepherded by the Profane Existence label.[13] In this period, the ethos of crust punk became particularly codified, with vegetarianism, feminism, and sometimes straight edge being prescribed by many of the figures in the scene.[13] The powerviolence scene associated with Slap-a-Ham Records was in close proximity to crust punk, particularly in the case of Man Is the Bastard and Dropdead.[24] Crust was also prominent in the American South, where Prank Records and CrimethInc. acted as focal points of the scene. The most well-known representative of Southern crust was His Hero Is Gone.[2][25] Prominent crust punk groups (Driller Killer, Totalitär, Skitsystem, Wolfbrigade, and Disfear) also emerged from Sweden, which had always had a strong D-beat scene. Many of these groups developed in parallel with the much more commercial Scandinavian death metal scene.[26]

2000s edit

Some notable crust bands in the 2000s include Iskra,[27] Behind Enemy Lines,[28] and Tragedy. The Spanish city A Coruña has a crust scene which includes bands as Black Panda, Ekkaia and Madame Germen.[29] In 2017, Bandcamp Daily wrote that Fluff Fest, held in Czechia since 2000, has become a "summer ritual" for many European crust fans.[30]

Relations with other genres edit

 
Vivian Slaughter of Gallhammer.

Black metal edit

Crust punk groups, such as Antisect, Sacrilege and Anti System took some influence from early black metal bands like Venom, Hellhammer, and Celtic Frost,[1] while Amebix's lead vocalist and guitarist sent his band's early demo tape to Cronos of Venom, who replied by saying "We'll rip you off".[31] Similarly, Bathory was initially inspired by crust punk as well as heavy metal.[32]

Blackened crust edit

Crust punk was affected by a second wave of black metal in the 1990s, with some bands emphasising these black metal elements. Iskra are probably the most obvious example of second wave black metal-influenced crust punk;[27] Iskra coined their own phrase "blackened crust" to describe their new style. The Japanese group Gallhammer also fused crust punk with black metal[33] while the English band Fukpig has been said to have elements of crust punk, black metal, and grindcore.[34][35] Germany's Downfall of Gaia has been described as mixing crustgrind and black metal, along with elements of sludge metal, doom metal and post-metal.[36] North Carolina's Young and in the Way have been playing blackened crust since their formation in 2009.[37] In addition, Norwegian band Darkthrone have incorporated crust punk traits in their mid-to-late 2000s material. As Daniel Ekeroth wrote in 2008,

In a very ironic paradox, black metal and crust punk have recently started to embrace one another. Members of Darkthrone and Satyricon have lately claimed that they love punk, while among crusties, black metal is the latest fashion. In fact, the latest album by crust punk band Skitsystem sounds very black metal--while the latest black metal opus by Darkthrone sounds very punk! This would have been unimaginable in the early 90s.

— [38]

Red and anarchist black metal edit

Red and anarchist black metal (also known as RABM or anarchist black metal)[39][40][41] is a subgenre that melds black metal with anarchist crust punk, promoting ideologies such as anarchism, environmentalism, or Marxism.[42][43][44][45] Artists labelled RABM include Iskra, Panopticon, Skagos,[45][46] Storm of Sedition,[39] Not A Cost,[39] Black Kronstadt,[39] and Vidargangr.[41]

Crack rock steady edit

Crack rock steady is a punk rock fusion-genre, which combines elements of crust punk and ska punk.[47] Lyrics often focus on themes such as drug-use, religion,[48] politics[49] and social issues.[47] Other genres sometimes incorporated in conjunction with the style include hardcore punk[48] and heavy metal.[50] Notable bands within the genre include Choking Victim, Leftöver Crack, Morning Glory and Star Fucking Hipsters.[48]

Crustcore edit

Crustcore (also known as crusty hardcore), is a sub-genre of crust punk that takes influence from hardcore punk and sometimes thrashcore. Felix Havoc described Extreme Noise Terror's segment of the "Earslaughter" split album with Chaos UK as the first album in the genre. Crustcore bands include Extreme Noise Terror, Doom, Disrupt,[1] Wolfbrigade,[51] Neurosis,[52] Baptists,[53] Discharge[54] and Filth.[55]

