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Corn dolly

December 28, 2022

Corn dollies or corn mothers are a form of straw work made as part of harvest customs of Europe before mechanization.

Before Christianisation, in traditional pagan European culture it was believed that the spirit of the corn (in American English, "corn" would be "grain") lived amongst the crop, and that the harvest made it effectively homeless. James Frazer devotes chapters in The Golden Bough to "Corn-Mother and Corn-Maiden in Northern Europe" (chs. 45–48) and adduces European folkloric examples collected in great abundance by the folklorist Wilhelm Mannhardt. Among the customs attached to the last sheaf of the harvest were hollow shapes fashioned from the last sheaf of wheat or other cereal crops. The corn spirit would then spend the winter in this home until the "corn dolly" was ploughed into the first furrow of the new season.

Background

James George Frazer discusses the Corn-mother and the Corn-maiden in Northern Europe, and the harvest rituals that were being practised at the beginning of the 20th century:

In the neighbourhood of Danzig the person who cuts the last ears of corn makes them into a doll, which is called the Corn-mother or the Old Woman and is brought home on the last waggon. In some parts of Holstein the last sheaf is dressed in women's clothes and called the Corn-mother. It is carried home on the last waggon, and then thoroughly drenched with water. The drenching with water is doubtless a rain-charm. In the district of Bruck in Styria the last sheaf, called the Corn-mother, is made up into the shape of a woman by the oldest married woman in the village, of an age from 50 to 55 years. The finest ears are plucked out of it and made into a wreath, which, twined with flowers, is carried on her head by the prettiest girl of the village to the farmer or squire, while the Corn-mother is laid down in the barn to keep off the mice. In other villages of the same district the Corn-mother, at the close of harvest, is carried by two lads at the top of a pole. They march behind the girl who wears the wreath to the squire's house, and while he receives the wreath and hangs it up in the hall, the Corn-mother is placed on the top of a pile of wood, where she is the centre of the harvest supper and dance.[1]

 

Many more customs are instanced by Frazer (see link). For example, the term "Old Woman" (Latin vetula) was in use for such "corn dolls" among the Germanic pagans of Flanders in the 7th century, where Saint Eligius discouraged them from their old practices: "[Do not] make vetulas, (little figures of the Old Woman), little deer or iotticos or set tables [for the house-elf, compare Puck] at night or exchange New Year gifts or supply superfluous drinks [a Yule custom]."[2] Frazer writes: "In East Prussia, at the rye or wheat harvest, the reapers call out to the woman who binds the last sheaf, “You are getting the Old Grandmother....In Scotland, when the last corn was cut after Hallowmas, the female figure made out of it was sometimes called the Carlin or Carline, that is, the Old Woman."[3]

The mechanisation of harvesting cereal crops probably brought an end to traditional straw dolly and figure making at the beginning of the 20th century.[4] In the UK corn dolly making was revived in the 1950s and 1960s. Farm workers created new creations including replicas of farm implements and models such as windmills and large figures.[5] New shapes and designs with different techniques were being created. In the 1960/70s several books were published on the subject. (see Lettice Sandford) The simple origins of the craft had been lost and new folk lore stories were added to the original ideas.[6]

The Pitt Rivers Museum[7] in Oxford and the Museum of English Rural Life in Reading both have collections of corn dollies from around the world.[8]

Materials used

With the advent of the combine harvester, the old-fashioned, long-stemmed and hollow-stemmed wheat varieties were replaced with knee-high, pithy varieties. However, a number of English and Scottish farmers are still growing the traditional varieties of wheat, such as Maris Wigeon, Squarehead Master, Elite Le Peuple.[9] mainly because they are in great demand in thatching, a craft which is enjoying a renaissance, with customers facing long waiting lists for having their roofs thatched or repaired.

Types

Corn Dollies and other similar harvest straw work can be divided into these groups:

Traditional corn dollies named after counties or place names of England, Scotland and Wales

  • Other corn dollies include Anglesey Rattle, Cambridgeshire Umbrella, Durham Chandelier, Claidheach (Scotland) Herefordshire Fan, Kincardine Maiden (Scotland), Leominster Maer (Herefordshire), Norfolk Lantern, Northamptonshire Horns, Okehampton Mare, Oxford Crown, Suffolk Bell, Suffolk Horseshoe and Whip, Teme Valley Crown (Shropshire), Welsh Border Fan, Welsh Long Fan, Worcester Crown.
  • There are also corn dolly designs from other countries, for example the Kusa Dasi from Turkey, named after the town of Kuşadası.

