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Cross-cultural

April 07, 2024

Cross-cultural may refer to

Cross-cultural communication edit

Main article: Cross-cultural communication

By the 1970s, the field of cross-cultural communication (also known as intercultural communication) developed as a prominent application of the cross-cultural paradigm, in response to the pressures of globalization which produced a demand for cross-cultural awareness training in various commercial sectors.

Cultural communication differences can be identified by 8 different criteria:

  1. when to talk;
  2. what to say;
  3. pacing and pausing;
  4. the art of listening;
  5. intonation;
  6. what is conventional and what is not in a language;
  7. degree of indirectness; and
  8. cohesion and coherence.[1]

Cross-cultural pedagogies edit

The appearance of the term in the titles of a number of college readers and writing textbooks beginning in the late 1980s can be attributed to a convergence of academic multiculturalism and the pedagogical movement known as Writing Across the Curriculum, which gave educators in the social sciences greater influence in composition pedagogy. Popular examples included Ourselves Among Others: Cross-Cultural Readings for Writers (1988), edited by Carol J. Verburg, and Guidelines: A Cross Cultural Reading Writing Text (1990), ed. Ruth Spack.

Cross-cultural studies edit

Cross-cultural studies is an adaptation of the term cross-cultural to describe a branch of literary and cultural studies dealing with works or writers associated with more than one culture. Practitioners of cross-cultural studies often use the term cross-culturalism to describe discourses involving cultural interactivity, or to promote (or disparage) various forms of cultural interactivity.

Cross-culturalism is nearly synonymous with transculturation, a term coined by Cuban writer Fernando Ortiz in the 1940s to describe processes of cultural hybridity in Latin America. However, there are certain differences of emphasis reflecting the social science derivation of cross-culturalism.

The term "cross-culturalism" became prevalent in cultural studies in the late 1980s and 1990s.[2] An early proponent of the term was the Guyanese writer Wilson Harris, who wrote in The Womb of Space (1983), that "cultural heterogeneity or cross-cultural capacity" gives an "evolutionary thrust" to the imagination.[3][4]

Anthropology exerted a strong influence on the development of cross-culturalism in literary and cultural studies. French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss was a key figure in the development of structuralism and its successor, post-structuralism. Cross-influences between anthropology and literary/cultural studies in the 1980s were evident in works such as James Clifford and George Marcus's collection, Writing Culture: the Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (1986). Harvard anthropologist Clifford Geertz was cited as an influence on literary critics like Stephen Greenblatt, while other literary/cultural scholars turned to works by Victor Turner and Mary Douglas.

Like multiculturalism, cross-culturalism is sometimes construed as ideological, in that it advocates values such as those associated with transculturation, transnationalism, cosmopolitanism, interculturalism, and globalism. Nevertheless, cross-culturalism is a fundamentally neutral term, in that favorable portrayal of other cultures or the processes of cultural mixing are not essential to the categorization of a work or writer as cross-cultural.

Cross-culturalism is distinct from multiculturalism. Whereas multiculturalism deals with cultural diversity within a particular nation or social group, cross-culturalism is concerned with exchange beyond the boundaries of the nation or cultural group.

Cross-culturalism in literary and cultural studies is a useful rubric for works, writers and artists that do not fit within a single cultural tradition. To the extent that cultures are national, the cross-cultural may be considered as overlapping the transnational. The cross-cultural can also be said to incorporate the colonial and the postcolonial, since colonialism is by definition a form of cross-culturalism. Travel literature also makes up a substantial component of cross-cultural literature. Of the various terms, "cross-culturalism" is the most inclusive, since it is free of transnationalism's dependence on the nation-state and colonialism/postcolonialism's restriction to colonized or formerly-colonized regions. This inclusiveness leads to certain definitional ambiguity (albeit one derived from the term culture itself). In practice, "cross-cultural" is usually applied only to situations involving significant cultural divergence. Thus, the term is not usually applied in cases involving crossing between European nations, or between Europe and the United States. However, there is no clear reason why, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America or even Woody Allen's Annie Hall (in which the protagonist experiences culture shock after traveling to Los Angeles from New York City) could not be considered cross-cultural works.

Although disagreement over what constitutes a "significant" cultural divergence creates difficulties of categorization, "cross-cultural" is nevertheless useful in identifying writers, artists, works, etc., who may otherwise tend to fall between the cracks of various national cultures.

