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Colubridae

January 01, 1970

Colubridae (/kəˈluːbrɪdiː/, commonly known as colubrids /ˈkɒljʊbrɪdz/, from Latin: coluber, 'snake') is a family of snakes. With 249 genera,[2] it is the largest snake family. The earliest fossil species of the family date back to the Late Eocene epoch, with earlier origins suspected.[1] Colubrid snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica.[3]

Colubridae
Temporal range: Late Eocene—present [1]
Colubridae species
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Superfamily: Colubroidea
Family: Colubridae
Oppel, 1811

Description edit

Colubrids are a very diverse group of snakes. They can exhibit many different body styles, body sizes, colors, and patterns. They can also live in many different types of habitats including aquatic, terrestrial, semi-arboreal, arboreal, desert, mountainous forests, semi-fossorial, and brackish waters.[4] A primarily shy and harmless group of snakes, the vast majority of colubrids are not venomous, nor do most colubrids produce venom that is medically significant to mammals. However, the bites of a few groups (such as Boiga sp.) can escalate quickly to emergency situations. Furthermore, within the Colubridae, the South African boomslang and twig snakes, as well as the Asian keelback snakes (Rhabdophis sp.) have long been notorious for inflicting the worst bites on humans, with the most confirmed fatalities.[3][5][6]

Some colubrids are described as opisthoglyphous (often simply called "rear-fanged"), meaning they possess shortened, grooved "fangs" located at the back of the upper jaw. It is thought that opisthoglyphy evolved many times throughout the natural history of squamates[5] and is an evolutionary precursor to the larger, frontal fangs of vipers and elapids.[7][8][9][3][5] These grooved fangs tend to be sharpest on the anterior and posterior edges.[10]While feeding, colubrids move their jaws backward to create a cutting motion between the posterior edge and the prey's tissue.[10] In order to inject venom, colubridae must chew on their prey. [11] Colubrids can also be proteroglyphous (fangs at the front of the upper jaw, followed by small solid teeth)[12]

Most Colubridae are oviparious (mode of reproduction where an egg is produced that will later hatch) with clutch size varying by size and species of snake. However, certain species of snakes from the subfamilies of Natriciinae and Colubrinae are viviparous (mode of reproduction where young are live birthed). These viviparous species can birth various amounts of offspring at a time, but the exact number of offspring depends on the size and species of snake [13]

Characteristics of Colubridae edit

Characteristics of Colbridae include limbless bodies, left lung that is reduced or absent, tracheal lung that is reduced or absent, well-developed oviducts, Premaxillaries that lack teeth, maxilaries oriented longitudinally with teeth that are solid or grooved, mandible does not have coronoid bone, dentary that has teeth, only a left carotid artery, Intercostal arteries from the dorsal aorta in trunk segments, no cranial infrared receptors occur in pits or surface indentations, and an optic foramina that usually perforate the frontal–parietal–parasphenoid sutures [14]

Classification edit

In the past, the Colubridae were not a natural group, as many were more closely related to other groups, such as elapids, than to each other.[15] This family was historically used as a "wastebasket taxon"[6] for snakes that do not fit elsewhere.[16] Until recently, colubrids were basically colubroids that were not elapids, viperids, or Atractaspis.[17]

However, recent research in molecular phylogenetics has stabilized the classification of historically "colubrid" snakes and the family as currently defined is a monophyletic clade,[18][19][20][21] although additional research will be necessary to sort out all the relationships within this group. As of May 2018, eight subfamilies are recognized.[22]

Current subfamilies edit

Sibynophiinae – three genera

Natricinae – 36 genera (sometimes given as family Natricidae)

 
Two Indian rat snakes (grey and yellow)
 
A natricine, Thamnophis sirtalis

Pseudoxenodontinae – two genera

Dipsadinae – over 100 genera (sometimes given as family Dipsadidae)

 
A dipsadine, Sibon longifrenis

Grayiinae – one genus

Calamariinae – seven genera

Ahaetuliinae – five genera

Colubrinae – 93 genera

 
A colubrine, Dolichophis jugularis, preying on a legless lizard, a sheltopusik

Sub-family currently undetermined

Former subfamilies edit

These taxa have been at one time or another classified as part of the Colubridae, but are now either classified as parts of other families, or are no longer accepted because all the species within them have been moved to other (sub)families.

