Crown Princess Gonghoe

Crown Princess Gonghoe of the Musong Yun clan (Hangul: 공회빈 윤씨, Hanja: 恭懷嬪 尹氏; 11 July 1553 – 14 April 1592), or sometimes referred as Yun Gonghoe-bin^[3], was a Joseon Crown Princess Consort as the wife of Crown Prince Sunhoe, the only son of Myeongjong of Joseon and Queen Insun.

Crown Princess Gonghoe 공회빈
Crown Princess consort of Joseon
Tenure	27 November 1561 – 6 October 1563
Predecessor	Crown Princess Park
Successor	Crown Princess Yu
Born	(1553-07-11)July 11, 1553 Kingdom of Joseon
Died	April 14, 1592(1592-04-14) (aged 38) Tongmyeong Hall, Changgyeong Palace, Hanseong, Kingdom of Joseon
Burial	Sunchangwon in the Seooneung Cluster, Changneung-dong, Deogyang-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea^[1]^[2]
Spouse	Crown Prince Sunhoe ​ ​ (m. 1561⁠–⁠1563)​
Posthumous name Gonghoe
House	Musong Yun clan (by birth) House of Yi (by marriage)
Father	Yun Ok
Mother	Lady Yun of the Papyeong Yun clan
Religion	Buddhism

Crown Princess Gonghoe
Hangul	공회빈 윤씨
Hanja	恭懷嬪尹氏
Revised Romanization	Gonghoe-bin Yunssi
McCune–Reischauer	Kong h'oe-pin Yunssh'i

Biography

Early life and relatives

The future Crown Princess Gonghoe was born on the 1st day, 6th month (Lunar calendar) in 1553, as the second daughter of Yun Ok, descending from the Musong Yun clan, and Lady Yun of the Papyeong Yun clan.^[4][5]: 37 She had three siblings, whose marriage were all of connections with the royal family: her elder sister married Gu Sa-yeol (구사열, 具思說), a descendant of King Sejong the Great (great-grandson of Princess Gilan, a granddaughter of Sejong); her elder brother Yun Baek-sun (윤백순, 尹百順) married a 3-great-granddaughter of Grand Prince Hyoryeong, named Yi Cheon-yi (이천이, 李賤伊);^[6][7][8] her younger sister married Yi Ahn-seong (이안성, 李安性), a descendant of Jeong In-ji as well as another granddaughter of King Sejong.^[9][10] In addition, Yun had a half-brother named Yun Baek-sang (윤백상, 尹百祥), son of a concubine.^[11]

On her father's side, Lady Yun's 3-great-grandfather, Yun Chung-bo (윤충보, 尹忠輔), refused to be an official of Joseon, a new state established after the coup d'état overthrowing Goryeo in 1392; his loyalty was praised by Taejo of Joseon, the founder of the new dynasty.^[12] On her mother's side, Lady Yun was a distant relative to the court through the consort kin, as many Joseon queen consorts came from the Papyeong Yun clan in 15–16th century, including Queen Jeonghui, Queen Jeonghyeon, Queen Janggyeong, Queen Munjeong.^[13] Her maternal grandfather, Yun Bong-jong, was maternal grandson of Gong Hyo-ro (62nd-generation descendant of Confucius, through the Gokbu Gong clan) and a second cousin of Queen Wongyeong.^[14][15] Her maternal grandmother was from the Elder Andong Kim clan and one of her aunts became the Royal Noble Consort Myeong of King Seongjong;^[16] one of her maternal uncle-in-laws was a 3-great-grandson of King Jeongjong.^[17]

Becoming the Crown Princess

In 1559, King Myeongjong ordered to choose a suitable bride for his only son, the Crown Prince Yi Bu, from the girls aged 7 to 11 in Yangban families.^[18] The king's uncle, Yun Won-hyeong, was a younger brother of Queen Munjeong, and he attempted to retain his control to the politics through the royal marriage; he claimed that one of his relatives, from the Changwon Hwang clan, would be the best candidate to be the Crown Princess.^[19][20] Yun Won-hyeong hid the fact that Lady Hwang had chronic disease, making her successfully chosen in 1560, and the 5 of 6 etiquettes for the royal wedding was done as of early 1561.^[21][22][23] However, Lady Hwang seriously suffered from abdominal pain for months, and Myeongjong thought that a patient mustn't be the Crown Princess, so the marriage was cancelled in the same year, and the court started another round of re-election. Instead, Lady Hwang became a concubine of the Crown Prince, styled "Yangje," known as the Yangje Hwang, and she died soon afterwards.^[19][24]

