Agricultural science (or agriscience for short[1]) is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. Professionals of the agricultural science are called agricultural scientists or agriculturists.
In the United States, a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the Hatch Act of 1887, which used the term "agricultural science".[6][7] The Hatch Act was driven by farmers' interest in knowing the constituents of early artificial fertilizer. The Smith–Hughes Act of 1917 shifted agricultural education back to its vocational roots, but the scientific foundation had been built.[8] For the next 44 years after 1906, federal expenditures on agricultural research in the United States outpaced private expenditures.[9]: xxi
Agriculture, agricultural science, and agronomy are often confused.[by whom?] However, they cover different concepts:
Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of animals and plants for human use. Agriculture concerns techniques, including the application of agronomic research.
Traditional agricultural systems, sometimes termed subsistence agriculture, which feed most of the poorest people in the world. These systems are of interest as they sometimes retain a level of integration with natural ecological systems greater than that of industrial agriculture, which may be more sustainable than some modern agricultural systems.
Food production and demand on a global basis, with special attention paid to the major producers, such as China, India, Brazil, the US and the EU.
Various sciences relating to agricultural resources and the environment (e.g. soil science, agroclimatology); biology of agricultural crops and animals (e.g. crop science, animal science and their included sciences, e.g. ruminant nutrition, farm animal welfare); such fields as agricultural economics and rural sociology; various disciplines encompassed in agricultural engineering.
^John Armstrong, Jesse Buel. A Treatise on Agriculture, The Present Condition of the Art Abroad and at Home, and the Theory and Practice of Husbandry. To which is Added, a Dissertation on the Kitchen and Garden. 1840. p. 45.
^"The Long Term Experiments". Rothamsted Research. from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
^"Fertilizer History: The Haber-Bosch Process". tfi.org. 19 November 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^"Lawes and Gilbert: an unlikely Victorian agricultural partnership". Harpenden History. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^"The Hatch Act of 1887". National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^"Hatch Act of 1887". College of Life Sciences and Agriculture. 23 November 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^Hillison J. (1996). The Origins of Agriscience: Or Where Did All That Scientific Agriculture Come From? 2 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Agricultural Education.
Vavilov Nicolai I. (Starr Chester K. editor), The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants. Selected Writings, in Chronica botanica, 13: 1–6, Waltham, Mass., 1949–50
Vavilov Nicolai I., World Resources of Cereals, Leguminous Seed Crops and Flax, Academy of Sciences of Urss, National Science Foundation, Washington, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem 1960
Winogradsky Serge, Microbiologie du sol. Problèmes et methodes. Cinquante ans de recherches, Masson & c.ie, Paris 1949
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agricultural science.
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
Agricultural Research Service
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
International Livestock Research Institute
The National Agricultural Library (NAL) – The most comprehensive agricultural library in the world.
Crop Science Society of America
American Society of Agronomy
Soil Science Society of America
Agricultural Science Researchers, Jobs and Discussions
Information System for Agriculture and Food Research
NMSU Department of Entomology Plant Pathology and Weed Science
^Agricultural research, livelihoods, and poverty | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 26 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
February 15, 2024
agricultural, science, crop, science, redirects, here, journal, crop, science, journal, company, bayer, cropscience, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsource. Crop Science redirects here For the journal see Crop Science journal For the company see Bayer CropScience This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Agricultural science news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Agricultural science or agriscience for short 1 is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact natural economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture Professionals of the agricultural science are called agricultural scientists or agriculturists Contents 1 History 2 Prominent agricultural scientists 3 Fields or related disciplines 4 Scope 5 Soil forming factors and soil degradation 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistory editMain article History of agricultural science In the 18th century Johann Friedrich Mayer conducted experiments on the use of gypsum hydrated calcium sulphate as a fertilizer 2 In 1843 John Bennet Lawes and Joseph Henry Gilbert began a set of long term field experiments at Rothamsted Research in England some of which are still running as of 2018 3 4 5 In the United States a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the Hatch Act of 1887 which used the term agricultural science 6 7 The Hatch Act was driven by farmers interest in knowing the constituents of early artificial fertilizer The Smith Hughes Act of 1917 shifted agricultural education back to its vocational roots but the scientific foundation had been built 8 For the next 44 years after 1906 federal expenditures on agricultural research in the United States outpaced private expenditures 9 xxi Prominent agricultural scientists edit nbsp Norman Borlaug father of the Green Revolution Wilbur Olin Atwater Robert Bakewell Norman Borlaug Luther Burbank George Washington Carver Carl Henry Clerk George C Clerk Rene Dumont Sir Albert Howard Kailas Nath Kaul Thomas Lecky Justus von Liebig Jay Laurence Lush Gregor Mendel Louis Pasteur M S Swaminathan Jethro Tull Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Sewall WrightFields or related disciplines editAgricultural biotechnology Agricultural chemistry Agricultural diversification Agricultural education Agricultural economics Agricultural engineering Agricultural geography Agricultural philosophy Agricultural marketing