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Orobanche minor

January 01, 1970

Orobanche minor, the hellroot,[1] common broomrape, lesser broomrape, small broomrape or clover broomrape, is a holoparasitic flowering plant belonging to the family Orobanchaceae. It is one of about 150 non-photosynthetic plants in the genus Orobanche that parasitize autotrophic plants.

Orobanche minor
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Orobanchaceae
Genus: Orobanche
Species:
O. minor
Binomial name
Orobanche minor

Characteristics and growth requirements edit

Orobanche minor grows to 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) and is a perennial. The flowers are hermaphrodite.

Common broomrape grows in a wide variety of soils, namely moist, light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils that are acid, neutral or basic. It can grow in semi-shade or in full sunlight.[2]

The species appears in a wide range of colours from red-brown, yellow-brown to purple. Yellow specimens are also not uncommon and it is this extreme variability that makes identification on the basis of size or colour uncertain.[3] It is parasitic on various members of the pea (Fabaceae) and daisy (Asteraceae) families. Although widespread, its appearance is sporadic; despite this, it can occur in vast colonies from time to time. The main flowering season in the northern hemisphere is from May until the end of August and from August to January in the southern hemisphere.[4] The species has efficient seed dispersal and is largely inbreeding so that populations preferentially parasitizing a particular species which has its own clear ecological preferences may become effectively isolated and eventually may produce distinct taxa.[5]

The plants are attached to their host by means of haustoria, which transfer nutrients from the host to the parasite. Only the hemiparasitic species possess an additional extensive root system. The root system is reduced as its function is mainly anchorage of the plant.

Distribution edit

Common broomrape is one of the most widespread species, and is native to Southern Europe,[6] but has been widely introduced elsewhere, for example in the United States.[7] In New Zealand it is the only species of the genus present where it is regarded as an agricultural pest.[4] In the United Kingdom it is widely recorded in southern England, less common in Wales, rarely recorded in lowland Scotland and absent from the Highlands and outer islands.[8]

Taxonomy edit

Phylogenetic analyses have placed this species in the taxonomically difficult Minores species complex.[9][10] Four infraspecific taxa of Common broomrape are currently recognised in the United Kingdom: O. minor var. minor, O. minor var. flava, O. minor var. compositarum and O. minor subsp. maritima.[11][12] Chromosome No.: 2n = 38. The genetic structure of populations of O. minor are under investigation using molecular markers and DNA sequencing to help resolve the taxonomic and nomenclatural problems that have historically been linked with this species.[13]

Hosts and speciation edit

The common broomrape is highly generalist in its host range, and can infect hundreds of species in families from the Ranunculaceae to the Poaceae (=Gramineae) but with a clear preference for the Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) and Asteraceae (=Compositae).[11] However races occurring on different species of host are genetically divergent[14] and physiologically adapted to their local hosts, and may therefore be in a state of incipient speciation.[15] Urgent conservation efforts are required as the survival of some intraspecific taxa is very uncertain.[13]