On the 21st day, 7th month (Lunar calendar) in 1561, Lady Yun became the final candidate to the Crown Princess.^[25][26] The wedding later took place in the same year, on the 21st day, 10th month, in the Myeongjeongjeon Hall of Changgyeong Palace; from then on, Lady Yun was styled Crown Princess Consort Deok (덕빈, 德嬪).^[27][28] After the marriage, Princess Deok's father Yun Ok became an official in the Six Ministries of Joseon as of 1562, but he fell into disrepute due to corruption. For instance, Yun Ok was accused of accepting bribes from his cousin Jeong Hui, who was a rich merchant, trying to make Jeong to be his daughter's new "milk father," but it didn't become a thing because the Crown Princess refused.^[29][30] Less than two years after the wedding, in 1563, the Crown Prince died young in Gyeongbok Palace; from then on, Princess Deok's late husband was known as his posthumous name, Crown Prince Sunhoe.^[2][4][31]

Widowhood

As Princess Deok became a widow around the age of 10, and she never had any children, her mother-in-law Queen Insun ordered that she could still live in the court for the rest of her life.^[28][32] King Myeongjong's mother, Queen Munjeong died in 1565, Queen Insun and Princess Deok participated the jesa rituals in person, following the funeral tranditions in the court.^[33] The King also died in 1567; as he died childlessly, Queen Insun adopted one of the King's half-nephews to succeed the throne, later known as King Seonjo.^[31][34] As Seonjo was still underage, Queen Insun became his regent until he came of age to reign later in the same year.^[35] It was rumoured that Queen Munjeong and her brother Yun Won-hyeong insisted to move the tomb of King Jungjong out of the Seosamneung, but the new place was unfavorable, causing a series of misfortune in the following years.^[36][37]

In 1569, Seonjo married Queen Uiin;^[38] from then on, other than the King, there were in total four members of the royal family: Queen Inseong (wife of King Injong), Queen Insun (wife of King Myeongjong), Princess Deok, and Queen Uiin.^[39][40] It was recorded that Princess Deok was quite educated, able to teach royal consorts, and she forbid her natal relatives to visit the court.^[28] In addition, Princess Deok was a pious Buddhist, often praying and helding religious ceremonies for her late husband and the royal family; by the time, Buddhism was regarded heresy against Neo-Confucianism, but Seonjo, out of pity, allowed his widowed sister-in-law to do so anyway.^[41] Queen Insun and Queen Inseong both died in 1570s.^[42][43][44] During his early reign, Seonjo had yet decide who would became the new Crown prince, so Princess Deok lived in Changgyeong Palace, the residence of her late husband, as well as the place where traditionally Joseon Crown Princes lived.^[32][45]

Around 1560s, Princess Deok's father, Yun Ok, in the name of the royal wedding, embezzled in Grain trade from Honam and Yeongnam regions; he exchanged the crops from the govenment with considerable amount of cotton cloths, as the bride price he could receive. The scandal was revealed 1580, and Seonjo dismissed Yun Ok from office. As Yun Ok already used the cloths in the wedding, which was approved by King Myeongjong, making it impossible for Yun Ok to return the unjust enrichment even confiscating all of his properties, so Seonjo refused to punish him further.^[46][47][48] Yun Ok died in 1584; his wife, mother of Princess Deok, died in 12 years prior.^[49]

Death

 

Hamchunmun, a gate of the relics in Hamchunwon, Changgyeong Palace

Princess Deok died in Tongmyeongjeon Hall, Changgyeong Palace on 3rd day of the 3rd month in 1592.^[4][50] A month later, the late Crown Princess received a posthumous name Gonghoe (공회, 恭懷), becoming the final title she'd be known in the history.^[51]

Less than a month after the death of Crown Princess Gonghoe, the Japanese invaded Joseon. Before the late Crown Princess could receive a proper funeral, King Seonjo fled to Goyang; there, the King ordered her to be buried temporarily in the backyard of the palace. Soon after the King left the capital, people sacked grave goods in Changgyeong Palace, and before the officials could bury the Crown Princess' coffin in Hamchunwon (함춘원, 含春苑), the garden in the palace, the whole place was burned down.^[28][45][52] At the time of the King's return in 1593, the Crown Princess' coffin was missing; he considered a necromance to resume the funeral, which was objected by the officials.^[50][53][54] Some surviving lady-in-waiting claimed that, as Crown Princess Gonghoe was a pious Buddhist, such a cremation would meet her last wish.^[41][55] Seonjo attempted to retrieve her body from the presumed temporary burial place, but the officials could only find non-human bones. Her remains have never been found.^[45][56]

