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Common goldeneye

March 17, 2024

The common goldeneye or simply goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) is a medium-sized sea duck of the genus Bucephala, the goldeneyes. Its closest relative is the similar Barrow's goldeneye.[2] The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek boukephalos ("bullheaded", from bous, "bull " and kephale, "head"), a reference to the bulbous head shape of the bufflehead. The species name is derived from the Latin clangere ("to resound").[3]

Common goldeneye
Adult male
Adult female
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Genus: Bucephala
Species:
B. clangula
Binomial name
Bucephala clangula
Subspecies
  • B. c. clangula (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Eurasian goldeneye)

(American goldeneye)

Synonyms
  • Anas bucephala Linnaeus, 1758
  • Anas glaucion Linnaeus, 1758
  • Clangula clangula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Bucephala clangula Pair
Female goldeneye with chicks

Common goldeneyes are aggressive and territorial ducks, and have elaborate courtship displays.[2]

Description edit

Adult males range from 45–51 cm (18–20 in) and weigh approximately 1,000 g (2.2 lb), while females range from 40–50 cm (16–20 in) and weigh approximately 800 g (1.8 lb).[2] The common goldeneye has a wingspan of 77–83 cm (30–33 in).[4] The species is named for its golden-yellow eyes. Adult males have a dark head with a greenish gloss and a circular white patch below the eye, a dark back and a white neck and belly. Adult females have a brown head and a mostly grey body. Their legs and feet are orange-yellow.

Two subspecies are generally recognized: the nominate Eurasian subspecies Bucephala clangula clangula and the North American B. c. americana. Americana has a longer and thicker bill than clangula.[5]

Habitat and breeding edit

Their breeding habitat is the taiga. They are found in the lakes and rivers of boreal forests across Canada and the northern United States, Scotland, Scandinavia, the Baltic States, and northern Russia. They are migratory and most winter in protected coastal waters or open inland waters at more temperate latitudes.[2] Naturally, they nest in cavities in large trees, where they return year after year,[6] though they will readily use nest boxes as well.[7]

Natural tree cavities chosen for nest sites include those made by broken limbs and those made by large woodpeckers, specifically pileated woodpeckers or black woodpeckers.[8] Average egg size is a breadth of 42.6–44.0 mm (1.68–1.73 in), a length of 58.1–60.6 mm (2.29–2.39 in) and a weight of 61.2–66.6 g (2.16–2.35 oz).[2] The incubation period ranges from 28 to 32 days. The female does all the incubating and is abandoned by the male about 1 to 2 weeks into incubation. The young remain in the nest for about 24–36 hours. Brood parasitism is quite common with other common goldeneyes,[9] and occurs less frequently with other duck species. The broods commonly start to mix with other females' broods as they become more independent or are abandoned by their mothers.[10] Goldeneye young have been known to be competitively killed by other goldeneye mothers, common loons and red-necked grebes.[2] The young are capable of flight at 55–65 days of age.

Diet and predators edit

Common goldeneyes are diving birds that forage under water. Year-round, about 32% of their prey is crustaceans, 28% is aquatic insects and 10% is molluscs.[11] Insects are the predominant prey while nesting and crustaceans are the predominant prey during migration and winter. Locally, fish eggs and aquatic plants can be important foods.

They themselves may fall prey to various hawks, owls and eagles, while females and their broods have been preyed upon by bears (Ursus spp.), various weasels (Mustela spp.), mink (Mustela vison), raccoons (Procyon lotor) and even northern flickers (Colaptes auratus) and American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus).

Conservation edit

The common goldeneye is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies. Around 188,300 common goldeneyes were killed annually by duck hunters in North America during the 1970s, representing slightly less than 4% of the total waterfowl killed in Canada during that period, and less than 1% of the total waterfowl killed in the US.[12] Both the breeding and winter habitats of these birds have been degraded by clearance and pollution. However, the common goldeneye in North America is known to derive short-term benefits from lake acidification.[13]