Grindcore edit

Crust punk had a major impact on grindcore's emergence. The first grindcore, practised by the British bands such as Napalm Death and Extreme Noise Terror emerged from the crust punk scene.[1] This early style is sometimes dubbed "crustgrind".[5]

Neo crust edit

Neo crust is a genre that merges crust punk with elements of various extreme music styles including black metal, screamo, post-rock, hardcore punk,[56] death metal and doom metal.[57] Unlike most other punk–metal fusion genres, neo-crust's sound is neither distinctively rooted in punk or metal, instead frequently shifting between the two, disregarding genre boundaries.[57] It is often dark and heavy however also melodic.[57] Notable bands include His Hero is Gone, Tragedy,[58] Fall of Efrafa[57] and From Ashes Rise.[59]

Culture edit

"Crusties" redirects here. For the similar subcultures sometimes also known as "crusties," see New Age travellers and gutter punk. For "eye crusties," see rheum.

Crust punks are associated with a DIY-oriented branch of punk garb. Similar to anarcho-punk, most clothing is black in colour. Denim jackets and hooded sweatshirts with sewn-on patches, or vests covered in studs, spikes and band patches are characteristic elements of the crust punk style of dress or pants covered in band patches.[60] Crust punks also sometimes wear dreadlocks and piercings.[11] Julian "Leggo" Kilsby of Deviated Instinct describes crust as "a punk-y biker look, more akin to Mad Max. Mad Max 2 is the crustiest film ever made!"[61]