Countryman's favours and other harvest designs

A countryman's favour was usually a plait of three straws and tied into a loose knot to represent a heart. It is reputed to have been made by a young man with straws picked up after the harvest and given to his loved one. If she was wearing it next to her heart when he saw her again then he would know that his love was reciprocated. Three straws can be plaited using the hair plait or a cat's foot plait. Favours can be made with two, three, four or more straws.

  •  

    Countryman's Favour in barley

  •  

    Glory Braid

  •  

    Cornucopia (Horn of plenty)

  •  

    Corn Maiden

  •  

    Harvest Cross

  •  

    Harvest Wreath

  •  

    Corn maiden

  •  

    Countryman's Favours

Other examples include:

Fringes

  • Larnaca Fringe
  • Montenegrin Fringe
  • Lancashire Fringe

Large straw figures

 
A Swedish Christmas goat or Yule goat.
 
A "Kern Baby" pictured in the village of Whalton, Northumberland, in 1902.

These are representations of deities, animals or spirits, made from an entire sheaf. They are known by a variety of names, depending on location and also the time of harvesting:

Tied straw work

Here the straw is not plaited, but tied with yarn, wool, raffia or similar. This type of straw work is particularly popular in Scandinavia and German-speaking countries. Examples of these are the Oro (Swedish Straw Crown); the Tomte or Nisse; and smaller versions of the Yule Goat.

  •  

    Tied straw work

  •  

    Swedish Dwarves

  •  

    Reindeer garland

  •  

    Large tied star

Ridge finials

  • These are straw sculptures which are placed on the ridge of the thatched roof. They are sometimes purely for decoration, but can be the signature of a particular thatcher. Animal shapes (birds, foxes etc.) are the most common. In days gone by, hay-ricks would also be thatched, and topped with a straw decoration.

See also

References

  1. ^ The Golden Bough, chapter 45
  2. ^ Saint Ouen of Rouen; trans. Jo Ann McNamara. . Archived from the original on 2013-05-08.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  3. ^ Frazer, ch. 45.
  4. ^ Adkins, Roy and Lesley. "Corn Dollies". Adkins History. Adkins History. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  5. ^ Mizen, Brian. "Fred Mizen". Fred Mizen. Brian Mizen Thatching. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  6. ^ Carpenter, Daniel. "Corn Dolly Making". Corn Dolly Making. Heritage Crafts Association. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  7. ^ "Harvest Trophies". England: The Other Within. Pitt Rivers Museum. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  8. ^ "Coker, Alec (corn dollies)". Coker, Alec (corn dollies). Museum of English Rural Life. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  9. ^ "Guild of Straw Craftsmen - Frequently asked questions". Strawcraftsmen.co.uk. 2008-08-16. Retrieved 2014-06-25.

Further reading

  • Discovering Corn Dollies By M. Lambeth ISBN 0-85263-283-5
  • Corn Dollies: Their Story, Traditions and How to Make Them by David J Keighley ISBN 0-9504215-0-2
  • A Golden Dolly, the Art, Mystery and History of Corn Dollies by M. Lambeth

External links

  • Sir James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, chapter 45, and § 2. The Rice-mother in the East Indies
  • The Guild of Straw Craftsmen UK association for all aspects of straw craft
  • "Putting out the hare, putting on the harvest knots" Irish harvest customs
  • Yorkshire corn dolly crafter