Agricultural soil science Agroecology Agrophysics Animal science Animal breeding Animal husbandry Animal nutrition Farm management Agronomy Botany Theoretical production ecology Horticulture Plant breeding Plant fertilization Fisheries science Fisheries Marine fisheries Aquaculture Biological engineering Genetic engineering Nematology Microbiology Plant pathology Range management Environmental science Entomology Food science Human nutrition Irrigation and water management Soil science Agrology Waste management Weed scienceScope editAgriculture agricultural science and agronomy are often confused by whom However they cover different concepts Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of animals and plants for human use Agriculture concerns techniques including the application of agronomic research Agronomy is research and development related to studying and improving plant based crops Soil forming factors and soil degradation editAgricultural sciences include research and development on 10 11 Improving agricultural productivity in terms of quantity and quality e g selection of drought resistant crops and animals development of new pesticides yield sensing technologies simulation models of crop growth in vitro cell culture techniques Minimizing the effects of pests weeds insects pathogens mollusks nematodes on crop or animal production systems Transformation of primary products into end consumer products e g production preservation and packaging of dairy products Prevention and correction of adverse environmental effects e g soil degradation waste management bioremediation Theoretical production ecology relating to crop production modeling Traditional agricultural systems sometimes termed subsistence agriculture which feed most of the poorest people in the world These systems are of interest as they sometimes retain a level of integration with natural ecological systems greater than that of industrial agriculture which may be more sustainable than some modern agricultural systems Food production and demand on a global basis with special attention paid to the major producers such as China India Brazil the US and the EU Various sciences relating to agricultural resources and the environment e g soil science agroclimatology biology of agricultural crops and animals e g crop science animal science and their included sciences e g ruminant nutrition farm animal welfare such fields as agricultural economics and rural sociology various disciplines encompassed in agricultural engineering See also editAgricultural Research Council Agricultural sciences basic topics Agriculture ministry Agroecology American Society of Agronomy Genomics of domestication History of agricultural science Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development International Food Policy Research Institute IFPRI List of agriculture topics National FFA Organization Research Institute of Crop Production RICP in the Czech Republic University of Agricultural SciencesReferences edit Agriscience Meaning amp Definition for UK English Oxford Dictionary of English Oxford University Press via Lexico Archived from the original on 20 February 2022 Retrieved 20 February 2022 John Armstrong Jesse Buel A Treatise on Agriculture The Present Condition of the Art Abroad and at Home and the Theory and Practice of Husbandry To which is Added a Dissertation on the Kitchen and Garden 1840 p 45 The Long Term Experiments Rothamsted Research Archived from the original on 27 March 2018 Retrieved 26 March 2018 Fertilizer History The Haber Bosch Process tfi org 19 November 2014 Retrieved 14 December 2022 Lawes and Gilbert an unlikely Victorian agricultural partnership Harpenden History Retrieved 14 December 2022 The Hatch Act of 1887 National Institute of Food and Agriculture Retrieved 14 December 2022 Hatch Act of 1887 College of Life Sciences and Agriculture 23 November 2020 Retrieved 14 December 2022 Hillison J 1996 The Origins of Agriscience Or Where Did All That Scientific Agriculture Come From Archived 2 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Journal of Agricultural Education Huffman WE Evenson RE 2006 Science for Agriculture Blackwell Publishing Bosso Thelma 2015 Agricultural Science Callisto Reference ISBN 978 1 63239 058 5 Boucher Jude 2018 Agricultural Science and Management Callisto Reference ISBN 978 1 63239 965 6 Further reading editAgricultural Research Livelihoods and Poverty Studies of Economic and Social Impacts in Six Countries Edited by Michelle Adato and Ruth Meinzen Dick 2007 Johns Hopkins University Press Food Policy Report 1 Claude Bourguignon Regenerating the Soil From Agronomy to Agrology Other India Press 2005 Pimentel David Pimentel Marcia Computer les kilocalories Ceres n 59 sept oct 1977 Russell E Walter Soil conditions and plant growth Longman group London New York 1973 Salamini Francesco Ozkan Hakan Brandolini Andrea Schafer Pregl Ralf Martin William 2002 Genetics and geography of wild cereal domestication in the near east Nature Reviews Genetics 3 6 429 441 doi 10 1038 nrg817 PMID 12042770 S2CID 25166879 Saltini Antonio Storia delle scienze agrarie 4 vols Bologna 1984 89 ISBN 88 206 2412 5 ISBN 88 206 2413 3 ISBN 88 206 2414 1 ISBN 88 206 2415 X Vavilov Nicolai I Starr Chester K editor The Origin Variation Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants Selected Writings in Chronica botanica 13 1 6 Waltham Mass 1949 50 Vavilov Nicolai I World Resources of Cereals Leguminous Seed Crops and Flax Academy of Sciences of Urss National Science Foundation Washington Israel Program for Scientific Translations Jerusalem 1960 Winogradsky Serge Microbiologie du sol Problemes et methodes Cinquante ans de recherches Masson amp c ie Paris 1949External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agricultural science Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CGIAR Agricultural Research Service Indian Council of Agricultural Research International Institute of Tropical Agriculture International Livestock Research Institute The National Agricultural Library NAL The most comprehensive agricultural library in the world Crop Science Society of America American Society of Agronomy Soil Science Society of America Agricultural Science Researchers Jobs and Discussions Information System for Agriculture and Food Research NMSU Department of Entomology Plant Pathology and Weed Science Agricultural research livelihoods and poverty International Food Policy Research Institute IFPRI Archived 26 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Agricultural science amp oldid 1192700756, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