Aftermath

Spirit tablet burial

Despite that Crown Princess Gonghoe's remains was never found, the government still sent officials and soldiers to prepare the ancestral rites of the Crown Prince and Princess; since 1594, the ritual was held on the New Year, Cold Food Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and their death anniversaries every year, at the tomb of Crown Prince Sunhoe, Sunhoemyo (順懷墓).^[57] The tomb was guarded by two officals, locating in Goyang, near the burial of Crown Prince Uigyeong.^[58][59] In 1601, Seonjo ordered to build a temple in the capitial, dedicating for jesa ceremonies of the late Crown Prince and Crown Princess.^[60][61]

 

Sunchangwon, the tomb of Crown Prince Sunhoe and Crown Princess Gonghoe in Goyang, South Korea

In 1603, the spirit tablet of Crown Princess Gonghoe and her husband were made;^[62] they were missing in Ganghwa Island during the Qing invasion of Joseon, so the new ones were made after the war, in 1637.^[50][63][64] As of 1678, during the reign of King Sukjong, as Myeongjong's spirit tablet was moved out from the main palace of Jongmyo, the spirit tablets of Crown Prince Sunhoe and Crown Princess Gonghoe was buried in Sunhoemyo, and the only official rite was on annual Cold Food Festivals.^[65][66] However, buddhist monks in Bongeunsa still held rites on their death anniversaries, as of the reign of King Jeongjo.^[67] On 30 January 1871, King Gojong renamed Sunhoemyo to Sunchangwon (순창원, 順昌園), unifying the names of royal tombs with the same class.^[68][69]

Legacy

During the Korean Empire,^[70][71] Korea under Japanese rule,^[72][73] and even after the establishment of South Korea, the ancestral rites of the royal tombs has been held annually to date. Currently prepared by the Korean Cultural Heritage Administration and Jeonju Lee Royal Family Association, for Sunchangwon, the rite is on April 14 and October 6 (respectively death anniversary of the Crown Princess and Crown Prince, in Gregorian calendar).^[74][75]

In Mungyeong, North Gyeongsang Province, there is a 16th-century wooden statue of Amitābha, preserved in Bongam temple. The statue was made around 1586, and it is an important relic of early Joseon Buddhist art before the Japanese invasion; modern scholars believe that it may belonged to the Joseon royal family, likely once possessed by Crown Princess Gonghoe. The Buddhism statue was registered as the 1748th "Treasure of Korea," on 22 February 2012.^[76]

Family

Ancestors of Crown Princess Gonghoe

16. Yun Mi-gyeon 8. Yun Jing 17. Lady Heo of the Hayang Heo clan 4. Yun Sa-ik 18. Park Su-sin 9. Lady Park of the Juksan Park Clan 19. Lady Yi of the Gyeongju Yi clan 2. Yun Ok 20. Jeong Ki 10. Jeong Se-geol 21. Lady Gi of the Haengju Gi clan 5. Lady Jeong of the Dongnae Jeong clan 22. Gim Wu 11. Lady Kim of the Andong Kim clan 23. Lady Yi of the Jeonui Yi clan 1. Crown Princess Gonghoe 24. Yun Sa-ha 12. Yun Yeom 25. Lady Kim of the Gangneung Kim clan 6. Yun Bong-jong 26. Gong Hyo-ro 13. Lady Gong of the Gokbu Gong clan 27. Lady Min of the Yeoheung Min clan 3. Lady Yun of the Paepyeong Yun clan 28. Gim Jak 14. Kim Gye-ham 29. Lady Jeong of the Dongnae Jeong clan 7. Lady Kim of the Andong Kim clan 30. Yi Wu-jik, Prince Uichun 15. Yi Mu-sim 31. Nam O-dae