December 28, 2022
corn, dolly, corn, dollies, corn, mothers, form, straw, work, made, part, harvest, customs, europe, before, mechanization, before, christianisation, traditional, pagan, european, culture, believed, that, spirit, corn, american, english, corn, would, grain, liv. Corn dollies or corn mothers are a form of straw work made as part of harvest customs of Europe before mechanization Before Christianisation in traditional pagan European culture it was believed that the spirit of the corn in American English corn would be grain lived amongst the crop and that the harvest made it effectively homeless James Frazer devotes chapters in The Golden Bough to Corn Mother and Corn Maiden in Northern Europe chs 45 48 and adduces European folkloric examples collected in great abundance by the folklorist Wilhelm Mannhardt Among the customs attached to the last sheaf of the harvest were hollow shapes fashioned from the last sheaf of wheat or other cereal crops The corn spirit would then spend the winter in this home until the corn dolly was ploughed into the first furrow of the new season Contents 1 Background 2 Materials used 3 Types 3 1 Traditional corn dollies named after counties or place names of England Scotland and Wales 3 2 Countryman s favours and other harvest designs 3 3 Fringes 3 4 Large straw figures 3 5 Tied straw work 3 6 Ridge finials 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksBackground EditJames George Frazer discusses the Corn mother and the Corn maiden in Northern Europe and the harvest rituals that were being practised at the beginning of the 20th century In the neighbourhood of Danzig the person who cuts the last ears of corn makes them into a doll which is called the Corn mother or the Old Woman and is brought home on the last waggon In some parts of Holstein the last sheaf is dressed in women s clothes and called the Corn mother It is carried home on the last waggon and then thoroughly drenched with water The drenching with water is doubtless a rain charm In the district of Bruck in Styria the last sheaf called the Corn mother is made up into the shape of a woman by the oldest married woman in the village of an age from 50 to 55 years The finest ears are plucked out of it and made into a wreath which twined with flowers is carried on her head by the prettiest girl of the village to the farmer or squire while the Corn mother is laid down in the barn to keep off the mice In other villages of the same district the Corn mother at the close of harvest is carried by two lads at the top of a pole They march behind the girl who wears the wreath to the squire s house and while he receives the wreath and hangs it up in the hall the Corn mother is placed on the top of a pile of wood where she is the centre of the harvest supper and dance 1 Many more customs are instanced by Frazer see link For example the term Old Woman Latin vetula was in use for such corn dolls among the Germanic pagans of Flanders in the 7th century where Saint Eligius discouraged them from their old practices Do not make vetulas little figures of the Old Woman little deer or iotticos or set tables for the house elf compare Puck at night or exchange New Year gifts or supply superfluous drinks a Yule custom 2 Frazer writes In East Prussia at the rye or wheat harvest the reapers call out to the woman who binds the last sheaf You are getting the Old Grandmother In Scotland when the last corn was cut after Hallowmas the female figure made out of it was sometimes called the Carlin or Carline that is the Old Woman 3 The mechanisation of harvesting cereal crops probably brought an end to traditional straw dolly and figure making at the beginning of the 20th century 4 In the UK corn dolly making was revived in the 1950s and 1960s Farm workers created new creations including replicas of farm implements and models such as windmills and large figures 5 New shapes and designs with different techniques were being created In the 1960 70s several books were published on the subject see Lettice Sandford The simple origins of the craft had been lost and new folk lore stories were added to the original ideas 6 The Pitt Rivers Museum 7 in Oxford and the Museum of English Rural Life in Reading both have collections of corn dollies from around the world 8 Materials used EditGreat Britain mainly wheat oats rye and barley Ireland rush Southern France palm leavesWith the advent of the combine harvester the old fashioned long stemmed and hollow stemmed wheat varieties were replaced with knee high pithy varieties However a number of English and Scottish farmers are still growing the traditional varieties of wheat such as Maris Wigeon Squarehead Master Elite Le Peuple 9 mainly because they are in great demand in thatching a craft which is enjoying a renaissance with customers facing long waiting lists for having their roofs thatched or repaired Types EditCorn Dollies and other similar harvest straw work can be divided into these groups Traditional corn dollies named after counties or place names