fbpx
Wikipedia

Dipsadinae

January 01, 1970

Dipsadinae is a large subfamily of colubroid snakes, sometimes referred to as a family (Dipsadidae).[3][4][5][6][7] Species of the subfamily Dipsadinae are found in most of the Americas, including the West Indies, and are most diverse in South America.[8][9] There are more than 700 member species.[7]

Dipsadinae
Temporal range: Miocene–recent [1]
Sibon longifrenis
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Colubridae
Subfamily: Dipsadinae
Bonaparte, 1838
Synonyms

Dipsadina Bonaparte, 1838[2]
Dipsadidae Bonaparte, 1838

Dipsadinae are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of mostly small to moderate-sized snakes, typically less than 80 cm (31 in) in total length. Some are arboreal, but others are aquatic or terrestrial and may even burrow. Most are oviparous.[9] Many eat frogs or lizards, and some consume mammals and birds. Several genera (e.g. Adelphicos, Atractus, Geophis, Dipsas, Ninia, Sibon, Sibynomorphus, Tropidodipsas) are specialized feeders on gooey and slimy prey, such as frog eggs, earthworms, snails, and slugs.[10][11][12][13][14] Almost all species are completely harmless to humans, although a few genera (e.g. Borikenophis, Cubophis, Heterodon, Hydrodynastes, Philodryas) have inflicted painful bites with local, non-life-threatening symptoms.[15]

Synonymy edit

Some authors refer to part or all of this group as Xenodontinae, but if the two names are used synonymously, Dipsadinae is the correct name because it is older.[4] When Xenodontinae is used non-synonymously, it normally refers to the larger and more derived South American-Caribbean subclade containing the genus Xenodon and its relatives, whereas Dipsadinae sensu stricto is restricted to the smaller and more basal Central American subclade containing the genus Dipsas and its relatives.[8][16] Also, a third North American group (sometimes called "Carphophiinae") contains nine species in five genera at the base of the Dipsadinae (the "North American relicts" thought to have descended from the ancestors of dipsadines as they crossed from Asia to South America by way of North America; genera Heterodon, Farancia, Diadophis, Carphophis, and Contia).[17]

Genera edit

Within the Dipsadinae, the three major groups/clades or subfamilies are the Central American group ("Dipsadinae" sensu stricto), the South American + Caribbean group ("Xenodontinae"), and a small North American group (sometimes called the "Carphophiinae" or, incorrectly, "Heterodontinae").[a][17] In addition, a number of snake genera are likely to be dipsadines based on their morphology and geographic range, but because of the absence of genetic data and information about their closest relatives, they are considered genera incertae sedis and are not currently placed in a subgroup of the Dipsadinae.

Central American clade ("Dipsadinae" sensu stricto) edit

South American + Caribbean clade ("Xenodontinae") edit

  • Tribe Saphenophiini Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
  • Tribe Psomophiini Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
  • Tribe Elapomorphiini Jan, 1862
  • Tribe Tropidodryadini Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
  • Tribe Tachymenini Bailey, 1967
  • Tribe Echinantherini Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
    • Adelphostigma Abegg, Santos-Jr, Costa, Battilana, Graboski, Vianna, Azevedo, Fagundes, Castille, Prado, Bonatto, Zaher, & Grazziotin, 2008
    • Amnisiophis Abegg, Santos Jr., Costa4, Battilana, Graboski, Vianna, Azevedo1, Fagundes ,Castille, Prado, Bonatto, Zaher, & Grazziotin, 2022
    • Dibernardia Myers, 1974
    • Echinanthera Cope, 1894
    • Taeniophallus Cope, 1895
  • Tribe Amnesteophiini Myers, 2011
  • Tribe Caateboiini Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
    • Caaeteboia Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
  • Tribe Pseudoboini Bailey, 1967
  • Tribe Philodryadini Cope, 1886
  • Tribe Conophiini Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
  • Tribe Hydrodynastini Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
  • Tribe Hydropsini Dowling, 1975
  • Tribe Xenodontini Bonaparte, 1845
  • Tribe Alsophiini Fitzringer, 1843
  • Tribe incertae sedis
    • Paikwaophis Kok & Means, 2023
    • Xenopholis Peters, 1869