Cross-cultural studies in the social sciences edit

Main article: Cross-cultural studies

The term "cross-cultural" emerged in the social sciences in the 1930s, largely as a result of the Cross-Cultural Survey undertaken by George Peter Murdock, a Yale anthropologist. Initially referring to comparative studies based on statistical compilations of cultural data, the term gradually acquired a secondary sense of cultural interactivity. The comparative sense is implied in phrases such as "a cross-cultural perspective," "cross-cultural differences," "a cross-cultural study of..." and so forth, while the interactive sense may be found in works like Attitudes and Adjustment in Cross-Cultural Contact: Recent Studies of Foreign Students, a 1956 issue of The Journal of Social Issues.

Usage of "cross-cultural" was for many decades restricted mainly to the social sciences. Among the more prominent examples are the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology (IACCP), established in 1972 "to further the study of the role of cultural factors in shaping human behavior," and its associated Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, which aims to provide an interdisciplinary discussion of the effects of cultural differences.

Cross-cultural films edit

Cross-cultural theatre edit

Main article: Intercultural theatre

In the early 21st century the term "intercultural theatre" is preferred to "cross-cultural theatre."

Companies edit

Plays and theatre pieces edit

Characteristics of cross-cultural narratives edit

Cross-cultural narrative forms may be described in terms of common characteristics or tropes shared by cross-cultural writers, artists, etc. Examples include primitivism, exoticism, as well as culturally specific forms such as Orientalism, Japonisme.

Cross-cultural narratives tend to incorporate elements such as:

Cross-cultural music edit

Main article: Ethnomusicology

Music has long been a central medium for cross-cultural exchange. The cross-cultural study of music is referred to as ethnomusicology.

Cross-cultural theatre directors edit

Cross-cultural visual artists edit

Cross-cultural writers (autobiography, fiction, poetry) edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Tannen, Deborah. "Cross-cultural communication". Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  2. ^ Joseph Trimmer and Tilly Warnock, Understanding Others: Cultural and Cross-Cultural Studies and the Teaching of Literature Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1992.
  3. ^ Wilson Harris, The Womb of Space (Westport: Greenwood, 1983): xviii.
  4. ^ Wilson Harris, The Unfinished Genesis of the Imagination, ed. Andrew Bundy. London/New York: Routledge, 1999.

External links edit

  • Cross-cultural experience narratives compiled by the Glimpse Foundation
  • Cross-Cultural Study: Some Considerations
  • trilingual (English, Chinese, French) journal of the Institute for Transtextual and Transcultural Studies, University of Lyon, France.
  • Comparing Nigerians and Canadians: Insights from Social Survey Research, 1990-2005 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  • Modes and models for transcending cultural differences, Journal of Research in International Education, Van Hook, S.R. 2011 2016-03-13 at the Wayback Machine
  • Zuckermann, Ghil'ad et al. (2015), , Australian Government: Indigenous Culture Support.