Members of the sub-culture are generally outspokenly political, possessing anarchist and anti-consumerist views.[11]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Von Havoc, Felix (1 January 1984). . Profane Existence. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  2. ^ a b c d Peter Jandreus, The Encyclopedia of Swedish Punk 1977-1987, Stockholm: Premium Publishing, 2008, p. 11.
  3. ^ "A History Of Metal - Punk Special: Crust Punk". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ Popoff, Martin (2017). Speed Metal.
  5. ^ a b c d "In Grind We Crust," p. 46.
  6. ^ Cunha, Ricardo. "Crust: the other side of the coin". Retrieved 30 June 2018.
  7. ^ "In Crust We Trust". Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  8. ^ a b c Glasper 2009, 185
  9. ^ a b c Glasper 2006. "Amebix." p. 198-201.
  10. ^ Loolwa Khazzoom, Special to The Chronicle (11 March 2005). "Livermore: All's well with the Bay Area punk scene say members of the Sick". Sfgate.com. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  11. ^ a b c d Kuhn, Gabriel (2010). Sober Living for the Revolution: Hardcore Punk, Straight Edge, and Radical Politics. PM Press. p. 16. ISBN 9781604860511.
  12. ^ Glasper 2009, 183."
  13. ^ a b c "In Grind We Crust," p. 51.
  14. ^ "The Gauntlet". The Gauntlet. 29 February 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  15. ^ Glasper 2009, 284
  16. ^ Glasper 2009, 286
  17. ^ Glasper 2009, 279
  18. ^ Init 5, 25 September 2007. [1] Access date: 18 June 2008.
  19. ^ John John Jesse interview, Hoard Magazine, June 2005. . Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2009. Access date: 18 June 2008
  20. ^ Adam Louie, Mastodon, Neurosis show review, Prefix magazine, 29 January 2008 [2] Access date: 18 June 2008
  21. ^ Anthony Bartkewicz, Decibel Magazine No. 31, May 2007. [3] Access date: 18 June 2008
  22. ^ Nick Mangel, Disrupt LP review, Maximum Rock'n'Roll #301, June 2008, record reviews section.
  23. ^ "Crust-punks Behind Enemy Lines release One Nation Under The Iron Fist of God 2011-11-28 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ "Powerviolence: The Dysfunctional Family of Bllleeeeaaauuurrrgghhh!!." Terrorizer no. 172. July 2008. p. 36-37.
  25. ^ Andrew Childers, "Kick in the South: A Look Back at Prank Records and the Southern Crust Scene." 5 April 2008. [4] Access date: 21 June 2008
  26. ^ Ekeroth, p. 107, 266.
  27. ^ a b Iskra Interviews 15 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
  28. ^ Mervis, Scott (1 February 2007). "Pittsburgh Calling: A capsule look at Pittsburgh bands making news". Post-gazette.com. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  29. ^ es:Crust punk#D.C3.A9cada de los 90s.2F00s .28Portland.2C Suecia.2C Espa.C3.B1a.29
  30. ^ Sanna, Jacopo (20 September 2017). "The Sincere and Vibrant World of the Czech DIY Scene". Bandcamp. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  31. ^ Dunlap, Xander. "Directionless people are malleable—easily pointed in the wrong directions". Thrasher. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  32. ^ Ekeroth, p. 27.
  33. ^ "Hard of Hearing", Terrorizer no. 171, June 2008, p. 56.
  34. ^ "Fukpig". Supersonic Festival. 22 October 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  35. ^ "C: Do you think that FUKPIG has founded a style of his own? Misery: Nah its just d-beat crust, with added horror C: and then What difference to FUKPIG from the rest of the bands? Misery: We add more black metal / horror influences, but are still inspired by the same things C: Is Necro-Punk your style? Misery: Yeah, necro in the black metal style playing crust punk, so yeah Necro Punk." Interview: Fukpig 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^ Weber, Austin (4 December 2014). "Downfall of Gaia: "Aeon Unveils the Thrones of Decay"". No Clean Singing. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  37. ^ Zorgdrager, Bradley. "Young and in the Way When Life Comes to Death". Exclaim!. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  38. ^ Ekeroth, p. 258.
  39. ^ a b c d "Canadian Crust Punks Storm of Sedition Go Off the Grid on Their Furious New 'Decivilize' LP | NOISEY". NOISEY. April 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  40. ^ "Skagos: Anarchic Album Review | Pitchfork". pitchfork.com. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  41. ^ a b Berto. "Review Vidargangr – A World That has To Be Opposed". Lords of Metal. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  42. ^ "De Zwaarste Metalgids: 66 metalgenres in één zin uitgelegd". Studio Brussel (in German). Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  43. ^ Gevorgyan, Elen. "Music, Ideology and How They Interact: A Journey from Sacred Music to Black Metal" (PDF). American University of Armenia. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  44. ^ Nonjon, Adrien (2019). Black Metal Theory Symposium Program. University of Ljubljana. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  45. ^ a b "If It Ain't Got No Blastbeat, It's Not My Revolution: Panopticon". PopMatters. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  46. ^ "Skagos: Anarchic Album Review – Pitchfork". pitchfork.com.
  47. ^ a b "14 Bush-era political artworks that stood the test of time". The A.V. Club. 23 January 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  48. ^ a b c GENTILE, JOHN (12 September 2015). "Sonic Reducer: Crack Rock Steady". Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  49. ^ MOSES, JEFF. "Leftover Crack Doesn't Just Talk About Being Punk". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  50. ^ VERDUCCI, RICHARD (8 October 2010). "Scott Sturgeon (Leftover Crack/Star F*cking Hipsters)". Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  51. ^ LUEDTKE, CHRISTOPHER (15 May 2017). "Album Review: WOLFBRIGADE Run With The Hunted". Metal Injection. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  52. ^ Kelly, Kim (14 August 2015). "Thrash 'n burn: why 1985 was metal's defining year". TheGuardian.com. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  53. ^ Adams, Gregory. "Ladyhawk Celebrate 10th Anniversary with "Decade of Passive Aggression" Canadian Tour, Outline New Album Possibilities". Exclaim!. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  54. ^ Adams, Gregory. "Discharge Sign with Nuclear Blast for First Album in 8 Years". Exclaim!. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  55. ^ Breihan, Tom (30 October 2013). "White Fence – "Today's Lesson" (Filth Cover)". Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  56. ^ Kelly, Kim (31 March 2016). "Ancst's Anti-Fascist Agenda Bleeds into the Urgent Black Metal Crust of Their New Album 'Moloch'". Vice Media. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  57. ^ a b c d Tiernan, Jake (20 November 2015). "Starter Kit: Neo Crust". Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  58. ^ Silva, Thiago “Índio” (19 September 2018). "10 bandas de metal extremo pra você que é esquerdista". Vice Media. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  59. ^ "Neo-Crust". 16 March 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  60. ^ Kevin Stewart-Panko, "I Saw Disfear Three Times in Three Days", Decibel, no. 46, August 2008, p. 22.
  61. ^ Glasper 2009, 287