North American clade ("Carphophiinae") edit

Genera incertae sedis edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ "Heterodontinae" is a subfamily of sharks; this problem is discussed in Appendix I of Grazziotin, F. G., H. Zaher, R. W. Murphy, G. Scrocchi, M. A. Benavides, Y.-P. Zhang, and S. L. Bonattoh (2012):[18] "The shark family Heterodontidae (based on the genus Heterodontus Blainville, 1816) dates from Gray (1851: 65), but its use as the snake family Heterodontidae (based on the genus Heterodon Latreille, 1801) dates from Bonaparte (1845) and it has not been used in the literature since. Thus both the genus and family names for snakes have priority over the sharks. However, the resurrection of the family name Heterodontidae for snakes (subfamily Heterodontinae in Vidal et al., 2007) causes unnecessary confusion owing to the long-standing use of the name for sharks (e.g. Compagno, 2002; Baldwin, 2005). Consequently, Rossman and Wilson (1965) and Zaher et al. (2009) argued that the family name should be applied only to sharks in the interest of maintaining nomenclatorial stability, a position that contrasts strongly with that of Vidal et al. (2007, 2010). According to Art. 52.2 of the Code, when two names ‘‘are homonyms, only the senior, as determined by the Principle of Priority, may be used as a valid name’’. We believe that if this clade of snakes continuously appears in phylogenetic studies, then it is desirable to petition the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to set aside use of the family name for the snakes in favor of the sharks in the interest of nomenclatorial stability. An alternative nomenclature would be to change the spelling of the shark family to Heterodontusidae. In any case, we suggest the North American relictual Xenodontinae (sensu Pinou, 1993; Pinou et al., 2004) should not be referred to as the subfamily Heterodontinae until a well defined nomenclatural resolution is obtained." See also Rossman, D. A. and L. D. Wilson (1965).[19]

References edit

  1. ^ "Xenodontinae". Mindat.org.
  2. ^ Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1838). "Synopsis vertebratorum systematis. Amphibiorum Tabula Analytica". Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturali. 1: 391–397.
  3. ^ Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F.; Wiens, J. J. (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13: 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93. PMC 3682911. PMID 23627680.
  4. ^ a b Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F. T.; Colli, G. R.; De Oca, A. N. M.; Vitt, L. J.; Kuczynski, C. A.; Wiens, J. J. (2011). "The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (2): 329–342. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006. PMID 21074626. Our results support monophyly of Colubridae, containing the traditionally recognized subfamilies Calamariinae, Colubrinae, Natricinae, Pseudoxenodontinae, and Dipsadinae.
  5. ^ Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016). "A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161070. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161070F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070. PMC 5014348. PMID 27603205.
  6. ^ Zheng, Y; Wiens, JJ (2016). "Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 94 (Pt B): 537–547. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009. PMID 26475614.
  7. ^ a b Uetz, Peter. "Dipsadinae". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  8. ^ a b Grazziotin, Felipe G.; Zaher, Hussam; Murphy, Robert W.; Scrocchi, Gustavo; Benavides, Marco A.; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Bonatto, Sandro L. (2012). "Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): a reappraisal". Cladistics. 28 (5): 437–459. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x. PMID 34836446. S2CID 84934386.
  9. ^ a b Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. pp. 622–626.
  10. ^ Ray, J. M.; Montgomery, C. E.; Mahon, H. K.; Savitzky, A. H.; Lips, K. R. (2012). "Goo-eaters: diets of the neotropical snakes Dipsas and Sibon in Central Panama". Copeia. 2012 (2): 197–202. doi:10.1643/CH-10-100. S2CID 86226277.
  11. ^ de Oliveira, L.; Jared, C.; da Costa Prudente, A. L.; Zaher, H.; Antoniazzi, M. M. (2008). "Oral glands in dipsadine "goo-eater" snakes: morphology and histochemistry of the infralabial glands in Atractus reticulatus, Dipsas indica, and Sibynomorphus mikanii". Toxicon. 51 (5): 898–913. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.021. PMID 18262581.
  12. ^ Zaher, H.; de Oliveira, L.; Grazziotin, F. G.; Campagner, M.; Jared, C.; Antoniazzi, M. M.; Prudente, A. L. (2014). "Consuming viscous prey: a novel protein-secreting delivery system in neotropical snail-eating snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 58. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-58. PMC 4021269. PMID 24661572.
  13. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2018-11-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ O'Shea, Mark (2018-10-22). The Book of Snakes: A Life-Size Guide to Six Hundred Species from around the World. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226459394.
  15. ^ Weinstein, S. A.; Warrell, D. A.; White, J.; Keyler, D. E. (2011). Venomous bites from non-venomous snakes: A critical analysis of risk and management of "colubrid" snake bites. London: Elsevier.
  16. ^ Zaher, H.; Grazziotin, F. G.; Cadle, J. E.; Murphy, R. W.; Moura-Leite, J. C.; Bonatto, S. L. (2009). "Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: A revised classification and descriptions of new taxa". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 49 (11): 115–153. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492009001100001. hdl:11449/71032.
  17. ^ a b Pinou, T.; Vicario, S.; Marschner, M.; Caccone, A. (2004). "Relict snakes of North America and their relationships within Caenophidia, using likelihood-based Bayesian methods on mitochondrial sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32 (2): 563–574. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.542.4840. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.005. PMID 15223038.
  18. ^ Grazziotin, Felipe G; Zaher, Hussam; Murphy, Robert W; Scrocchi, Gustavo; Benavides, Marco A; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Bonatto, Sandro L (2012). "Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): A reappraisal". Cladistics. 28 (5): 437–459. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x. PMID 34836446. S2CID 84934386.
  19. ^ D. A. Rossman (1965). Comments on the Revival of the Colubrid Snake Subfamily Heterodontinae.
  20. ^ He M; Feng JC; Liu SY; Guo P; Zhao EM (2009). (PDF). Journal of Natural History. 43 (7–8): 479–488. doi:10.1080/00222930802389825. S2CID 84653966. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  21. ^ Huang S; Liu SY; Guo P; Zhang YP; Zhao EM (2009). (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 51 (3): 438–446. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.013. PMID 19249375. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-03. Retrieved 2018-05-14.