 
Eggs, Collection Museum Wiesbaden

Gallery edit

References edit

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Bucephala clangula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22680455A132529366. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680455A132529366.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Eadie, J. M.; Mallory, M. L.; Lumsden, H. G. (1995). "Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula)". The Birds of North America Online. doi:10.2173/bna.170.
  3. ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 79, 110. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  4. ^ "Common Goldeneye Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
  5. ^ Reeber, Sébastien (2015). Waterfowl of North America, Europe, and Asia : an identification guide. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691162669.
  6. ^ Dow, Hilary; Fredga, Sven (1985). "Selection of nest sites by a hole-nesting duck, the Goldeneye Bucephala clangula". Ibis. 127 (1): 16–30. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1985.tb05034.x. ISSN 1474-919X.
  7. ^ Pöysä, H.; Pöysä, S. (2002-06-13). "Nest-site limitation and density dependence of reproductive output in the common goldeneye Bucephala clangula: implications for the management of cavity-nesting birds". Journal of Applied Ecology. 39 (3): 502–510. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2002.00726.x. ISSN 1365-2664.
  8. ^ Baldassarre, Guy A. (2014). Ducks, Geese, and Swans of North America. JHU Press. ISBN 9781421407517.
  9. ^ Eriksson, Mats O. G.; Andersson, Malte (1982-03-01). "Nest parasitism and hatching success in a population of Goldeneyes Bucephala clangula". Bird Study. 29 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1080/00063658209476737. ISSN 0006-3657.
  10. ^ Eadie, John McA.; Kehoe, F. Patrick; Nudds, Thomas D. (1988-08-01). "Pre-hatch and post-hatch brood amalgamation in North American Anatidae: a review of hypotheses". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 66 (8): 1709–1721. doi:10.1139/z88-247. ISSN 0008-4301.
  11. ^ Cottam, Clarence (April 1939). Food Habits of North American Diving Ducks (Report). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture.
  12. ^ "Common Goldeneye Minnesota Conservation Summary" (PDF). Minnesota Audubon. 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  13. ^ Pöysä, Hannu; Rask, Martti; Nummi, Petri (1994). "Acidification and ecological interactions at higher trophic levels in small forest lakes: the perch and the common goldeneye". Annales Zoologici Fennici. 31 (4): 397–404. JSTOR 23735678.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bucephala clangula.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Bucephala clangula.
  • "Common goldeneye media". Internet Bird Collection.
  • Common Goldeneye Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
  • Common Goldeneye - Bucephala clangula - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
  • Common Goldeneye wildlife photos and voice at nature-photos.org
  • Feathers of Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) 2018-03-04 at the Wayback Machine at ornithos.de
  • Common goldeneye photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
  • Interactive range map of Bucephala clangula at IUCN Red List maps