Further reading edit

  • Ekeroth, Daniel (2008). Swedish Death Metal. Bazillion Points Books. ISBN 978-0-9796163-1-0
  • Glasper, Ian (2004). Burning Britain: The History of UK Punk 1980-1984. Cherry Red Books. ISBN 1-901447-24-3
  • Glasper, Ian (2006). The Day the Country Died: A History of Anarcho Punk 1980 to 1984. Cherry Red Books. ISBN 1-901447-70-7
  • Glasper, Ian (2009). Trapped in a Scene: UK Hardcore 1985-1989. Cherry Red Books. ISBN 978-1-901447-61-3
  • "In Grind We Crust," Terrorizer #181, March 2009, p. 46, 51.
  • Mudian, Albert (2000). Choosing Death: The Improbable History of Death Metal and Grindcore. Feral House. ISBN 1-932595-04-X
  • Profane Existence (1997). Making Punk a Threat Again: Profane Existence: Best Cuts 1989-1993. Loincloth. ASIN: B000J2M8GS

January 01, 1970
crust, punk, crusty, redirects, here, other, uses, krusty, disambiguation, also, known, stenchcore, simply, crust, subgenre, punk, rock, influenced, english, punk, scene, well, extreme, metal, style, which, evolved, early, 1980s, england, often, songs, with, d. Crusty redirects here For other uses see Krusty disambiguation Crust punk also known as stenchcore or simply crust 6 is a subgenre of punk rock influenced by the English punk scene as well as extreme metal 1 The style which evolved in the early 1980s in England 7 often has songs with dark and pessimistic lyrics that linger on political and social ills The term crust was coined by Hellbastard on their 1986 Ripper Crust demo 8 Crust punkCrust punk band Antisect performing in 1985Other namesCrust stenchcoreStylistic originsAnarcho punk 1 D beat 2 extreme metal 3 biker metal 4 Cultural originsEarly 1980s EnglandDerivative formsGrindcore 5 SubgenresCrustcoreFusion genresBlackened crust crack rock steady Red and Anarchist black metalRegional scenesUnited KingdomOther topicsCrossover thrash metalcore sludge metal thrashcore thrash metal black metal Crust is partly defined by its bassy and dirty sound It is often played at a fast tempo with occasional slow sections Vocals are usually raspy screams but can also be grunted growled Crust punk takes cues from the anarcho punk of Crass and Discharge 1 and the heavy metal of bands like Venom Trouble Hellhammer Celtic Frost Black Sabbath and Motorhead 1 9 While the term was first associated with Hellbastard Amebix have been described as the originators of the style along with Discharge and Antisect 1 Contents 1 Characteristics 1 1 Instrumentation 1 2 Vocals and lyrics 2 History 2 1 Precursors 2 2 1980s 2 3 1990s 2 4 2000s 3 Relations with other genres 3 1 Black metal 3 1 1 Blackened crust 3 1 2 Red and anarchist black metal 3 2 Crack rock steady 3 3 Crustcore 3 4 Grindcore 3 5 Neo crust 4 Culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingCharacteristics editInstrumentation edit Crust punk is a derivative form of anarcho punk mixed with metal riffs 1 The tempos are often fast but just short of thrashcore or grindcore However many groups confine themselves to a crawling sludgy pace The overall musical sound has been described as being stripped down 10 Drumming is typically done at high speed with D beats sometimes being used 2 In Sober Living for the Revolution Hardcore Punk Straight Edge and Radical Politics author Gabriel Kuhn referred to the genre as a blend of 1977 British punk roots culture and black metal with the genre often taking influence from death metal grindcore and powerviolence 11 Vocals and lyrics edit Vocals in crust punk are often shrieked or shouted and may be shared between two or more vocalists The lyrical content of crust punk tends to be bleak and nihilistic yet politically engaged Crust punk songs are often about nuclear war militarism animal rights police personal grievances oppressive states and fascism Amebix were also interested in various forms of mysticism and Gnosticism 9 Malcolm Scruff Lewty guitarist and vocalist of Hellbastard describes the distinction between metal and crust punk lyrics Metal lyrics were so dumb so far removed from daily life Venom were going on about Satan and bikes and Satan and women and Satan You know what I never got