January 01, 1970
dipsadinae, large, subfamily, colubroid, snakes, sometimes, referred, family, dipsadidae, species, subfamily, found, most, americas, including, west, indies, most, diverse, south, america, there, more, than, member, species, temporal, range, miocene, recent, p. Dipsadinae is a large subfamily of colubroid snakes sometimes referred to as a family Dipsadidae 3 4 5 6 7 Species of the subfamily Dipsadinae are found in most of the Americas including the West Indies and are most diverse in South America 8 9 There are more than 700 member species 7 DipsadinaeTemporal range Miocene recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N 1 Sibon longifrenis Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Reptilia Order Squamata Suborder Serpentes Family Colubridae Subfamily DipsadinaeBonaparte 1838 Synonyms Dipsadina Bonaparte 1838 2 Dipsadidae Bonaparte 1838 Dipsadinae are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of mostly small to moderate sized snakes typically less than 80 cm 31 in in total length Some are arboreal but others are aquatic or terrestrial and may even burrow Most are oviparous 9 Many eat frogs or lizards and some consume mammals and birds Several genera e g Adelphicos Atractus Geophis Dipsas Ninia Sibon Sibynomorphus Tropidodipsas are specialized feeders on gooey and slimy prey such as frog eggs earthworms snails and slugs 10 11 12 13 14 Almost all species are completely harmless to humans although a few genera e g Borikenophis Cubophis Heterodon Hydrodynastes Philodryas have inflicted painful bites with local non life threatening symptoms 15 Contents 1 Synonymy 2 Genera 2 1 Central American clade Dipsadinae sensu stricto 2 2 South American Caribbean clade Xenodontinae 2 3 North American clade Carphophiinae 2 4 Genera incertae sedis 3 Notes 4 ReferencesSynonymy editSome authors refer to part or all of this group as Xenodontinae but if the two names are used synonymously Dipsadinae is the correct name because it is older 4 When Xenodontinae is used non synonymously it normally refers to the larger and more derived South American Caribbean subclade containing the genus Xenodon and its relatives whereas Dipsadinae sensu stricto is restricted to the smaller and more basal Central American subclade containing the genus Dipsas and its relatives 8 16 Also a third North American group sometimes called Carphophiinae contains nine species in five genera at the base of the Dipsadinae the North American relicts thought to have descended from the ancestors of dipsadines as they crossed from Asia to South America by way of North America genera Heterodon Farancia Diadophis Carphophis and Contia 17 Genera editWithin the Dipsadinae the three major groups clades or subfamilies are the Central American group Dipsadinae sensu stricto the South American Caribbean group Xenodontinae and a small North American group sometimes called the Carphophiinae or incorrectly Heterodontinae a 17 In addition a number of snake genera are likely to be dipsadines based on their morphology and geographic range but because of the absence of genetic data and information about their closest relatives they are considered generaincertae sedis and are not currently placed in a subgroup of the Dipsadinae Central American clade Dipsadinae sensu stricto edit Adelphicos Jan 1862 Amastridium Cope 1861 Atractus Wagler 1828 Cenaspis Campbell Smith amp Hall 2018 Chersodromus Reinhardt 1861 Coniophanes Hallowell 1860 Cryophis Bogert amp Duellman 1963 Dipsas Laurenti 1768 Geophis Wagler 1830 Hypsiglena Cope 1860 Imantodes A M C Dumeril 1853 Leptodeira Fitzinger 1843 Ninia Baird amp Girard 1853 Plesiodipsas Harvey Fuenmayor Portilla amp Rueda Almonacid 2008 Pliocercus Cope 1860 Pseudoleptodeira Taylor 1938 Rhadinaea Cope 1863 Sibon Fitzinger 1826 Tretanorhinus