References edit

  1. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Orobanche minor". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  2. ^ Plants for a Future Retrieved: 2011-08-07
  3. ^ First Nature 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved: 2011-08-07
  4. ^ a b "Broomrape". AgPest New Zealand. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  5. ^ Watsonia Retrieved: 2011-08-07
  6. ^ Kreutz, C.A.J. (1995) Orobanche: Die Sommerwurzarten Europas. Maastricht: Stichting Natuurpublicaties (Limburg, Germany).
  7. ^ Eizenberg, H.; Colquhoun, JB.; Mallory-Smith, C.A. (2003). "Variation in clover response to small broomrape (Orobanche minor)". Weed Science. 51 (5): 759–763. doi:10.1614/ws-03-029r. S2CID 86330666.
  8. ^ NBN Gateway Retrieved: 2011-08-08
  9. ^ Manen, JF; Habashi, C; Jeanmonod, D; Park, JM; Schneeweiss, GM (2004). "Phylogeny and intraspecific variability of holoparasitic Orobanche (Orobanchaceae) inferred from plastid rbcL sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (2): 482–500. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.010. PMID 15336681.
  10. ^ Schneeweiss, G.M.; Colwell, A.; Park, J-M.; Jang, C-G.; Stuessy, T.F. (2004). "Phylogeny of holoparasitic Orobanche (Orobanchaceae) inferred from nuclear ITS sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (2): 465–478. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00210-0. PMID 14715236.
  11. ^ a b Rumsey, F.J.; Jury, S (1991). "An account of Orobanche L. in Britain and Ireland". Watsonia. 18: 257–295.
  12. ^ Rumsey, F.J. (2007). "A reconsideration of Orobanche maritima Pugsley (Orobanchaceae) and related taxa in southern England and the Channel Islands". Watsonia. 26: 473–476.
  13. ^ a b BSBI Retrieved: 2011-08-07
  14. ^ Thorogood, C.J.; Rumsey, F.J.; Harris, S; Hiscock, S.J. (2008). "Host-driven divergence in the parasitic plant Orobanche minor Sm. (Orobanchaceae)". Molecular Ecology. 17 (19): 4289–4303. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03915.x. PMID 19378406. S2CID 42331081.
  15. ^ Thorogood, C.J.; Rumsey, F.J.; Hiscock, S.J. (2009). "Host-specific races in the holoparasitic angiosperm Orobanche minor: implications for speciation in parasitic plants". Annals of Botany. 103 (7): 1005–1014. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp034. PMC 2707918. PMID 19251714.

Further reading edit

  • Cimino, Alessio; Basso, Sara; Andolfi, Anna (1 October 2014). "Effect of Fungal and Plant Metabolites on Broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) Seed Germination and Radicle Growth". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 62 (43): 10485–10492. doi:10.1021/jf504609w. PMID 25272312.
  • Mallory-Smith, Carol; Colquhoun, Jed (October 7, 2011). "Small Broomrape (Orobanche minor) in Oregon and the 3 Rs: Regulation, Research, and Reality". Weed Science. 63 (1): 277–282. doi:10.1614/WS-D-11-00078.1. S2CID 86599728.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orobanche minor.