Fossil record edit

The oldest colubrid fossils are indeterminate vertebrae from Thailand and specimens of the genus Nebraskophis from the U.S. state of Georgia, both from the Late Eocene. The presence of derived colubrids in North America so early on, despite their presumed Old World origins, suggests that they originated even earlier.[1] The Pliocene (Blancan) fossil record in the Ringold Formation of Adams County, Washington has yielded fossils from a number of colubrids including Elaphe pliocenica, Elaphe vulpina, Lampropeltis getulus, Pituophis catenifer, a Thamnophis species, and the extinct genus Tauntonophis.[27]

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b c P Dennis; A J (2003). Nebraskophis HOLMAN from the Late Eocene of Georgia (USA), the oldest known North American colubrid snake.
  2. ^ "Colubrid". britannica.com. Britannica. from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  3. ^ a b c Bauer, Aaron M. [in French] (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 188–195. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
  4. ^ Vitt, Laurie J, and Janalee P Caldwell. Herpetology An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. 4th ed., Elsevier Inc, 2014.
  5. ^ a b c Bruna Azara, C. (1995). "Animales venenosos. Vertebrados terrestres venenosos peligrosos para el ser humano en España" (PDF). Boletín de la S.E.A. 11: 32–40. (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
  6. ^ a b Weinstein, S. A.; Warrell, D. A.; White, J.; Keyler, D. E. (20 June 2011). "Venomous" bites from non-venomous snakes: A critical analysis of risk and management of "colubrid" snake bites. London: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/C2010-0-68461-6. ISBN 978-0-12-387732-1. S2CID 187292386. from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  7. ^ Jackson, K (2003). "The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 137 (3): 337–354. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00052.x.
  8. ^ Vonk, F. J.; Admiraal, J. F.; Jackson, K.; Reshef, R.; de Bakker, M. A.; Vanderschoot, K.; van den Berge, I.; van Atten, M.; Burgerhout, E.; Beck, A. (2008). (PDF). Nature. 454 (7204): 630–633. Bibcode:2008Natur.454..630V. doi:10.1038/nature07178. PMID 18668106. S2CID 4362616. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-13. Retrieved 2018-05-13.
  9. ^ Fry, B. G.; Casewell, N. R.; Wüster, W.; Vidal, N.; Young, B.; Jackson, T. N. (2012). "The structural and functional diversification of the Toxicofera reptile venom system" (PDF). Toxicon. 60 (4): 434–448. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.02.013. PMID 22446061. (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2018-05-13.
  10. ^ a b Cleuren, Silke G. C.; Hocking, David P.; Evans, Alistair R. (June 2021). "Fang evolution in venomous snakes: Adaptation of 3D tooth shape to the biomechanical properties of their prey". Evolution. 75 (6): 1377–1394. doi:10.1111/evo.14239. ISSN 0014-3820.
  11. ^ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/colubridae
  12. ^ Vitt, Laurie J, and Janalee P Caldwell. Herpetology An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. 4th ed., Elsevier Inc, 2014.
  13. ^ Vitt, Laurie J, and Janalee P Caldwell. Herpetology An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. 4th ed., Elsevier Inc, 2014.
  14. ^ Vitt, Laurie J, and Janalee P Caldwell. Herpetology An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. 4th ed., Elsevier Inc, 2014.
  15. ^ Lawson, R.; Slowinski, J.B.; Crother, B.I.; Burbrink, F.T. (2005). (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (2): 581–601. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.016. PMID 16172004. S2CID 2509713. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  16. ^ Fry, B.G.; Vidal, N.; van der Weerd, L.; Kochva, E.; Renjifo, C. (2009). "Evolution and diversification of the Toxicofera reptile venom system". Journal of Proteomics. 72 (2): 127–136. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2009.01.009. PMID 19457354.
  17. ^ Pough, F. H.; Andrews, R. M.; Cadle, J. E.; Crump, M. L.; Savitzky, A. H.; Wells, K. (2004). Herpetology (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall. p. 162. ISBN 0138508763.
  18. ^ Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F.; Wiens, J. J. (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 93. Bibcode:2013BMCEE..13...93P. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93. PMC 3682911. PMID 23627680.
  19. ^ Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016). "A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161070. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161070F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070. PMC 5014348. PMID 27603205.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F. T.; Colli, G. R.; de Oca, A. N. M.; Vitt, L. J.; Kuczynski, C. A.; Wiens, J. J. (2011). "The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (2): 329–342. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006. PMID 21074626. (PDF) from the original on 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2018-05-13.
  21. ^ Zheng, Y; Wiens, JJ (2016). "Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 94 (Pt B): 537–547. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009. PMID 26475614. (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2018-05-13.
  22. ^ Uetz, Peter. "Colubridae at The Reptile Database". The Reptile Database. EMBL. from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  23. ^ "Blythia reticulata". from the original on 2021-05-21. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
  24. ^ a b Holman, J. Alan (1982-01-01). "New Herpetological Species and Records from the Norden Bridge Fauna (Miocene: Late Barstovian) of Nebraska". Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies.
  25. ^ "Floridaophis auffenbergi". Florida Vertebrate Fossils. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
  26. ^ a b Savage, Jay M. (2015). . Herpetological Review. 46 (4): 664–665. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  27. ^ Parmley, D.; Walker, D. (2003). "Snakes of the Pliocene Taunton local fauna of Adams County, Washington with the description of a new colubrid". Journal of Herpetology. 37 (2): 235–244. doi:10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0235:SOTPTL]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86000331.