April 07, 2024
cross, cultural, refer, cross, cultural, studies, comparative, tendency, various, fields, cultural, analysis, cross, cultural, communication, field, study, that, looks, people, from, differing, cultural, backgrounds, communicate, various, forms, interactivity,. Cross cultural may refer to cross cultural studies a comparative tendency in various fields of cultural analysis cross cultural communication a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate any of various forms of interactivity between members of disparate cultural groups see also cross cultural communication interculturalism intercultural relations hybridity cosmopolitanism transculturation the discourse concerning cultural interactivity sometimes referred to as cross culturalism See also multiculturalism cosmopolitanism transculturation cultural diversity Contents 1 Cross cultural communication 2 Cross cultural pedagogies 3 Cross cultural studies 3 1 Cross cultural studies in the social sciences 3 2 Cross cultural films 3 3 Cross cultural theatre 3 3 1 Companies 3 3 2 Plays and theatre pieces 3 4 Characteristics of cross cultural narratives 3 5 Cross cultural music 3 6 Cross cultural theatre directors 3 7 Cross cultural visual artists 3 8 Cross cultural writers autobiography fiction poetry 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksCross cultural communication editMain article Cross cultural communication By the 1970s the field of cross cultural communication also known as intercultural communication developed as a prominent application of the cross cultural paradigm in response to the pressures of globalization which produced a demand for cross cultural awareness training in various commercial sectors Cultural communication differences can be identified by 8 different criteria when to talk what to say pacing and pausing the art of listening intonation what is conventional and what is not in a language degree of indirectness and cohesion and coherence 1 Cross cultural pedagogies editThe appearance of the term in the titles of a number of college readers and writing textbooks beginning in the late 1980s can be attributed to a convergence of academic multiculturalism and the pedagogical movement known as Writing Across the Curriculum which gave educators in the social sciences greater influence in composition pedagogy Popular examples included Ourselves Among Others Cross Cultural Readings for Writers 1988 edited by Carol J Verburg and Guidelines A Cross Cultural Reading Writing Text 1990 ed Ruth Spack Cross cultural studies editCross cultural studies is an adaptation of the term cross cultural to describe a branch of literary and cultural studies dealing with works or writers associated with more than one culture Practitioners of cross cultural studies often use the term cross culturalism to describe discourses involving cultural interactivity or to promote or disparage various forms of cultural interactivity Cross culturalism is nearly synonymous with transculturation a term coined by Cuban writer Fernando Ortiz in the 1940s to describe processes of cultural hybridity in Latin America However there are certain differences of emphasis reflecting the social science derivation of cross culturalism The term cross culturalism became prevalent in cultural studies in the late 1980s and 1990s 2 An early proponent of the term was the Guyanese writer Wilson Harris who wrote in The Womb of Space 1983 that cultural heterogeneity or cross cultural capacity gives an evolutionary thrust to the imagination 3 4 Anthropology exerted a strong influence on the development of cross culturalism in literary and cultural studies French anthropologist Claude Levi Strauss was a key figure in the development of structuralism and its successor post structuralism Cross influences between anthropology and literary cultural studies in the 1980s were evident in works such as James Clifford and George Marcus s collection Writing Culture the Poetics and Politics of Ethnography 1986 Harvard anthropologist Clifford Geertz was cited as an influence on literary critics like Stephen Greenblatt while other literary cultural scholars turned to works by Victor Turner and Mary Douglas Like multiculturalism cross culturalism is sometimes construed as ideological in that it advocates values such as those associated with transculturation transnationalism cosmopolitanism interculturalism and globalism Nevertheless cross culturalism is a fundamentally neutral term in that favorable portrayal of other cultures or the processes of cultural mixing are not essential to the categorization of a work or writer as cross cultural Cross culturalism is distinct from multiculturalism Whereas multiculturalism deals with cultural diversity within a particular nation or social group cross culturalism is concerned with exchange beyond the boundaries of the nation or cultural group Cross culturalism in literary and cultural studies is a useful rubric for works writers and artists that do not fit within a single cultural tradition To the extent that cultures are national the cross cultural may be considered as overlapping the transnational The cross cultural can also be said to incorporate the colonial and the postcolonial since colonialism is by definition a form of cross culturalism Travel literature also makes up a substantial component of cross cultural literature Of the various terms cross culturalism is the most inclusive since it is free of transnationalism s dependence on the nation state and colonialism postcolonialism s restriction to colonized or formerly colonized regions This inclusiveness leads to certain definitional ambiguity albeit one derived from the term culture itself In practice cross cultural is usually applied only to situations involving significant cultural divergence Thus the term is not usually applied in cases involving crossing between European nations or between Europe and the United States However there is no clear reason why for example Alexis de