A M C Dumeril Bibron amp A H A Dumeril 1854 Trimetopon Cope 1885 Tropidodipsas Gunther 1858 Urotheca Bibron 1843 South American Caribbean clade Xenodontinae edit Tribe Saphenophiini Zaher Grazziotin Cadle Murphy de Moura Leite amp Bonatto 2009 Saphenophis Myers 1973 Pseudalsophis Zaher Grazziotin Cadle Murphy de Moura Leite amp Bonatto 2009 Tribe Psomophiini Zaher Grazziotin Cadle Murphy de Moura Leite amp Bonatto 2009 Psomophis Myers amp Cadle 1994 Tribe Elapomorphiini Jan 1862 Apostolepis Cope 1861 Coronelaps Lema amp Deiques 2010 Elapomorphus Wiegmann 1843 Phalotris Cope 1862 Tribe Tropidodryadini Zaher Grazziotin Cadle Murphy de Moura Leite amp Bonatto 2009 Tropidodryas Fitzinger 1843 Tribe Tachymenini Bailey 1967 Apographon Trevine Grazziotin Giraudo Sallesbery Pinchera Vianna amp Zaher 2022 Calamodontophis Amaral 1963 Dryophylax Wagler 1830 Galvarinus Trevine et al 2022 Gomesophis Hoge amp Mertens 1959 Mesotes Trevine et al 2022 Ptychophis Gomes 1915 Tachymenis Wiegmann 1835 Tachymenoides Trevine et al 2022 Thamnodynastes Wagler 1830 Tomodon A M C Dumeril 1853 Zonateres Trevine V C Grazziotin F G Giraudo A Sallesbery Pinchera N Vianna J A amp Zaher H 2022 Tribe Echinantherini Zaher Grazziotin Cadle Murphy de Moura Leite amp Bonatto 2009 Adelphostigma Abegg Santos Jr Costa Battilana Graboski Vianna Azevedo Fagundes Castille Prado Bonatto Zaher amp Grazziotin 2008 Amnisiophis Abegg Santos Jr Costa4 Battilana Graboski Vianna Azevedo1 Fagundes Castille Prado Bonatto Zaher amp Grazziotin 2022 Dibernardia Myers 1974 Echinanthera Cope 1894 Taeniophallus Cope 1895 Tribe Amnesteophiini Myers 2011 Amnesteophis Myers 2011 Tribe Caateboiini Zaher Grazziotin Cadle Murphy de Moura Leite amp Bonatto 2009 Caaeteboia Zaher Grazziotin Cadle Murphy de Moura Leite amp Bonatto 2009 Tribe Pseudoboini Bailey 1967 Boiruna Zaher 1996 Clelia Fitzinger 1826 Drepanoides Dunn 1928 Mussurana Zaher Grazziotin Cadle Murphy de Moura Leite amp Bonatto 2009 Oxyrhopus Wagler 1830 Paraphimophis Grazziotin Zaher Murphy Scrocchi Benavides Zhang amp Bonatto 2012 Phimophis Cope 1860 Pseudoboa Schneider 1801 Rhachidelus Boulenger 1908 Rodriguesophis Grazziotin Zaher Murphy Scrocchi Benavides Zhang amp Bonatto 2012 Siphlophis Fitzinger 1843 Tribe Philodryadini Cope 1886 Chlorosoma Wagler 1830 Ditaxodon Hoge 1958 Incaspis Donoso Barros 1974 Philodryas Wagler 1830 Xenoxybelis Machado 1993 Tribe Conophiini Zaher Grazziotin Cadle Murphy de Moura Leite amp Bonatto 2009 Conophis W Peters 1860 Manolepis Cope 1885 Tribe Hydrodynastini Zaher Grazziotin Cadle Murphy de Moura Leite amp Bonatto 2009 Hydrodynastes Fitzinger 1843 Tribe Hydropsini Dowling 1975 Helicops Wagler 1828 Hydrops Wagler 1830 Pseudoeryx Fitzinger 1826 Tribe Xenodontini Bonaparte 1845 Arcanumophis Smaga Ttito amp Catenazzi 2019 Baliodryas Zaher amp Prudente 2019 Erythrolamprus Wagler 1830 Eutrachelophis Myers amp McDowell 2014 Lygophis Fitzinger 1843 Xenodon H Boie 1826 Tribe Alsophiini Fitzringer 1843 Alsophis Fitzinger 1843 Arrhyton Gunther 1858 Borikenophis Hedges amp Vidal 2009 Caraiba Zaher Grazziotin Cadle Murphy de Moura Leite amp Bonatto 2009 Cubophis Hedges amp Vidal 2009 Haitiophis Hedges amp Vidal 2009 Hypsirhynchus Gunther 1858 Ialtris Cope 1862 Magliophis Zaher Grazziotin Cadle Murphy de Moura Leite amp Bonatto 2009 Uromacer A M C Dumeril Bibron amp A H A Dumeril 1854 Tribe incertae sedis Paikwaophis Kok amp Means 2023 Xenopholis Peters 1869 North American clade Carphophiinae edit Carphophis Gervais 1843 Contia Girard 1853 Diadophis Girard 1853 Farancia Gray 1842 Heterodon Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801 Genera incertae sedis edit Cercophis Fitzinger 1843 Crisantophis Villa 1971 Diaphorolepis Jan 1863 Emmochliophis Fritts amp H M Smith 1969 Enuliophis McCranie amp Villa 1993 Enulius Cope 