January 01, 1970
orobanche, minor, hellroot, common, broomrape, lesser, broomrape, small, broomrape, clover, broomrape, holoparasitic, flowering, plant, belonging, family, orobanchaceae, about, photosynthetic, plants, genus, orobanche, that, parasitize, autotrophic, plants, sc. Orobanche minor the hellroot 1 common broomrape lesser broomrape small broomrape or clover broomrape is a holoparasitic flowering plant belonging to the family Orobanchaceae It is one of about 150 non photosynthetic plants in the genus Orobanche that parasitize autotrophic plants Orobanche minor Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Asterids Order Lamiales Family Orobanchaceae Genus Orobanche Species O minor Binomial name Orobanche minorJames Edward Smith Contents 1 Characteristics and growth requirements 2 Distribution 3 Taxonomy 4 Hosts and speciation 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksCharacteristics and growth requirements editOrobanche minor grows to 0 5 m 1 ft 8 in and is a perennial The flowers are hermaphrodite Common broomrape grows in a wide variety of soils namely moist light sandy medium loamy and heavy clay soils that are acid neutral or basic It can grow in semi shade or in full sunlight 2 The species appears in a wide range of colours from red brown yellow brown to purple Yellow specimens are also not uncommon and it is this extreme variability that makes identification on the basis of size or colour uncertain 3 It is parasitic on various members of the pea Fabaceae and daisy Asteraceae families Although widespread its appearance is sporadic despite this it can occur in vast colonies from time to time The main flowering season in the northern hemisphere is from May until the end of August and from August to January in the southern hemisphere 4 The species has efficient seed dispersal and is largely inbreeding so that populations preferentially parasitizing a particular species which has its own clear ecological preferences may become effectively isolated and eventually may produce distinct taxa 5 The plants are attached to their host by means of haustoria which transfer nutrients from the host to the parasite Only the hemiparasitic species possess an additional extensive root system The root system is reduced as its function is mainly anchorage of the plant Distribution editCommon broomrape is one of the most widespread species and is native to Southern Europe 6 but has been widely introduced elsewhere for example in the United States 7 In New Zealand it is the only species of the genus present where it is regarded as an agricultural pest 4 In the United Kingdom it is widely recorded in southern England less common in Wales rarely recorded in lowland Scotland and absent from the Highlands and outer islands 8 Taxonomy editPhylogenetic analyses have placed this species in the taxonomically difficult Minores species complex 9 10 Four infraspecific taxa of Common broomrape are currently recognised in the United Kingdom O minor var minor O minor var flava O minor var compositarum and O minor subsp maritima 11 12 Chromosome No 2n 38 The genetic structure of populations of O minor are under investigation using molecular markers and DNA sequencing to help resolve the taxonomic and nomenclatural problems that have historically been linked with this species 13 Hosts and speciation editThe common broomrape is highly generalist in its host range and can infect hundreds of species in families from the Ranunculaceae to the Poaceae Gramineae but with a clear preference for the Fabaceae Leguminosae and Asteraceae Compositae 11 However races occurring on different species of host are genetically divergent 14 and physiologically adapted to their local hosts and may therefore be in a state of incipient speciation 15 Urgent conservation efforts are required as the survival of some intraspecific taxa is very uncertain 13 References edit USDA NRCS n d Orobanche minor The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 25 July 2015 Plants for a Future Retrieved 2011 08 07 First Nature Archived 2011 09 29 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2011 08 07 a b Broomrape AgPest New Zealand Retrieved 1 December 2016 Watsonia Retrieved 2011 08 07 Kreutz C A J 1995 Orobanche Die Sommerwurzarten Europas Maastricht Stichting Natuurpublicaties Limburg Germany Eizenberg H Colquhoun JB Mallory Smith C A 2003 Variation in clover response to small broomrape Orobanche minor Weed Science 51 5 759 763 doi 10 1614 ws 03 029r S2CID 86330666 NBN Gateway Retrieved 2011 08 08 Manen JF Habashi C Jeanmonod D Park JM Schneeweiss GM 2004 Phylogeny and intraspecific variability of holoparasitic Orobanche Orobanchaceae inferred from plastid rbcL sequences Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33 2 482 500 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2004 06 010 PMID 15336681 Schneeweiss G M Colwell A Park J M Jang C G Stuessy T F 2004 Phylogeny of holoparasitic Orobanche Orobanchaceae inferred from nuclear ITS sequences Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30 2 465 478 doi 10 1016 s1055 7903 03 00210 0 PMID 14715236 a b Rumsey F J Jury S 1991 An account of Orobanche L in Britain and Ireland Watsonia 18 257 295 Rumsey F J 2007 A reconsideration of Orobanche maritima Pugsley Orobanchaceae and related taxa in southern England and the Channel Islands Watsonia 26 473 476 a b BSBI Retrieved 2011 08 07 Thorogood C J Rumsey F J Harris S Hiscock S J 2008 Host driven divergence in the parasitic plant Orobanche minor Sm Orobanchaceae Molecular Ecology 17 19 4289 4303 doi 10 1111 j 1365 294x 2008 03915 x PMID 19378406 S2CID 42331081 Thorogood C J Rumsey F J Hiscock S J 2009 Host specific races in the holoparasitic angiosperm Orobanche minor implications for speciation in parasitic plants Annals of Botany 103 7 1005 1014 doi 10 1093 aob mcp034 PMC 2707918 PMID 19251714 Further reading editCimino Alessio Basso Sara Andolfi Anna 1 October 2014 Effect of Fungal and Plant Metabolites on Broomrapes Orobanche and Phelipanche spp Seed Germination and Radicle Growth Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62 43 10485 10492 doi 10 1021 jf504609w PMID 25272312 Mallory Smith Carol Colquhoun Jed October 7 2011 Small Broomrape Orobanche minor in Oregon and the 3 Rs Regulation Research and Reality Weed Science 63 1 277 282 doi 10 1614 WS D 11 00078 1 S2CID 86599728 External links editVideo of common broomrape at Ardrossan nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orobanche minor Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Orobanche minor amp oldid 1097270075, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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