up in the morning and said Fuck yeah Satan Let s go and meet my disciples from Hell I d switch on the TV and know I was going to see hundreds of people dying because there d been an earthquake in the third world and all these people starving to death while military expenditure still increased That was and still is the reality of it The whole heavy metal thing is just an escape from reality into this other world of well bullshit basically 12 History editPrecursors edit The initial inspiration for the crust punk scene came from the anarcho punk of Crass 1 and D beat of Discharge 5 Swedish D beat groups such as Crude SS Skitslickers Anti Cimex and Mob 47 and the Finnish Rattus were also early influences 13 Amebix also brought in influences from various post punk bands including Public Image Ltd Bauhaus Joy Division and especially Killing Joke 9 1980s edit nbsp Pioneering English crust punk band Antisect performing in Finland in 2011 Crust was founded by the bands Amebix 2 14 and Antisect 1 The term crust was coined by Hellbastard on their 1986 Ripper Crust demo 1 In his book Trapped in a Scene punk historian Ian Glasper said Rippercrust is widely regarded as the first time the word crust was used in the punk context and hence the specific starting point of the whole crust punk genre although some would attribute that accolade to the likes of Disorder Chaos UK and Amebix several years earlier 8 In the same book he quoted the group s vocalist and guitarist Malcolm Scruff Lewty A lot of people say we started the crust punk genre but whatever If they wanna say that I don t mind but I m certainly no Malcolm McLaren saying I invented something I didn t 8 However in Sober Living for the Revolution Hardcore Punk Straight Edge and Radical Politics author Gabriel Kuhn Punk stated that the name of the genre came from the crusty appearance of the genre s practitioning bands 11 journalist Felix von Havoc contends that Doom Excrement of War Electro Hippies and Extreme Noise Terror were among the first bands to have the traditional UK crust sound 1 Additional subgenres of this style began to develop Deviated Instinct from Norwich created stenchcore bringing both the look and sound dirty and metallic respectively to their natural conclusion 15 Initially an anarcho punk group they began to take increasing influence from metal As vocalist Julian Leggo Kilsby comments We were very much a part of the anarcho scene to start with very politically motivated all the way through the band s existence really although it got less obvious as time went by But I never really liked the straightforward War is bad lyrics that were so prevalent at the time so as my writing skills improved I wanted to add more depth to our lyrics and make them more metaphorical I d always been into horror films so that started to manifest itself in the imagery I was using 16 Extreme Noise Terror is credited with developing this style into grindcore 5 However Pete Hurley the guitarist for the group declared that he had no interest in being remembered as a pioneer of this style grindcore was a legendarily stupid term coined by a hyperactive kid from the West Midlands and it had nothing to do with us whatsoever ENT were are and I suspect always will be a hardcore punk band not a grindcore band a stenchcore band a trampcore band or any other sub sub sub core genre defining term you can come up with 17 American crust punk began in New York City also in the mid 1980s with the work of Nausea The group emerged from the Lower East Side squat scene and New York hardcore 18 living with Roger Miret of Agnostic Front 19 The early work of Neurosis from San Francisco also borrowed from Amebix and inaugurated crust punk on the West Coast 20 21 Disrupt Boston 22 Antischism South Carolina MISERY and Destroy Minneapolis were also significant U S crust groups 1 1990s edit An important American crust punk band was Aus Rotten 23 from Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Crust punk also flourished in Minneapolis shepherded by the Profane Existence label 13 In this period the ethos of crust punk became particularly codified