1870 Hydromorphus W Peters 1859 Lioheterophis Amaral 1935 Nothopsis Cope 1871 Omoadiphas G Kohler Wilson amp McCranie 2001 Rhadinella H M Smith 1941 Rhadinophanes Myers amp Campbell 1981 Sordellina Procter 1923 Synophis Peracca 1896 Tantalophis Duellman 1958 Thermophis Malnate 1953 the only Asian genus likely at the base of the entire clade or at the base of the Dipdadinae Natricinae clade 20 21 Notes edit Heterodontinae is a subfamily of sharks this problem is discussed in Appendix I of Grazziotin F G H Zaher R W Murphy G Scrocchi M A Benavides Y P Zhang and S L Bonattoh 2012 18 The shark family Heterodontidae based on the genus Heterodontus Blainville 1816 dates from Gray 1851 65 but its use as the snake family Heterodontidae based on the genus Heterodon Latreille 1801 dates from Bonaparte 1845 and it has not been used in the literature since Thus both the genus and family names for snakes have priority over the sharks However the resurrection of the family name Heterodontidae for snakes subfamily Heterodontinae in Vidal et al 2007 causes unnecessary confusion owing to the long standing use of the name for sharks e g Compagno 2002 Baldwin 2005 Consequently Rossman and Wilson 1965 and Zaher et al 2009 argued that the family name should be applied only to sharks in the interest of maintaining nomenclatorial stability a position that contrasts strongly with that of Vidal et al 2007 2010 According to Art 52 2 of the Code when two names are homonyms only the senior as determined by the Principle of Priority may be used as a valid name We believe that if this clade of snakes continuously appears in phylogenetic studies then it is desirable to petition the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to set aside use of the family name for the snakes in favor of the sharks in the interest of nomenclatorial stability An alternative nomenclature would be to change the spelling of the shark family to Heterodontusidae In any case we suggest the North American relictual Xenodontinae sensu Pinou 1993 Pinou et al 2004 should not be referred to as the subfamily Heterodontinae until a well defined nomenclatural resolution is obtained See also Rossman D A and L D Wilson 1965 19 References edit Xenodontinae Mindat org Bonaparte Charles Lucien 1838 Synopsis vertebratorum systematis Amphibiorum Tabula Analytica Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturali 1 391 397 Pyron R A Burbrink F Wiens J J 2013 A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata including 4161 species of lizards and snakes BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 93 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 13 93 PMC 3682911 PMID 23627680 a b Pyron R A Burbrink F T Colli G R De Oca A N M Vitt L J Kuczynski C A Wiens J J 2011 The phylogeny of advanced snakes Colubroidea with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees PDF Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58 2 329 342 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2010 11 006 PMID 21074626 Our results support monophyly of Colubridae containing the traditionally recognized subfamilies Calamariinae Colubrinae Natricinae Pseudoxenodontinae and Dipsadinae Figueroa A McKelvy A D Grismer L L Bell C D Lailvaux S P 2016 A species level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus PLOS ONE 11 9 e0161070 Bibcode 2016PLoSO 1161070F doi 10 1371 journal pone 0161070 PMC 5014348 PMID 27603205 Zheng Y Wiens JJ 2016 Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches and a time calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles lizards and snakes based on 52 genes and 4162 species PDF Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94 Pt B 537 547 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2015 10 009 PMID 26475614 a b Uetz Peter