Bibliography edit

  • Barbière, Franck; Ortiz, Pablo E.; Pardiñas, Ulyses F.J. (2018). "The oldest sigmodontine rodent revisited and the age of the first South American cricetids". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (2): 1–17. Bibcode:2019JPal...93..368B. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.74. S2CID 135378126.
  • Barbière, Franck; Cruz, Laura E.; Ortiz, Pablo E.; Pardiñas, Ulyses F. J. (2016). "A new genus of Sigmodontinae (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) from the Pliocene of Central Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (5): e1199557. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E9557B. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1199557. S2CID 89495030.
  • Nicoli, Laura (2015). "New fossil species of the extant genus Lepidobatrachus (Anura, Ceratophryidae) from the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of central Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (5): e981636. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E1636N. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.981636. hdl:11336/46258. S2CID 83574417.
  • Agnolin, Federico L.; Bogan, Sergio; Tomassini, Rodrigo L.; Manera, Teresa (2014). "Nuevo Percichthyidae (Teleostei, Percoidei) del Plioceno temprano de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) y sus implicancias biogeográficas" (PDF). Revista del Museo de Ciencias Naturales. 16: 19–31. doi:10.22179/REVMACN.16.159.
  • Zamorano, Martin (2013). (PDF). Spanish Journal of Palaeontology. 28 (2): 283–29. doi:10.7203/sjp.28.2.17860. S2CID 181184694. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2020-03-04.
  • Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, Susana (2012). Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–370. ISBN 9780521194617.
  • Albino, Adriana M.; Rodrigo, Tomassini; Brizuela, Santiago (2009). "Presencia del lagarto teiido Tupinambis en la FormaciónMonte Hermoso de Farola Monte Hermoso, sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina)". Ameghiniana. 46: 177–187.
  • Bogan, Sergio; Agnolin, Federico L. (2009). "Primer registro fósil de la familia Trichomycteridae (Teleostei: Siluriformes; Plioceno) en la Formación Monte Hermoso, Argentina" (PDF). Revista del Museo de Ciencias Naturales. 11: 193–198. doi:10.22179/REVMACN.11.259.
  • Verzi, Diego H.; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Deschamps, Cecilia M. (2008). "Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Late Miocene of central Argentina: Evidence from rodents and taphonomy". Geobios. 41 (1): 145–155. Bibcode:2008Geobi..41..145V. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2006.09.005.
  • Cozzuol, Mario Alberto (2006). "The Acre vertebrate fauna: Age, diversity, and geography". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 21 (3): 185–203. Bibcode:2006JSAES..21..185C. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2006.03.005.
  • Marshall, Larry G.; Sempere, Thierry (1991). "The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: A review". Revista técnica de YPFB. 12: 631–652.