with vegetarianism feminism and sometimes straight edge being prescribed by many of the figures in the scene 13 The powerviolence scene associated with Slap a Ham Records was in close proximity to crust punk particularly in the case of Man Is the Bastard and Dropdead 24 Crust was also prominent in the American South where Prank Records and CrimethInc acted as focal points of the scene The most well known representative of Southern crust was His Hero Is Gone 2 25 Prominent crust punk groups Driller Killer Totalitar Skitsystem Wolfbrigade and Disfear also emerged from Sweden which had always had a strong D beat scene Many of these groups developed in parallel with the much more commercial Scandinavian death metal scene 26 2000s edit Some notable crust bands in the 2000s include Iskra 27 Behind Enemy Lines 28 and Tragedy The Spanish city A Coruna has a crust scene which includes bands as Black Panda Ekkaia and Madame Germen 29 In 2017 Bandcamp Daily wrote that Fluff Fest held in Czechia since 2000 has become a summer ritual for many European crust fans 30 Relations with other genres edit nbsp Vivian Slaughter of Gallhammer Black metal edit Crust punk groups such as Antisect Sacrilege and Anti System took some influence from early black metal bands like Venom Hellhammer and Celtic Frost 1 while Amebix s lead vocalist and guitarist sent his band s early demo tape to Cronos of Venom who replied by saying We ll rip you off 31 Similarly Bathory was initially inspired by crust punk as well as heavy metal 32 Blackened crust edit Crust punk was affected by a second wave of black metal in the 1990s with some bands emphasising these black metal elements Iskra are probably the most obvious example of second wave black metal influenced crust punk 27 Iskra coined their own phrase blackened crust to describe their new style The Japanese group Gallhammer also fused crust punk with black metal 33 while the English band Fukpig has been said to have elements of crust punk black metal and grindcore 34 35 Germany s Downfall of Gaia has been described as mixing crustgrind and black metal along with elements of sludge metal doom metal and post metal 36 North Carolina s Young and in the Way have been playing blackened crust since their formation in 2009 37 In addition Norwegian band Darkthrone have incorporated crust punk traits in their mid to late 2000s material As Daniel Ekeroth wrote in 2008 In a very ironic paradox black metal and crust punk have recently started to embrace one another Members of Darkthrone and Satyricon have lately claimed that they love punk while among crusties black metal is the latest fashion In fact the latest album by crust punk band Skitsystem sounds very black metal while the latest black metal opus by Darkthrone sounds very punk This would have been unimaginable in the early 90s 38 Red and anarchist black metal edit Red and anarchist black metal also known as RABM or anarchist black metal 39 40 41 is a subgenre that melds black metal with anarchist crust punk promoting ideologies such as anarchism environmentalism or Marxism 42 43 44 45 Artists labelled RABM include Iskra Panopticon Skagos 45 46 Storm of Sedition 39 Not A Cost 39 Black Kronstadt 39 and Vidargangr 41 Crack rock steady edit Crack rock steady is a punk rock fusion genre which combines elements of crust punk and ska punk 47 Lyrics often focus on themes such as drug use religion 48 politics 49 and social issues 47 Other genres sometimes incorporated in conjunction with the style include hardcore punk 48 and heavy metal 50 Notable bands within the genre include Choking Victim Leftover Crack Morning Glory and Star Fucking Hipsters 48 Crustcore edit Crustcore also known as crusty hardcore is a sub genre of crust punk that takes influence from hardcore punk and sometimes thrashcore Felix Havoc described Extreme Noise Terror s segment of the Earslaughter split album with Chaos UK as the first album in the genre Crustcore bands include Extreme Noise Terror Doom Disrupt 1 Wolfbrigade 51 Neurosis 52 Baptists 53 Discharge 54 and Filth 55 Grindcore edit Crust punk had a major impact on grindcore s