Dipsadinae The Reptile Database Retrieved 14 May 2018 a b Grazziotin Felipe G Zaher Hussam Murphy Robert W Scrocchi Gustavo Benavides Marco A Zhang Ya Ping Bonatto Sandro L 2012 Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae Serpentes Colubroidea a reappraisal Cladistics 28 5 437 459 doi 10 1111 j 1096 0031 2012 00393 x PMID 34836446 S2CID 84934386 a b Vitt Laurie J Caldwell Janalee P 2014 Herpetology An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles 4th ed Academic Press pp 622 626 Ray J M Montgomery C E Mahon H K Savitzky A H Lips K R 2012 Goo eaters diets of the neotropical snakes Dipsas and Sibon in Central Panama Copeia 2012 2 197 202 doi 10 1643 CH 10 100 S2CID 86226277 de Oliveira L Jared C da Costa Prudente A L Zaher H Antoniazzi M M 2008 Oral glands in dipsadine goo eater snakes morphology and histochemistry of the infralabial glands in Atractus reticulatus Dipsas indica and Sibynomorphus mikanii Toxicon 51 5 898 913 doi 10 1016 j toxicon 2007 12 021 PMID 18262581 Zaher H de Oliveira L Grazziotin F G Campagner M Jared C Antoniazzi M M Prudente A L 2014 Consuming viscous prey a novel protein secreting delivery system in neotropical snail eating snakes BMC Evolutionary Biology 14 1 58 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 14 58 PMC 4021269 PMID 24661572 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2018 12 01 Retrieved 2018 11 30 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link O Shea Mark 2018 10 22 The Book of Snakes A Life Size Guide to Six Hundred Species from around the World University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226459394 Weinstein S A Warrell D A White J Keyler D E 2011 Venomous bites from non venomous snakes A critical analysis of risk and management of colubrid snake bites London Elsevier Zaher H Grazziotin F G Cadle J E Murphy R W Moura Leite J C Bonatto S L 2009 Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes Serpentes Caenophidia with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines A revised classification and descriptions of new taxa Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 49 11 115 153 doi 10 1590 S0031 10492009001100001 hdl 11449 71032 a b Pinou T Vicario S Marschner M Caccone A 2004 Relict snakes of North America and their relationships within Caenophidia using likelihood based Bayesian methods on mitochondrial sequences Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32 2 563 574 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 542 4840 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2004 02 005 PMID 15223038 Grazziotin Felipe G Zaher Hussam Murphy Robert W Scrocchi Gustavo Benavides Marco A Zhang Ya Ping Bonatto Sandro L 2012 Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae Serpentes Colubroidea A reappraisal Cladistics 28 5 437 459 doi 10 1111 j 1096 0031 2012 00393 x PMID 34836446 S2CID 84934386 D A Rossman 1965 Comments on the Revival of the Colubrid Snake Subfamily Heterodontinae He M Feng JC Liu SY Guo P Zhao EM 2009 The phylogenetic position of Thermophis Serpentes Colubridae an endemic snake from the Qinghai Xizang Plateau China PDF Journal of Natural History 43 7 8 479 488 doi 10 1080 00222930802389825 S2CID 84653966 Archived from the original PDF on 2015 12 22 Retrieved 2018 05 14 Huang S Liu SY Guo P Zhang YP Zhao EM 2009 What are the closest relatives of the hot spring snakes Colubridae Thermophis the relict species endemic to the Tibetan Plateau PDF Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51 3 438 446 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2009 02 013 PMID 19249375 Archived from the original PDF on 2013 10 03 Retrieved 2018 05 14 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dipsadinae amp oldid 1219982235, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.