External links edit

  • Psammophids at Life Is Short, but Snakes Are Long

January 01, 1970
colubridae, commonly, known, colubrids, from, latin, coluber, snake, family, snakes, with, genera, largest, snake, family, earliest, fossil, species, family, date, back, late, eocene, epoch, with, earlier, origins, suspected, colubrid, snakes, found, every, co. Colubridae k e ˈ l uː b r ɪ d iː commonly known as colubrids ˈ k ɒ lj ʊ b r ɪ d z from Latin coluber snake is a family of snakes With 249 genera 2 it is the largest snake family The earliest fossil species of the family date back to the Late Eocene epoch with earlier origins suspected 1 Colubrid snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica 3 ColubridaeTemporal range Late Eocene present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N 1 Colubridae species Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Reptilia Order Squamata Suborder Serpentes Superfamily Colubroidea Family ColubridaeOppel 1811 Contents 1 Description 2 Characteristics of Colubridae 3 Classification 3 1 Current subfamilies 3 2 Former subfamilies 4 Fossil record 5 References 5 1 Citations 5 2 Bibliography 6 External linksDescription editColubrids are a very diverse group of snakes They can exhibit many different body styles body sizes colors and patterns They can also live in many different types of habitats including aquatic terrestrial semi arboreal arboreal desert mountainous forests semi fossorial and brackish waters 4 A primarily shy and harmless group of snakes the vast majority of colubrids are not venomous nor do most colubrids produce venom that is medically significant to mammals However the bites of a few groups such as Boiga sp can escalate quickly to emergency situations Furthermore within the Colubridae the South African boomslang and twig snakes as well as the Asian keelback snakes Rhabdophis sp have long been notorious for inflicting the worst bites on humans with the most confirmed fatalities 3 5 6 Some colubrids are described as opisthoglyphous often simply called rear fanged meaning they possess shortened grooved fangs located at the back of the upper jaw It is thought that opisthoglyphy evolved many times throughout the natural history of squamates 5 and is an evolutionary precursor to the larger frontal fangs of vipers and elapids 7 8 9 3 5 These grooved fangs tend to be sharpest on the anterior and posterior edges 10 While feeding colubrids move their jaws backward to create a cutting motion between the posterior edge and the prey s tissue 10 In order to inject venom colubridae must chew on their prey 11 Colubrids can also be proteroglyphous fangs at the front of the upper jaw followed by small solid teeth 12 Most Colubridae are oviparious mode of reproduction where an egg is produced that will later hatch with clutch size varying by size and species of snake However certain species of snakes from the subfamilies of Natriciinae and Colubrinae are viviparous mode of reproduction where young are live birthed These viviparous species can birth various amounts of offspring at a time but the exact number of offspring depends on the size and species of snake 13 Characteristics of Colubridae editCharacteristics of Colbridae include limbless bodies left lung that is reduced or absent tracheal lung that is reduced or absent well developed oviducts Premaxillaries that lack teeth maxilaries oriented longitudinally with teeth that are solid or grooved mandible does not have coronoid bone dentary that has teeth only a left carotid artery Intercostal arteries from the dorsal aorta in trunk segments no cranial infrared receptors occur in pits or surface indentations and an optic foramina that usually perforate the frontal parietal parasphenoid sutures 14 Classification editIn the past the Colubridae were not a natural group as many were more closely related to other groups such as elapids than to each other 15 This family was historically used as a wastebasket taxon 6 for snakes that do not fit elsewhere 16 Until recently colubrids were basically colubroids that were not elapids viperids or Atractaspis 17 However recent research in molecular phylogenetics has stabilized the classification of historically colubrid snakes and the family as currently