• Paternal grandfather: Yun Sa-ik (윤사익, 尹思翼; 1478 – 1563), the fourth son of Yun Jing (윤징, 尹澂).^{[77][78][5]: 35}
• Paternal grandmother: Lady Jeong of the Dongnae Jeong clan, daughter of Jeong Se-geol (정세걸, 鄭世傑).^[79][80]
  • Father: Yun Ok (윤옥, 尹玉; 1511 – 1584), eldest son of Yun Sa-ik.^[6][49][81]
  • Paternal aunt: Lady Yun of the Musong Yun clan, the first wife of Yi Junggyeong, and she had a son.^[82]
  • Paternal uncle-in-law: Yi Junggyeong (이중경, 李重慶; 1517 – 1567), second son of Yi Yeong-bu (이영부, 李英符) of the Gwangju Yi clan.^[83][84]
• Maternal grandfather: Yun Bong-jong (윤봉종, 尹奉宗), his father Yun Yeom was a second cousin once removed of Queen Jeonghyeon; his mother was a 63nd-generation descendant of Confucius, and his maternal grandmother was a second cousin of Queen Wongyeong.^[13][14][15]
• Maternal grandmother: Lady Kim of the Elder Andong Kim clan, third daughter of Kim Gye-ham (김계함, 金季諴).^[16] Her mother (or stepmother) was a great-granddaughter of King Sejong, becoming a slave after the coup d'état in 1453.^[85][86][87]
  • Mother: Lady Yun of the Paepyeong Yun clan, eldest daughter of Yun Bong-jong.
    • Elder sister: Lady Yun of the Musong Yun clan (1539 – 1571), no issue.^[6][7]: 56
    • Elder brother-in-law: Gu Sa-yeol (구사열, 具思說; 1539 – 1571), second son of Gu Jun (구준, 具準) of the Neungseong Gu clan, great-grandson of Princess Gilan, a granddaughter of Sejong. He had no issue.^[6][88]
    • Elder brother: Yun Baek-sun (윤백순, 尹百順; b. 1552), adopted a son from his first cousin and he also had an illegitimate son.^[5]: 35
    • Elder sister-in-law: Yi Cheon-yi (이천이, 李賤伊), fourth daughter of Yi Heum-ye (이흠례, 李欽禮; a great-great-grandson of Grand Prince Hyoryeong);^[8] she had three daughters.
      • Nephew: Yun Sin-saeng (윤신생, 尹莘生; b. 1596), eldest son of Yun Baek-bung (윤백붕, 尹百朋) and adopted by Yun Baek-sun. After King Injo suppressed the rebellion of Shim Kiwon in 1644, Yun was listed as one of the meritorious members.^[5]: 108 His descendants moved to Gwangmyeong of Gyeonggi Province.^[89][90]
    • Younger sister: Lady Yun of the Musong Yun clan (1555 – 1637), married Yi Ahn-seong and they had a son and a daughter.^[9][78][91]
    • Younger brother-in-law: Yi Ahn-seong (이안성, 李安性; 1554 – 1613), son of Yi Seop (이섭, 李涉) of the Deoksu Yi clan.^[9][78] He had three additional illegitimate children.^[91]
      • Nephew: Yi Sik (이식, 李植; 1584 – 1647)^[92]
      • Niece-in-law: Lady Shim of the Cheongsong Shim clan, her father Shim Eom (심엄, 沈㤿) was a grandnaphew of Queen Insun, and her mother Gu Gyeong-wan (구경완, 具敬婉) was the eldest sister of Queen Inheon. With Yi Sik, Lady Shim had three sons and three daughters.^{[6][93][94]: 366}
      • Nephew-in-law: Gu In-ji (구인지, 具仁至; 1583 – 1620), married the eldest daughter of Yi Ahn-seong, and they had two sons and two daughters. He was the son of Gu Hye (구혜, 具寭; a first cousin of Queen Inheon).^{[95][7]: 61–68}
    • Younger half-brother: Yun Baek-sang (윤백상, 尹百祥; d. 1621)^[11] With his spouse, he had legitimate issue (two sons and a daughter), and their descendants moved to Yangpyeong County of Gyeonggi Province.^{[77][5]: 36}
      • Nephew: Yun Ki (윤기, 尹錡; d. 1615), an illegitimate son of Yun Baek-sang. During the reign of Gwanghaegun, he attempted to enthrone Prince Inseong, later executed for treason.^[11][96]
  • Maternal aunt: Lady Yun of the Paepyeong Yun clan, second daughter of Yun Bong-jong. No issue.
  • Maternal uncle-in-law: Yi Eok-sang (이억상, 李億祥), a 3-great-grandson of King Jeongjong, and he had an illegitimate son.^[17]

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