emergence The first grindcore practised by the British bands such as Napalm Death and Extreme Noise Terror emerged from the crust punk scene 1 This early style is sometimes dubbed crustgrind 5 Neo crust edit Neo crust is a genre that merges crust punk with elements of various extreme music styles including black metal screamo post rock hardcore punk 56 death metal and doom metal 57 Unlike most other punk metal fusion genres neo crust s sound is neither distinctively rooted in punk or metal instead frequently shifting between the two disregarding genre boundaries 57 It is often dark and heavy however also melodic 57 Notable bands include His Hero is Gone Tragedy 58 Fall of Efrafa 57 and From Ashes Rise 59 Culture edit Crusties redirects here For the similar subcultures sometimes also known as crusties see New Age travellers and gutter punk For eye crusties see rheum Crust punks are associated with a DIY oriented branch of punk garb Similar to anarcho punk most clothing is black in colour Denim jackets and hooded sweatshirts with sewn on patches or vests covered in studs spikes and band patches are characteristic elements of the crust punk style of dress or pants covered in band patches 60 Crust punks also sometimes wear dreadlocks and piercings 11 Julian Leggo Kilsby of Deviated Instinct describes crust as a punk y biker look more akin to Mad Max Mad Max 2 is the crustiest film ever made 61 Members of the sub culture are generally outspokenly political possessing anarchist and anti consumerist views 11 See also editList of crust punk bands Anarcho punk Grindcore D beat Gutter punk Animal rights and punk subcultureReferences edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Von Havoc Felix 1 January 1984 Rise of Crust Profane Existence Archived from the original on 15 June 2008 Retrieved 16 June 2008 a b c d Peter Jandreus The Encyclopedia of Swedish Punk 1977 1987 Stockholm Premium Publishing 2008 p 11 A History Of Metal Punk Special Crust Punk a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Popoff Martin 2017 Speed Metal a b c d In Grind We Crust p 46 Cunha Ricardo Crust the other side of the coin Retrieved 30 June 2018 In Crust We Trust Retrieved 19 July 2018 a b c Glasper 2009 185 a b c Glasper 2006 Amebix p 198 201 Loolwa Khazzoom Special to The Chronicle 11 March 2005 Livermore All s well with the Bay Area punk scene say members of the Sick Sfgate com Retrieved 1 August 2010 a b c d Kuhn Gabriel 2010 Sober Living for the Revolution Hardcore Punk Straight Edge and Radical Politics PM Press p 16 ISBN 9781604860511 Glasper 2009 183 a b c In Grind We Crust p 51 The Gauntlet The Gauntlet 29 February 2008 Retrieved 1 August 2010 Glasper 2009 284 Glasper 2009 286 Glasper 2009 279 Init 5 25 September 2007 1 Access date 18 June 2008 John John Jesse interview Hoard Magazine June 2005 John John Jesse interview HOARD MAGAZINE Archived from the original on 21 September 2008 Retrieved 12 October 2009 Access date 18 June 2008 Adam Louie Mastodon Neurosis show review Prefix magazine 29 January 2008 2 Access date 18 June 2008 Anthony Bartkewicz Decibel Magazine No 31 May 2007 3 Access date 18 June 2008 Nick Mangel Disrupt LP review Maximum Rock n Roll 301 June 2008 record reviews section Crust punks Behind Enemy Lines release One Nation Under The Iron Fist of God Archived 2011 11 28 at the Wayback Machine Powerviolence The Dysfunctional Family of Bllleeeeaaauuurrrgghhh Terrorizer no 172 July 2008 p 36 37 Andrew Childers Kick in the South A Look Back at Prank Records and the Southern Crust Scene 5 April 2008 4 Access date 21 June 2008 Ekeroth p 107 266 a b Iskra Interviews Archived 15 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine Mervis Scott 1 February 2007 Pittsburgh Calling A capsule look at Pittsburgh bands making news Post gazette com Retrieved 1 August 2010 es Crust punk D C3 A9cada de los 90s 2F00s 28Portland 2C Suecia 2C Espa C3 B1a 29 Sanna Jacopo 20 September 2017 The Sincere and Vibrant World of the Czech DIY Scene Bandcamp Retrieved 7 October 2017 Dunlap Xander Directionless people are malleable easily pointed in the wrong directions Thrasher