of England Scotland and Wales Edit Barton Turf dolly Norfolk Cambridgeshire Handbell Essex Terret This is the Essex Ring Terret there is also the Essex Bell or Bar Terret Mordiford Hereford Lantern Stafford knot Suffolk Horseshoe Yorkshire Spiral or Drop DollyOther corn dollies include Anglesey Rattle Cambridgeshire Umbrella Durham Chandelier Claidheach Scotland Herefordshire Fan Kincardine Maiden Scotland Leominster Maer Herefordshire Norfolk Lantern Northamptonshire Horns Okehampton Mare Oxford Crown Suffolk Bell Suffolk Horseshoe and Whip Teme Valley Crown Shropshire Welsh Border Fan Welsh Long Fan Worcester Crown There are also corn dolly designs from other countries for example the Kusa Dasi from Turkey named after the town of Kusadasi Countryman s favours and other harvest designs Edit A countryman s favour was usually a plait of three straws and tied into a loose knot to represent a heart It is reputed to have been made by a young man with straws picked up after the harvest and given to his loved one If she was wearing it next to her heart when he saw her again then he would know that his love was reciprocated Three straws can be plaited using the hair plait or a cat s foot plait Favours can be made with two three four or more straws Countryman s Favour in barley Glory Braid Cornucopia Horn of plenty Corn Maiden Harvest Cross Harvest Wreath Corn maiden Countryman s FavoursOther examples include Bride of the Corn Aruseh in North Africa Devonshire Cross a harvest cross from Topsham Devon Dedham Cross St Brigid s Cross the National Museum of Ireland has many examples of harvest crosses Fringes Edit Larnaca Fringe Montenegrin Fringe Lancashire FringeLarge straw figures Edit A Swedish Christmas goat or Yule goat A Kern Baby pictured in the village of Whalton Northumberland in 1902 These are representations of deities animals or spirits made from an entire sheaf They are known by a variety of names depending on location and also the time of harvesting The Goddess Ceres Maiden or Bride harvest before All Saints Kirn Dolly Roxburghshire Kirn Baby Lothians Kern Baby Northumberland The Neck Cornwall and Devon Hare Galloway Lame Goat Scottish Gaelic gobhar bacach Harris Skye Glenelg Straw dog strae bikko Shetland Orkney Cailleach Gaelic Old Woman or The Hag harvest after All Saints Caseg Fedi or harvest mare in Wales Y Wrach or The Hag in Caernarvonshire Wales Whittlesey Straw Bear the centre of a ceremony in Whittlesey Cambridgeshire every January Its origins are obscure Tied straw work Edit Here the straw is not plaited but tied with yarn wool raffia or similar This type of straw work is particularly popular in Scandinavia and German speaking countries Examples of these are the Oro Swedish Straw Crown the Tomte or Nisse and smaller versions of the Yule Goat Tied straw work Swedish Dwarves Reindeer garland Large tied starRidge finials Edit These are straw sculptures which are placed on the ridge of the thatched roof They are sometimes purely for decoration but can be the signature of a particular thatcher Animal shapes birds foxes etc are the most common In days gone by hay ricks would also be thatched and topped with a straw decoration See also EditAEcerbot Corn husk doll Crying the Neck Didukh sheaf of grain also believed to contain spirits and also stored inside the house over winter in East Slavic cultures Food grain Harvest festival John Barleycorn Kadomatsu Mistletoe Poppet Straw plaiting The Corn Dollies band The Green Man Wicker manReferences Edit The Golden Bough chapter 45 Saint Ouen of Rouen trans Jo Ann McNamara The Life of Saint Eligius Vita Sancti Eligii Archived from the original on 2013 05 08 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Frazer ch 45 Adkins Roy and Lesley Corn Dollies Adkins History Adkins History Retrieved 6 December 2019 Mizen Brian Fred Mizen Fred Mizen Brian Mizen Thatching Retrieved 6 December 2019 Carpenter Daniel Corn Dolly Making Corn Dolly Making Heritage Crafts Association Retrieved 6 December 2019 Harvest Trophies England The Other Within Pitt Rivers Museum Retrieved 6 December 2019 Coker Alec corn dollies Coker Alec corn dollies Museum of English Rural Life Retrieved 6 December 2019 Guild of Straw Craftsmen Frequently asked questions Strawcraftsmen co uk 2008 08 16 Retrieved 2014 06 25 Further reading EditDiscovering Corn Dollies By M Lambeth ISBN 0 85263 283 5 Corn Dollies Their Story Traditions and How to Make Them by David J Keighley ISBN 0 9504215 0 2 A Golden Dolly the Art Mystery and History of Corn Dollies by M LambethExternal links EditSir James George Frazer The Golden Bough chapter 45 and 2 The Rice mother in the East Indies The Guild of Straw Craftsmen UK association for all aspects of straw craft Putting out the hare putting on the harvest knots Irish harvest customs Neil Thwaites Yorkshire corn dolly crafter Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Corn dolly amp oldid 1123560353, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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