March 17, 2024
common, goldeneye, common, goldeneye, simply, goldeneye, bucephala, clangula, medium, sized, duck, genus, bucephala, goldeneyes, closest, relative, similar, barrow, goldeneye, genus, name, derived, from, ancient, greek, boukephalos, bullheaded, from, bous, bul. The common goldeneye or simply goldeneye Bucephala clangula is a medium sized sea duck of the genus Bucephala the goldeneyes Its closest relative is the similar Barrow s goldeneye 2 The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek boukephalos bullheaded from bous bull and kephale head a reference to the bulbous head shape of the bufflehead The species name is derived from the Latin clangere to resound 3 Common goldeneyeAdult maleAdult femaleConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder AnseriformesFamily AnatidaeGenus BucephalaSpecies B clangulaBinomial nameBucephala clangula Linnaeus 1758 SubspeciesB c clangula Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian goldeneye B c americana Bonaparte 1838 American goldeneye SynonymsAnas bucephala Linnaeus 1758 Anas glaucion Linnaeus 1758 Clangula clangula Linnaeus 1758 Bucephala clangula PairFemale goldeneye with chicksCommon goldeneyes are aggressive and territorial ducks and have elaborate courtship displays 2 Contents 1 Description 2 Habitat and breeding 3 Diet and predators 4 Conservation 5 Gallery 6 References 7 External linksDescription editAdult males range from 45 51 cm 18 20 in and weigh approximately 1 000 g 2 2 lb while females range from 40 50 cm 16 20 in and weigh approximately 800 g 1 8 lb 2 The common goldeneye has a wingspan of 77 83 cm 30 33 in 4 The species is named for its golden yellow eyes Adult males have a dark head with a greenish gloss and a circular white patch below the eye a dark back and a white neck and belly Adult females have a brown head and a mostly grey body Their legs and feet are orange yellow Two subspecies are generally recognized the nominate Eurasian subspecies Bucephala clangula clangula and the North American B c americana Americana has a longer and thicker bill than clangula 5 Habitat and breeding editTheir breeding habitat is the taiga They are found in the lakes and rivers of boreal forests across Canada and the northern United States Scotland Scandinavia the Baltic States and northern Russia They are migratory and most winter in protected coastal waters or open inland waters at more temperate latitudes 2 Naturally they nest in cavities in large trees where they return year after year 6 though they will readily use nest boxes as well 7 Natural tree cavities chosen for nest sites include those made by broken limbs and those made by large woodpeckers specifically pileated woodpeckers or black woodpeckers 8 Average egg size is a breadth of 42 6 44 0 mm 1 68 1 73 in a length of 58 1 60 6 mm 2 29 2 39 in and a weight of 61 2 66 6 g 2 16 2 35 oz 2 The incubation period ranges from 28 to 32 days The female does all the incubating and is abandoned by the male about 1 to 2 weeks into incubation The young remain in the nest for about 24 36 hours Brood parasitism is quite common with other common goldeneyes 9 and occurs less frequently with other duck species The broods commonly start to mix with other females broods as they become more independent or are abandoned by their mothers 10 Goldeneye young have been known to be competitively killed by other goldeneye mothers common loons and red necked grebes 2 The young are capable of flight at 55 65 days of age Diet and predators editCommon goldeneyes are diving birds that forage under water Year round about 32 of their prey is crustaceans 28 is aquatic insects and 10 is molluscs 11 Insects are the predominant prey while nesting and crustaceans are the predominant prey during migration and winter Locally fish eggs and aquatic plants can be important foods They themselves may fall prey to various hawks owls and eagles while females and their broods have been preyed upon by bears Ursus spp various weasels Mustela spp mink Mustela vison raccoons Procyon lotor and even northern flickers Colaptes auratus and American red squirrels Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Conservation editThe common goldeneye is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds AEWA applies Around 188 300 common goldeneyes were killed annually by duck hunters in North America during the 1970s representing slightly less than 4 of the total waterfowl killed in Canada during that period and less than 1 of the total waterfowl killed in the US 12 Both the breeding and winter habitats of these birds have been degraded by clearance and pollution However the common goldeneye in North America is known to derive short term benefits from lake acidification 13 nbsp Eggs Collection Museum WiesbadenGallery edit nbsp Male portrait nbsp Female portrait nbsp Just after a dive showing clear nictitating membrane nbsp In flight over Rideau River Ottawa Ontario nbsp With a northern crayfish Orconectes virilis References edit BirdLife International 2018 Bucephala clangula IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T22680455A132529366 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 2 RLTS T22680455A132529366 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 a b c d e f Eadie J M Mallory M L Lumsden H G 1995 Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula The Birds of North America Online doi 10 2173 bna 170 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm pp 79 110 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Common Goldeneye Identification All About Birds Cornell Lab of Ornithology www allaboutbirds org Retrieved 2020 09 26 Reeber Sebastien 2015 Waterfowl of North America Europe and Asia an identification guide Princeton NJ Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0691162669 Dow Hilary Fredga Sven 1985 Selection of nest sites by a hole nesting duck the Goldeneye Bucephala clangula Ibis 127 1 16 30 doi 10 1111 j 1474 919x 1985 tb05034 x ISSN 1474 919X Poysa H Poysa S 2002 06 13 Nest site limitation and density dependence of reproductive output in the common goldeneye Bucephala clangula implications for the management of cavity nesting birds Journal of Applied Ecology 39 3 502 510 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2664 2002 00726 x ISSN 1365 2664 Baldassarre Guy A 2014 Ducks Geese and Swans of North America JHU Press ISBN 9781421407517 Eriksson Mats O G Andersson Malte 1982 03 01 Nest parasitism and hatching success in a population of Goldeneyes Bucephala clangula Bird Study 29 1 49 54 doi 10 1080 00063658209476737 ISSN 0006 3657 Eadie John McA Kehoe F Patrick Nudds Thomas D 1988 08 01 Pre hatch and post hatch brood amalgamation in North American Anatidae a review of hypotheses Canadian Journal of Zoology 66 8 1709 1721 doi 10 1139 z88 247 ISSN 0008 4301 Cottam Clarence April 1939 Food Habits of North American Diving Ducks Report Washington D C United States Department of Agriculture Common Goldeneye Minnesota Conservation Summary PDF Minnesota Audubon 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2015 Poysa Hannu Rask Martti Nummi Petri 1994 Acidification and ecological interactions at higher trophic levels in small forest lakes the perch and the common goldeneye Annales Zoologici Fennici 31 4 397 404 JSTOR 23735678 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bucephala clangula nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Bucephala clangula Common goldeneye media Internet Bird Collection Common Goldeneye Species Account Cornell Lab of Ornithology Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter eNature com Common Goldeneye Common Goldeneye wildlife photos and voice at nature photos org Feathers of Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula Archived 2018 03 04 at the Wayback Machine at ornithos de Common goldeneye photo gallery at VIREO Drexel University Interactive range map of Bucephala clangula at IUCN Red List maps Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Common goldeneye amp oldid 1190608881, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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