Retrieved 19 July 2018 Ekeroth p 27 Hard of Hearing Terrorizer no 171 June 2008 p 56 Fukpig Supersonic Festival 22 October 2010 Retrieved 24 March 2019 C Do you think that FUKPIG has founded a style of his own Misery Nah its just d beat crust with added horror C and then What difference to FUKPIG from the rest of the bands Misery We add more black metal horror influences but are still inspired by the same things C Is Necro Punk your style Misery Yeah necro in the black metal style playing crust punk so yeah Necro Punk Interview Fukpig Archived 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Weber Austin 4 December 2014 Downfall of Gaia Aeon Unveils the Thrones of Decay No Clean Singing Retrieved 20 October 2016 Zorgdrager Bradley Young and in the Way When Life Comes to Death Exclaim Retrieved 19 July 2018 Ekeroth p 258 a b c d Canadian Crust Punks Storm of Sedition Go Off the Grid on Their Furious New Decivilize LP NOISEY NOISEY April 2016 Retrieved 10 May 2016 Skagos Anarchic Album Review Pitchfork pitchfork com Retrieved 10 May 2016 a b Berto Review Vidargangr A World That has To Be Opposed Lords of Metal Retrieved 10 May 2016 De Zwaarste Metalgids 66 metalgenres in een zin uitgelegd Studio Brussel in German Retrieved 20 February 2021 Gevorgyan Elen Music Ideology and How They Interact A Journey from Sacred Music to Black Metal PDF American University of Armenia Retrieved 20 February 2021 Nonjon Adrien 2019 Black Metal Theory Symposium Program University of Ljubljana Retrieved 20 February 2021 a b If It Ain t Got No Blastbeat It s Not My Revolution Panopticon PopMatters 19 July 2012 Retrieved 10 May 2016 Skagos Anarchic Album Review Pitchfork pitchfork com a b 14 Bush era political artworks that stood the test of time The A V Club 23 January 2017 Retrieved 3 January 2019 a b c GENTILE JOHN 12 September 2015 Sonic Reducer Crack Rock Steady Retrieved 3 January 2019 MOSES JEFF Leftover Crack Doesn t Just Talk About Being Punk Phoenix New Times Retrieved 3 January 2019 VERDUCCI RICHARD 8 October 2010 Scott Sturgeon Leftover Crack Star F cking Hipsters Retrieved 3 January 2019 LUEDTKE CHRISTOPHER 15 May 2017 Album Review WOLFBRIGADE Run With The Hunted Metal Injection Retrieved 2 January 2019 Kelly Kim 14 August 2015 Thrash n burn why 1985 was metal s defining year TheGuardian com Retrieved 2 January 2019 Adams Gregory Ladyhawk Celebrate 10th Anniversary with Decade of Passive Aggression Canadian Tour Outline New Album Possibilities Exclaim Retrieved 2 January 2019 Adams Gregory Discharge Sign with Nuclear Blast for First Album in 8 Years Exclaim Retrieved 2 January 2019 Breihan Tom 30 October 2013 White Fence Today s Lesson Filth Cover Retrieved 2 January 2019 Kelly Kim 31 March 2016 Ancst s Anti Fascist Agenda Bleeds into the Urgent Black Metal Crust of Their New Album Moloch Vice Media Retrieved 16 February 2022 a b c d Tiernan Jake 20 November 2015 Starter Kit Neo Crust Retrieved 16 February 2022 Silva Thiago Indio 19 September 2018 10 bandas de metal extremo pra voce que e esquerdista Vice Media Retrieved 16 February 2022 Neo Crust 16 March 2021 Retrieved 16 February 2022 Kevin Stewart Panko I Saw Disfear Three Times in Three Days Decibel no 46 August 2008 p 22 Glasper 2009 287Further reading editEkeroth Daniel 2008 Swedish Death Metal Bazillion Points Books ISBN 978 0 9796163 1 0 Glasper Ian 2004 Burning Britain The History of UK Punk 1980 1984 Cherry Red Books ISBN 1 901447 24 3 Glasper Ian 2006 The Day the Country Died A History of Anarcho Punk 1980 to 1984 Cherry Red Books ISBN 1 901447 70 7 Glasper Ian 2009 Trapped in a Scene UK Hardcore 1985 1989 Cherry Red Books ISBN 978 1 901447 61 3 In Grind We Crust Terrorizer 181 March 2009 p 46 51 Mudian Albert 2000 Choosing Death The Improbable History of Death Metal and Grindcore Feral House ISBN 1 932595 04 X Profane Existence 1997 Making Punk a Threat Again Profane Existence Best Cuts 1989 1993 Loincloth ASIN B000J2M8GS Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Crust punk amp oldid 1217772749, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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