Tocqueville s Democracy in America or even Woody Allen s Annie Hall in which the protagonist experiences culture shock after traveling to Los Angeles from New York City could not be considered cross cultural works Although disagreement over what constitutes a significant cultural divergence creates difficulties of categorization cross cultural is nevertheless useful in identifying writers artists works etc who may otherwise tend to fall between the cracks of various national cultures Cross cultural studies in the social sciences edit Main article Cross cultural studies The term cross cultural emerged in the social sciences in the 1930s largely as a result of the Cross Cultural Survey undertaken by George Peter Murdock a Yale anthropologist Initially referring to comparative studies based on statistical compilations of cultural data the term gradually acquired a secondary sense of cultural interactivity The comparative sense is implied in phrases such as a cross cultural perspective cross cultural differences a cross cultural study of and so forth while the interactive sense may be found in works like Attitudes and Adjustment in Cross Cultural Contact Recent Studies of Foreign Students a 1956 issue of The Journal of Social Issues Usage of cross cultural was for many decades restricted mainly to the social sciences Among the more prominent examples are the International Association for Cross Cultural Psychology IACCP established in 1972 to further the study of the role of cultural factors in shaping human behavior and its associated Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology which aims to provide an interdisciplinary discussion of the effects of cultural differences Cross cultural films edit The African Queen Anna and the King Babel Bride and Prejudice Jodhaa Akbar Mammoth Merry Christmas Mr Lawrence The King and I The Last Samurai The Man Who Would Be King The Namesake Outsourced Princess Tam TamCross cultural theatre edit Main article Intercultural theatre In the early 21st century the term intercultural theatre is preferred to cross cultural theatre Companies edit International Centre for Theatre Research The Bridge Stage of the Arts TheatreWorks Singapore Darpana Academy of Performing ArtsPlays and theatre pieces edit Homebody Kabul by Tony Kushner Indian Ink by Tom Stoppard Madame Butterfly 1900 by David Belasco Miss Saigon The Mahabharata by Peter Brook The Mikado 1885 a comic opera in two acts by Gilbert and Sullivan The Gondoliers 1889 a comic opera in two acts by Gilbert and SullivanCharacteristics of cross cultural narratives edit Cross cultural narrative forms may be described in terms of common characteristics or tropes shared by cross cultural writers artists etc Examples include primitivism exoticism as well as culturally specific forms such as Orientalism Japonisme Cross cultural narratives tend to incorporate elements such as acculturation or resistance to acculturation culture shock ethnographic description overcoming of social obstacles through acculturation tricksterism kindness luck hard work etc return home often accompanied by further culture shock social obstacles such as discrimination racism prejudice stereotypes linguistic difficulties linguicism travel writingCross cultural music edit Main article Ethnomusicology Music has long been a central medium for cross cultural exchange The cross cultural study of music is referred to as ethnomusicology Cross cultural theatre directors edit Peter Brook United Kingdom Cross cultural visual artists edit Leonard Tsuguharu Foujita Japan France Paul Gauguin France Tahiti Isamu Noguchi United States Japan France India Cross cultural writers autobiography fiction poetry edit Meena Alexander India Sudan England United States Elvia Ardalani Mexico United States Iran Ruth Benedict United States Dutch New Guinea Japan Aime Cesaire Martinique France Joseph Conrad Poland England Congo Charles Eastman Sioux United States Olaudah Equiano Igbo United States England Lafcadio Hearn Greece Ireland United States Japan Joseph Heco Japan United States Rudyard Kipling India England United States Jhumpa Lahiri England United States India Anna Leonowens India England Thailand Canada Spike Milligan India England Ireland Yone Noguchi Japan United States Marco Polo Italy China Victor Segalen France China Khal Torabully France Mauritius See also editComparative literature Cosmopolitanism Cross cultural leadership Cross cultural narcissism Cross cultural psychiatry Cultural agility Emotions and culture Globalism Hybridity Interculturalism Interculturality Negotiation Third culture kid Transculturation TransnationalismReferences edit Tannen Deborah Cross cultural communication Retrieved 8 February 2013 Joseph Trimmer and Tilly Warnock Understanding Others Cultural and Cross Cultural Studies and the Teaching of Literature Urbana IL National Council of Teachers of English 1992 Wilson Harris The Womb of Space Westport Greenwood 1983 xviii Wilson Harris The Unfinished Genesis of the Imagination ed Andrew Bundy London New York Routledge 1999 External links editCross cultural experience narratives compiled by the Glimpse Foundation Cross Cultural Study Some Considerations Transtext e sTranscultures trilingual English Chinese French journal of the Institute for Transtextual and Transcultural Studies University of Lyon France Comparing Nigerians and Canadians Insights from Social Survey Research 1990 2005 Archived 2016 03 03 at the Wayback Machine Modes and models for transcending cultural differences Journal of Research in International Education Van Hook S R 2011 Archived 2016 03 13 at the Wayback Machine Zuckermann Ghil ad et al 2015 ENGAGING A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property Australian Government Indigenous Culture Support Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cross cultural amp oldid 1192496327 Cross cultural music, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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