defined is a monophyletic clade 18 19 20 21 although additional research will be necessary to sort out all the relationships within this group As of May 2018 eight subfamilies are recognized 22 Current subfamilies edit Sibynophiinae three genera Colubroelaps Scaphiodontophis Sibynophis Natricinae 36 genera sometimes given as family Natricidae nbsp Two Indian rat snakes grey and yellow nbsp A natricine Thamnophis sirtalis Afronatrix Amphiesma Amphiesmoides Anoplohydrus Aspidura Atretium Blythia 23 Clonophis Fowlea Haldea Hebius Helophis Herpetoreas Hydrablabes Hydraethiops Iguanognathus Isanophis Limnophis Liodytes Natriciteres Natrix Nerodia Opisthotropis Pseudagkistrodon Regina Rhabdophis Rhabdops Smithophis Storeria Thamnophis Trachischium Trimerodytes Tropidoclonion Tropidonophis Virginia Xenochrophis Neonatrix Pseudoxenodontinae two genera Plagiopholis Pseudoxenodon Dipsadinae over 100 genera sometimes given as family Dipsadidae nbsp A dipsadine Sibon longifrenis Adelphicos Adelphostigma Alsophis Amastridium Amnesteophis Amnisiophis Apographon Apostolepis Arcanumophis Arrhyton Atractus Baliodryas Boiruna Borikenophis Caaeteboia Calamodontophis Caraiba Carphophis Cenaspis Cercophis Chersodromus Chlorosoma Clelia Coniophanes Conophis Contia Coronelaps Crisantophis Cryophis Cubophis Diadophis Diaphorolepis Dibernardia Dipsas Ditaxodon Drepanoides Dryophylax Echinanthera Elapomorphus Emmochliophis Enuliophis Enulius Erythrolamprus Eutrachelophis Farancia Galvarinus Geophis Gomesophis Haitiophis Helicops Heterodon Hydrodynastes Hydromorphus Hydrops Hypsiglena Hypsirhynchus Ialtris Imantodes Incaspis Leptodeira Lioheterophis Lygophis Magliophis Manolepis Mesotes Mussurana Ninia Nothopsis Omoadiphas Oxyrhopus Paikwaophis Paleoheterodon Paraphimophis Phalotris Philodryas Phimophis Plesiodipsas Pliocercus Pseudalsophis Pseudoboa Pseudoeryx Pseudoleptodeira Psomophis Ptychophis Rhachidelus Rhadinaea Rhadinella Rhadinophanes Rodriguesophis Saphenophis Sibon Siphlophis Sordellina Synophis Tachymenis Tachymenoides Taeniophallus Tantalophis Thamnodynastes Thermophis Tomodon Tretanorhinus Trimetopon Tropidodipsas Tropidodryas Uromacer Urotheca Xenodon Xenopholis Xenoxybelis Zonateres Grayiinae one genus Grayia Calamariinae seven genera Calamaria Calamorhabdium Collorhabdium Etheridgeum Macrocalamus Pseudorabdion Rabdion Ahaetuliinae five genera Ahaetulla Chrysopelea Dendrelaphis Dryophiops Proahaetulla Colubrinae 93 genera nbsp A colubrine Dolichophis jugularis preying on a legless lizard a sheltopusik Aeluroglena Aprosdoketophis Archelaphe Arizona Bamanophis Bogertophis Boiga Cemophora Chapinophis Chironius Coelognathus Coluber Conopsis Coronella Crotaphopeltis Dasypeltis Dendrophidion Dipsadoboa Dispholidus Dolichophis Drymarchon Drymobius Drymoluber Eirenis Elaphe Euprepiophis Ficimia Geagras Gonyosoma Gyalopion Hapsidophrys Hemerophis Hemorrhois Hierophis Lampropeltis Leptodrymus Leptophis Liopeltis Lycodon Lytorhynchus Macroprotodon Masticophis Mastigodryas Meizodon Mopanveldophis Muhtarophis Oligodon Oocatochus Opheodrys Oreocryptophis Orientocoluber Oxybelis Palusophis Pantherophis Paracoluber Persiophis Philothamnus Phrynonax Phyllorhynchus Pituophis Platyceps Pseudelaphe Pseudoficimia Ptyas Rhamnophis Rhinobothryum Rhinocheilus Rhynchocalamus Salvadora Scaphiophis Scolecophis Senticolis Simophis Sonora Spalerosophis Spilotes Stegonotus Stenorrhina Stichophanes Symphimus Sympholis Tantilla Tantillita Telescopus Thelotornis Thrasops Toxicodryas Trimorphodon Wallaceophis Wallophis Xenelaphis Xyelodontophis Zamenis Zelceophis Sub family currently undetermined Elapoidis Gongylosoma Lycognathophis Oreocalamus Tetralepis Ameiseophis 24 Dryinoides Hispanophis Floridaophis 25 Micronatrix Miocoluber Mionatrix Palaeonatrix Paleofarancia Paraoxybelis Paraxenophis Periergophis Pollackophis Pseudocemophora Nebraskophis 24 Texasophis Former subfamilies edit These taxa have been at one time or another classified as part of the Colubridae but are now either classified as parts of other families or are no longer accepted because all the species within them have been moved to other sub families Subfamily Aparallactinae now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae 20 sometimes combined with Atractaspidinae Subfamily Boiginae now part of Colubrinae Subfamily Boodontinae some of which now treated as subfamily Grayiinae of the new Colubridae others moved to family Lamprophiidae as part of subfamilies Lamprophiinae Pseudaspidinae and Pseudoxyrhophiidae which are now sometimes treated as families Subfamily Dispholidinae now part of Colubrinae Subfamily Homalopsinae now family Homalopsidae 20 Subfamily Lamprophiinae now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae 20 Subfamily Lycodontinae now part of Colubrinae Subfamily Lycophidinae now part of Lamprophiidae Subfamily Pareatinae now family Pareidae 20 sometimes incorrectly spelled Pareatidae 26 Subfamily Philothamninae now part of Colubrinae Subfamily Psammophiinae now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae 20 Subfamily Pseudoxyrhophiinae now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae 20 Subfamily Xenoderminae now family Xenodermidae 20 sometimes incorrectly spelled Xenodermatidae 26 Subfamily Xenodontinae which many authors put in Dipsadinae Dipsadidae Fossil record editThe oldest colubrid fossils are indeterminate vertebrae from Thailand and specimens of the genus Nebraskophis from the U S state of Georgia both from the Late Eocene The presence of derived colubrids in North America so early on despite their presumed Old World origins suggests that they originated even earlier 1 The Pliocene Blancan fossil record in the Ringold Formation of Adams County Washington has yielded fossils from a number of colubrids including Elaphe pliocenica Elaphe vulpina Lampropeltis getulus Pituophis catenifer a Thamnophis species and the extinct genus Tauntonophis 27 References editCitations edit a b c P Dennis A J 2003 Nebraskophis HOLMAN from the Late Eocene of Georgia USA the oldest known North American colubrid snake Colubrid britannica com Britannica Archived from the original on 3 December 2018 Retrieved 2 December 2018 a b c Bauer Aaron M in French 1998 Cogger H G Zweifel R G eds Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians San Diego Academic Press pp 188 195 ISBN 0 12 178560 2 Vitt Laurie J and Janalee P Caldwell Herpetology An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles 4th ed Elsevier Inc 2014 a b c Bruna Azara C 1995 Animales venenosos Vertebrados terrestres venenosos peligrosos para el ser humano en Espana PDF Boletin de la S E A 11 32 40 Archived PDF from the original on 2020 08 14 Retrieved 2016 09 30 a b Weinstein S A Warrell D A White J Keyler D E 20 June 2011 Venomous bites from non venomous snakes A critical analysis of risk and management of colubrid snake bites London Elsevier doi 10 1016 C2010 0 68461 6 ISBN 978 0 12 387732 1 S2CID 187292386 Archived from the original on 22 July 2020 Retrieved 22 July 2020 Jackson K 2003 The evolution of venom delivery systems in snakes PDF Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137 3 337 354 doi 10 1046 j 1096 3642 2003 00052 x Vonk F J Admiraal J F Jackson K Reshef R de Bakker M A Vanderschoot K van den Berge I van Atten M Burgerhout E Beck A 2008 Evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs PDF Nature 454 7204 630 633 Bibcode 2008Natur 454 630V doi 10 1038 nature07178 PMID 18668106 S2CID 4362616 Archived from the original PDF on 2018 04 13 Retrieved 2018 05 13 Fry B G Casewell N R Wuster W Vidal N Young B Jackson T N 2012 The structural and functional diversification of the Toxicofera reptile venom system PDF Toxicon 60 4 434 448 doi 10 1016 j toxicon 2012 02 013 PMID 22446061 Archived PDF from the original on 2017 08 09 Retrieved 2018 05 13 a b Cleuren Silke G C Hocking David P Evans Alistair R June 2021 Fang evolution in venomous snakes Adaptation of 3D tooth shape to the biomechanical properties of their prey Evolution 75 6 1377 1394 doi 10 1111 evo 14239 ISSN 0014 3820 https www sciencedirect com topics pharmacology toxicology and pharmaceutical science colubridae Vitt 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review Revista tecnica de YPFB 12 631 652 External links editPsammophids at Life Is Short but Snakes Are Long Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Colubridae amp oldid 1223255384, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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